• Together, these results demonstrate that an activated immune microenvironment prior to vaccination impedes efficacy of the YF-17D vaccine in an African cohort and suggest that vaccine regimens may need to be boosted in African populations to achieve efficient immunity. (nih.gov)
  • These data demonstrate that the mRNA vaccine platform delivers strong humoral immunity in people up to 96 years of age and retains broad efficacy against the P.1 variant of concern. (elifesciences.org)
  • These results suggest that a third dose of BNT162b2 is safe, improves humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and could be immunologically beneficial for patients with cancer on active chemotherapy. (nature.com)
  • Another special form of immune response is antitumor immunity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Th1 cells that produce IL-2, IFN- γ , TNF- α, and TNF- β evoke cell-mediated immunity and phagocyte-dependent inflammation while Th2 cells that produce IL-5, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 induce a strong antibody response that comprises the IgE class and eosinophil accumulation, but it inhibits several functions of phagocytic cells [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
  • A robust humoral immunity together with T cell immunity is expected to promote strong prophylactic activity combined with persistent control of EBV latency. (news-medical.net)
  • Here we confirmed that BNT162b2 vaccination of healthy individuals induced effective humoral and cellular immunity against several SARS-CoV-2 variants. (ssrn.com)
  • The strong and effective cellular immunity achieved by optimized DNA is also an important consideration for the expanding field of cancer vaccines. (cancer.gov)
  • Notably LF survivors maintained high levels of detectable binding antibody response for six months while their contacts did not. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Scientists from Australia and the USA have developed a lymph node-targeted multi-epitope subunit vaccine that induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in mice. (news-medical.net)
  • At 1 week after a third immunization, 16 participants demonstrated a median threefold increase in neutralizing antibody responses, but no improvement was observed in T cell responses. (nature.com)
  • Notably, organ transplant recipients mount very poor antibody responses to the first mRNA immunization relative to healthy individuals 10 , which increase somewhat after the second immunization 8 . (nature.com)
  • Similarly, in patients with cancer with solid or hematological malignancies, antibody responses are markedly diminished after the first immunization but improve somewhat after the second 9 . (nature.com)
  • Five different immunization schedules were considered to evaluate the feasibility of eliciting an immune response. (oncotarget.com)
  • Reciprocally, several control subjects demonstrated marked cellular responses to OspA and flagellin, suggesting that reactions to these proteins may not always be related to LB. T cell reactivity did not correlate well with the presence of specific antibodies. (jci.org)
  • Similar patterns were observed for spike protein-specific serum antibodies and T cells, but the magnitude of each of these responses was diminished relative to the control cohort. (nature.com)
  • For example, patients with autoimmune conditions or chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with B cell-depleting antibodies have predictably diminished humoral responses to vaccination, whereas responses by patients on anti-TNF therapies are less affected 6 , 7 . (nature.com)
  • The adaptive branch include cells such as dendritic cells, T cell, and B cells as well as antibodies-also known as immunoglobulins-which directly interact with antigen and are a very important component for a strong response against an invader. (wikipedia.org)
  • For schistosomiasis, Th2 responses with the production of IgE antibodies against a restricted range of adult worm antigens are associated with protection against reinfection after chemotherapy. (hindawi.com)
  • Antiviral activities of antibodies may either be dependent only on interactions between the antibody and cognate antigen, as in binding and neutralization of an infectious virion, or instead may require interactions between antibody-antigen immune complexes and immunoproteins or Fc receptor expressing immune effector cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Antibodies are a key component of the human adaptive immune system, and the elicitation of antibodies has been correlated with vaccine efficacy in many diseases ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, the polyfunctional cellular immune responses elicited by YF vaccination that contribute to protection also displayed a time-dependent decline following primary vaccination ( 11 , 12 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Notably, vaccination with DREP-GP and DREP-VP40, which produces both GP and VP40 antigens, induced a significantly higher level of anti-GP IgG2a antibody and increased IFN-γ secreting CD8 + T-cell responses relative to vaccination with DREP-GP or DREP-VP40 vector alone. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our study indicates that co-expression of GP and VP40 antigens based on the SFV replicon vector generates EBOV VLPs in vitro , and vaccination with recombinant DREP vectors containing GP and VP40 antigens induces Ebola antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. (frontiersin.org)
  • Patients with Lyme borreliosis (LB) usually develop a vigorous T cell response against the causative pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, but little is known about the antigens recognized in the cellular response. (jci.org)
  • However, analyses using the purified antigens OspA and flagellin revealed considerable heterogeneity in the cellular reactivities among individuals as well as variations during the course of infection. (jci.org)
  • On the other hand, the adaptive branch is the body's immune response which is catered against specific antigens and thus, it takes longer to activate the components involved. (wikipedia.org)
  • In phase 2, as the parasites mature and reproduce with the production of eggs, the Th1 response is reduced and a strong Th2 response develops, induced mostly by egg antigens. (hindawi.com)
  • Individuals in whom Th2 responses against egg antigens predominate show less severe egg-associated morbidity than those where Th1 responses predominate. (hindawi.com)
  • This work led us to the conclusion that both the form and the method of delivery of specific antigens strongly affect the produced immune response. (cancer.gov)
  • After the process of deciduous root resorption, dentin proteins that have not been yet been presented to the immune system become sequestered antigens that can induce autoimmune responses and play a role in etiopathogenesis of dental resorption. (bvsalud.org)
  • however, we found that a third vaccine dose brought the humoral response in patients up to the antibody levels that healthy controls had after two doses," said Jyssum. (medscape.com)
  • The RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial results showed moderate reduction in viral infections among vaccinees as well as induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and vaccine-specific IgG and IgG3 responses directed at variable loop regions 1 and 2 of the HIV envelope protein. (nih.gov)
  • However, functional analysis on the cellular level could not confirm an enhanced immunogenicity status of APC in active pemphigus patients, yet we found in these patients increased plasma levels of the proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Most functional responses increased upon protein boosting, regardless of the viral vector-priming agent incorporation. (nih.gov)
  • In conclusion, the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine induces complex functional reprogramming of innate immune responses, which should be considered in the development and use of this new class of vaccines. (ssrn.com)
  • Functional humoral and cellular response of monovalent COVID-19-vaccines against Omicron BA.2 variant of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (cdc.gov)
  • Strategies to induce anti-tumor immune responses could complement standard-of-care therapies for these patients. (oncotarget.com)
  • Schistosomes are known to downregulate host immune responses and to induce a modified Th2 response [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The inclusion of both latent and lytic antigenic epitopes is intended to induce robust T-cell response targeting different phases of the viral life cycle. (news-medical.net)
  • The analysis of gp350-specific B cell response in immunized mice revealed that both Amphiphile-CpG and soluble CpG induce comparable numbers of antibody-secreting B cells in splenocytes. (news-medical.net)
  • When their protective barriers are missing, hormones and cells that are present during inflammatory processes induce activation of clasts which, when unbalanced, no longer perform physiological bone remodeling and begin to provoke an immunopathological response that causes dental resorption. (bvsalud.org)
  • Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased antibody responses after one vaccine and antibody and cellular responses remained 28-fold and 3-fold higher, respectively, after dual vaccination. (elifesciences.org)
  • sessions will be designed with an emphasis on ageing with HIV, viral persistence in paediatric and young adult populations, and the role of biological sex on the host response to infection. (iasociety.org)
  • The infection induces both cellular and humoral responses that correlate with the acute and chronic form of the disease. (hindawi.com)
  • Both T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) responses are induced in response to the infection [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 8 ] speculated that IL-10 is important in regulating the human immune response to Schistosoma mansoni infection and that it is the main cytokine that plays part in the control of morbidity. (hindawi.com)
  • However, human studies have shown that, during infection, the immune response advances through at least three phases. (hindawi.com)
  • In the chronic phase of infection, forming phase 3, the Th2 response is moderated and granulomas, which form around newly deposited eggs, become smaller than they were earlier during the infection [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Consequently, Th2-mediated responses are thought to be selectively advantageous to the human host in S. mansoni infection and perhaps other helminth infections [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In this study we examine the response of and role for ABCs throughout γHV68 infection, from acute infection through long-term latency. (nature.com)
  • This research was carried out to characterize the alteration of pulmonary responses to bacterial infection by DEP and the effect of DEP on alveolar macrophage (AM) function using a rat model. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, AM showed increased production of nitric oxide in response to Listeria infection. (cdc.gov)
  • RÉSUMÉ Les objectifs de la présente étude étaient de documenter la prévalence et l'incidence de fond de l'infection par le virus de l'hépatite C chez les agents de santé de l'hôpital universitaire Ain Shams du Caire et d'analyser les facteurs de risque de contracter une infection par le virus de l'hépatite C. Une enquête transversale a été menée en 2008 auprès de 1770 agents de santé. (who.int)
  • 13] The inflammation and necrosis observed during HAV infection does not appear to be a direct viral effect but rather an effect of the immune cell response induced by the viral infection. (medscape.com)
  • Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 2022 0 0. (cdc.gov)
  • We determined the serological and cellular response to spike protein in 100 people aged 80-96 years at 2 weeks after the second vaccination with the Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. (elifesciences.org)
  • In general, there are two branches of the immune response, the innate and the adaptive, which work together to protect against pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast to the adaptive immune response, the innate response is not specific to any one foreign invader and as a result, works quickly to rid the body of pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Elucidating the adaptive immune characteristics of natural protection to Lassa fever (LF) is vital in designing and selecting optimal vaccine candidates. (kent.ac.uk)
  • These Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions provide a direct link between the innate and adaptive immune systems by combining the potent antiviral activity of innate effector cells with the diversity and specificity of the adaptive humoral response. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Fc receptor-dependent function of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) provides mechanisms for clearance of virus and virus-infected cells, as well as for stimulation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation, or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. (frontiersin.org)
  • Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions are also involved in activation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators ( 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Little is known about the broad effects of the new class of mRNA vaccines, especially whether they have combined effects on innate and adaptive immune responses. (ssrn.com)
  • We undertook an analysis of serological and cellular immune responses to spike protein in 100 independently living people aged between 80 and 96 years who received BNT162b2 vaccine with a 3-week interval between the first and second doses. (elifesciences.org)
  • In this study, we compared immune responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 vaccine in patients with solid tumors ( n = 53) who were on active cytotoxic anti-cancer therapy to a control cohort of participants without cancer ( n = 50). (nature.com)
  • Interestingly, however, the BNT162b2 vaccine also modulated the production of inflammatory cytokines by innate immune cells upon stimulation with both specific (SARS-CoV-2) and non-specific (viral, fungal and bacterial) stimuli. (ssrn.com)
  • The response of innate immune cells to TLR4 and TLR7/8 ligands was lower after BNT162b2 vaccination, while fungi-induced cytokine responses were stronger. (ssrn.com)
  • Aim of the first part of this doctoral thesis was to investigate antigen-presenting cells (APC) and APC-derived cytokines, as well as their relation to T helper (Th) cell subsets and the auto-ab response in the pathogenesis of pemphigus. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Aim of the second part of this doctoral thesis was to investigate Dsg3-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in a novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*04:02-transgenic (tg) mouse model of PV under the genetic restriction by HLA-DRB1*04:02. (uni-marburg.de)
  • The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. (mdpi.com)
  • From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. (mdpi.com)
  • Tabouret G., Prévot F., Bergeaud J.P., Dorchies P., Jacquiet P., Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae): sheep humoral immune response to purified excreted/secreted salivary gland 28 kDa antigen complex from second to third instar larvae, Vet. (vetres.org)
  • The testing of the polyepitope vaccine immunogen using peripheral mononuclear cells isolated from EBV seropositive donors revealed that the immunogen can be effectively processed by antigen-presenting cells to generate epitopes that can be presented on HLA class I molecules and subsequently recognized by human CD8+ T cells to promote an immune response. (news-medical.net)
  • It is against this background that cellular immune responses to an otherwise innocuous antigen, a review of the methods used to assess the potential for immune- which can lead to tissue damage (Janeway et al. (cdc.gov)
  • primary outcomes were immune responses, with a secondary outcome of safety. (nature.com)
  • If the organism does happen to become re-exposed to the same pathogen, a secondary immune response will kick in and the immune system will be able to respond in both a fast and strong manner because of the memory cells from the first exposure. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is so that in the case that an exposure to the real pathogen occurs, the body can rely on the secondary immune response to quickly defend against it. (wikipedia.org)
  • Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are clonal B-cell disorders associated with an increased risk of infections and impaired vaccination responses. (elsevierpure.com)
  • CLL-515 Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants after Booster Vaccination in Patients With B Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. (cdc.gov)
  • Humoral Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 and Variants of Concern After mRNA Vaccines in Patients With Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. (cdc.gov)
  • Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (cdc.gov)
  • ChAdOx1-vectored Lassa fever vaccine elicits a robust cellular and humoral immune response and protects guinea pigs against lethal Lassa virus challenge. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In the following study, we show that ChAdOx1-Lassa-GPC is immunogenic, inducing robust T-cell and antibody responses in mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The findings of Hasseli are interesting in the light of our data on serological response after the third dose, with a lack of breakthrough infections after three doses corresponding well to the robust antibody response that we found in our cohort," she remarked. (medscape.com)
  • DNA vaccination has distinct advantages, including that it provides a broad priming of the immune system that may result in a robust and effective immune response. (cancer.gov)
  • Spike-specific cellular immune responses were detectable in only 63% and correlated with humoral response. (elifesciences.org)
  • We demonstrated that both T cell and antibody responses were not detectable in peripheral blood after a decade in LF survivors. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions are important components of the immune response that provide mechanisms for clearance of infected host cells, immune complexes, or opsonized pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • The testing of lymph node accumulation of vaccine immunogens revealed that the Amphiphile-modified CpG DNA adjuvant is highly capable of increasing lymph node drainage and retention of immunogens, in addition to persistently inducing an acute inflammatory response in local and distal lymph nodes. (news-medical.net)
  • Cellular immune reactivity to recombinant OspA and flagellin from Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with Lyme borreliosis. (jci.org)
  • A type of immune reactivity known as Rh disease can be observed in pregnant women. (wikipedia.org)
  • Miller H.R., Mucosal mast cells and the allergic response against nematode parasites, Vet. (vetres.org)
  • However, with the recent failure of the HVTN 702 clinical trial, comprehensive profiling of humoral immune responses may provide insight for these disappointing results. (nih.gov)
  • We tested different adjuvants for their compatibility with DNA vaccine protocols and developed shortened protocols able to produce a strong humoral immune response. (cancer.gov)
  • Defining the parameters that modulate vaccine responses in African populations will be imperative to design effective vaccines for protection against HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, and dengue virus infections. (nih.gov)
  • At the current time, there is insufficient evidence to assess the potential impact of immune senescence on response to the mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. (elifesciences.org)
  • Vaccines introduce a weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganism in order to evoke a primary immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among participants with response assessment at 12 months (n = 47), 24% had antibody titers below the response threshold. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Components of the innate immune response include physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes, and soluble factors including cytokines and complement. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cellular response pattern is associated with both the acute and chronic phases of the disease, in which cytokines play a critical role. (hindawi.com)
  • Th1 and Th2 responses are crucial in understanding the role of cytokines in the immune response to infectious agents [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Antibody response was superior in schedule C where 3 weekly immunizations preceded the first dose of chemotherapy. (oncotarget.com)
  • Responses assessed at 3 and 12 months from the first dose of RZV by an anti-glycoprotein E ELISA antibody assay and by dual-color Interferon-γ and Interleukin-2FLUOROSPOT assays were compared to historic controls matched by age and sex. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Antibody Response in Immunocompromised Patients With Hematologic Cancers Who Received a 3-Dose mRNA-1273 Vaccination Schedule for COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
  • As such, it is important to Indeed, acute and repeat dose inhalation studies have been an understand as fully as possible the basis for the immune-mediated important part of guideline studies throughout the world for damage to the lung in order to characterize adequately the risks of many years. (cdc.gov)
  • However, vaccine responses are often suboptimal in this age group and few people over the age of 80 years were included in vaccine registration trials. (elifesciences.org)
  • Hypersensitivity (allergy) is defined as humoral or individual chemicals or proteins. (cdc.gov)
  • These data demonstrate the complexity of the humoral and the cellular immune responses to components of B. burgdorferi. (jci.org)
  • These special forms of immune response are classified as hypersensitivity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypersensitivity responses have been divided into several types objectives of this review are to discuss appropriate methods for based on the immunologic mechanisms involved. (cdc.gov)
  • asthma via IgE- and Th2-cell-mediated responses are of a hypersensitivity response in the respiratory tract precipitated by particular concern. (cdc.gov)
  • A number of factors have recently contrib- a specific immune response, mediated by multiple mechanisms, uted to an increase in the attention focused on hypersensitivity including IgE antibody. (cdc.gov)
  • These findings support the relevance of booster doses to heighten the 17DD-YF-specific immune response to guarantee the long-term persistence of memory components. (cdc.gov)
  • In summary, this experimental study convincingly confirmed that the PV mouse model reproduces the principle mechanisms of HLA-dependent and human Dsg3-specific induction of CD4+ T and B cell responses observed in PV patients. (uni-marburg.de)
  • A typical decrementing response to repetitive nerve stimulation in myasthenia gravis. (medscape.com)
  • Given the high rate of occurrence of adverse effects that have been reported to date, as well as the potential for vaccine-driven disease enhancement, Th2-immunopathology, autoimmunity, and immune evasion, there is a need for a better understanding of the benefits and risks of mass vaccination, particularly in groups excluded from clinical trials. (researchgate.net)
  • On logistic regression analysis, only immune status prior to vaccination was significantly associated with the seroresponse. (who.int)
  • In 1960, Dr John A. Simpson introduced his hypothesis that the cause of MG was "an 'autoimmune' response of muscle in which an antibody to end-plate protein may be formed. (medscape.com)
  • This vaccination regimen also led to the generation of both Th1 and Th2 cellular immune responses in mice. (frontiersin.org)
  • This response was significantly lower in mice immunized with soluble CpG. (news-medical.net)
  • With rejuvenated interest in LF and a call for accelerated research on the Lassa virus (LASV) vaccine, there is a need to define the correlates of natural protective immune responses to LF. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Stevenson L.M., Huntley J.F., Smith W.D., Jones D.G., Local eosinophils-and mast cell-related responses in abomasal nematode infections of lambs, Immunol. (vetres.org)
  • Helminth infections are typically linked with Th2-dependent responses leading to IgE production and eosinophilia. (hindawi.com)
  • COPENHAGEN - Most patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) should not be considered at high risk for severe COVID-19 breakthrough infections, but those on anti-CD20 therapy are the exception, data from a large prospective, cohort study show. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Adi V. Gundlapalli, who is the Co-Lead of the Serology and Correlates of Protection Tiger Team as part of CDC's COVID-19 Response and the Chief Public Health Informatics Officer for CDC Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services. (cdc.gov)
  • Neutralizing antibody responses were found to be cross-reactive against all five lineages of LASV with a strong bias to Lineage II, the prevalent strain in southern Nigeria. (kent.ac.uk)
  • It is also rec- important target organ in the safety assessment of drugs and ognized that different types of immune-mediated responses can be triggered by different classes of compounds and that some immune chemicals, as well as protein- or peptide-based products. (cdc.gov)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Initially, in the acute phase in which the host harbors migrating immature parasites, the main response is Th1 with the production of TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Kumar S., Selective modification and immune evasion: a hypothesis, Immunol. (vetres.org)
  • The resulting inflammatory response leads to hepatitis and necrosis and appears to be T-cell mediated. (medscape.com)
  • Prior to vaccination, we observed higher frequencies of exhausted and activated NK cells, differentiated T and B cell subsets and proinflammatory monocytes, suggesting an activated immune microenvironment in the Entebbe volunteers. (nih.gov)
  • In most patients with cancer, we detected spike receptor-binding domain and other S1-specific memory B cell subsets as potential predictors of anamnestic responses to additional immunizations. (nature.com)
  • Additionally, memory T and B cell responses in preimmunized volunteers exhibited reduced persistence in the Entebbe cohort but were boosted by a second vaccination. (nih.gov)
  • Virtually all patients with LB exhibited marked cellular responses to whole B. burgdorferi, which were significantly elevated compared with the control groups in both early and late disease stages. (jci.org)
  • Cellular immune reactivities to flagellin were significantly higher only in early LB compared with both control groups. (jci.org)
  • An antibody response at 3 months was seen in 45% of participants, which was significantly lower compared to historic controls (63%, p =.03). (elsevierpure.com)
  • The antibody response did not significantly differ between MBL/untreated CLL and BTKi-treated CLL (51% vs. 36%, respectively, p =.23). (elsevierpure.com)
  • An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors. (wikipedia.org)