• Repeated organic dust exposures modulate innate and adaptive immune function with a resultant adaptation-like response. (cdc.gov)
  • Essential FA, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), may modulate gene expression in diverse biological processes thought regulating transcription factors (TF), including peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPAR) , liver X receptors (LXR) , and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins ( SREBP ) 3 . (nature.com)
  • Immunonutrition refers to circumstances where feeding specific nutrients present a potential to modulate the activity of the immune system. (nature.com)
  • It binds to CD2 and 2B4 (CD244) receptors to activate and modulate the immunologic response. (bvsalud.org)
  • They occasionally exhibit toxic, mutagenic or carcinogenic effects, or they modulate immune responses. (cdc.gov)
  • 1) Mucosal immune responses of the lower female reproductive tract to sexually transmitted pathogenic microorganisms leads to an inflammatory response that enhances the heterosexual transmission of HIV-1. (bu.edu)
  • Overall, exploiting the impact of histamine on innate and adaptive immune responses may be helpful for understanding receptor signaling and trends during inflammation or regulation. (hindawi.com)
  • This article will review the literature regarding new knowledge of important etiologic agents in the dusts and focus on the immunologic responses following acute and repetitive organic dust exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • As BCG-CWS serves as a ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 to raise the maturation stage of monocytes/macrophages, Spirulina may be involved in the signaling responses through Toll in blood cells even when orally administered. (nih.gov)
  • CMI) , cellular i. immune responses that are initiated by an antigen-presenting cell interacting with and mediated by T lymphocytes ( e.g., graft rejection, delayed-type hypersensitivity). (theodora.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DC) are responsible for initiating all antigen-specific immune responses. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Importantly, DCs also help guide the immune system to respond to foreign antigens while avoiding the generation of autoimmune responses to self. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Upon completion of this activity, the participant should understand the critical roles of dendritic cells in guiding host immune responses, and the details of how they mature, process, and present antigens. (aacrjournals.org)
  • This concept can be applied to any situation where a source of nutrients is used to modify the immune system or immune responses 9 . (nature.com)
  • Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The ontogeny, structure and function of the human T lymphocyte receptor for antigen and major histocompatibility complex. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Recent studies using cloned antigen-specific T lymphocytes and monoclonal antibodies directed at their various surface glycoprotein components have led to identification of the human T cell antigen receptor as a surface complex comprised of a clonotypic 90 kDa Ti heterodimer and the invariant 20 and 25 kDa T3 molecules. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Triggering of the T3-Ti receptor complex induces a rapid increase in free cytoplasmic Ca2+ and gives rise to specific antigen-induced proliferation through an autocrine pathway involving endogenous interleukin-2 production, release and subsequent binding to interleukin-2 receptors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent findings have demonstrated that activation of certain nuclear receptors (NR), including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), liver X receptor (LXR), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR)) potently inhibits TLR-induced inflammatory gene expression in MØ, LC/DC, and epithelial cells. (bu.edu)
  • The avian H5N1 and swine H1N1 influenza virus HA structures have been determined as well as mutations that enhance binding to human receptors that may allow the virus to cross the species barrier into humans and be transmissible. (scripps.edu)
  • Studies on other pattern recognition receptors, include peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), TREM-1, Toll-like receptors (TLR) have revealed how unique pathogen-associated molecules are recognized by the immune system. (scripps.edu)
  • This inflammatory response enhances HIV-1 transmission by inducing the recruitment of target immune cells such as Langerhans/dendritic cells (LC/DC), macrophages (MØ)‚ and T lymphocytes to the mucosa and by direct activation of these cells. (bu.edu)
  • Moody KL, Uccellini MB, Avalos AM, Marshak-Rothstein A, Viglianti GA. Toll-Like Receptor-Dependent Immune Complex Activation of B Cells and Dendritic Cells. (bu.edu)
  • It has long been appreciated that the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system must be coordinated, but it was not until the discovery of dendritic cells (DC) by Ralph Steinman at The Rockefeller University in the early 1980s that we truly understood conceptually how the immune system functions as a coherent unit. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Samter's Immunologic Diseases, 6th ed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inflammatory conditions (e.g., allergy, asthma, and autoimmune diseases) have long been thought to be mainly mediated by the activation of histamine receptor 1 (H1R). (hindawi.com)
  • However, in the treatment of diseases such as chronic pruritus, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, the use of selective H4R ligands and/or modulation of H1 and H4 receptor synergism may be more effective for such pathophysiological conditions. (hindawi.com)
  • Toll-like diseases and causes severe and long-lasting health problems in the case of chronifi- receptor. (cdc.gov)
  • In this review, we discuss the dualistic effects of histamine: how histamine affects inflammation of the immune system through the activation of intracellular pathways that induce the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in different immune cells and how histamine exerts regulatory functions in innate and adaptive immune responses. (hindawi.com)
  • Pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR2 and intracellular nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors are partially responsible for mediating the inflammatory consequences. (cdc.gov)
  • A general overview of the immune cascades triggered by histamine receptor activation is provided. (hindawi.com)
  • The era of immune checkpoint blockers (ICB), which started in 2011 with the approval of an antibody targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on T cells (namely, ipilimumab) for the treatment of metastatic melanoma ( 1 ), has brought a new paradigm to cancer therapy whereby the immune system is being harnessed to cure the cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
  • An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), [1] is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
  • Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion). (wikipedia.org)
  • The constant region at the trunk of the antibody includes sites involved in interactions with other components of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immune complexes bound to erythrocytes are effectively removed from the circulation, which is presumed alternatively to prevent deposition at tissue sites, for example, the renal glomerulus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Erythrocytes bearing immune complexes traverse sinusoids of the liver and spleen, where they encounter fixed phagocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phagocytes expressing CR1, CR3, and Fcγ receptors effect a transfer of the immune complexes to their surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Then erythrocytes leave the liver and spleen bearing off immune complexes and work on the next round of transfer of immune complexes after adhering to them. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our major goal is to understand the interaction and neutralization of foreign antigens by the immune system through high-resolution x-ray structural studies of antibodies, Variable Lymphocyte Rectors (VLRs) and antigens in the humoral system, T-cell receptor complexes with MHC class I and class II in the cellular system, and through pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs, in the innate immune system. (scripps.edu)
  • they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Agonists of these receptors stabilize the active conformation, whereas antagonists stabilize the inactive conformation. (hindawi.com)
  • In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
  • These results suggest that Fc/FcR triggering by immune checkpoint blockade can reprogram macrophages to have aggressive, protumorigenic characteristics and indicate that innate immunity may play a role in hyperprogressive disease. (aacr.org)
  • Immune, immunity. (theodora.com)
  • Many other key molecules in cellular immunology are being studied, such as non-classical or MHC homologues: for example, CD1 binds lipid, glycolipid, and lipopeptide antigens from the cell walls of microbial pathogens and the NK family of receptors recognizes classical as well as distant MHC homologues. (scripps.edu)
  • A cytokine receptor is a protein on the cell surface that specifically binds cytokine ligands which are small proteins secreted by immune cells. (usda.gov)
  • Cell-surface expression and immune receptor recognition of HLA-B27 homodimers. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Immunologic recognition of microbial pathogens is fundamental for fighting infectious disease. (scripps.edu)
  • In general, the main difference between these two immune systems lies in the mechanisms and receptors used for immunological recognition 8 . (nature.com)
  • Here, we identified the molecular mechanism of the human immune potentiating capacity of Spirulina by analyzing blood cells of volunteers with pre and post oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina. (nih.gov)
  • The cellular or innate immune system was first described by the pathologist Elie Metchnikoff who recognized the existence of cells in the blood and tissues whose role was to identify, capture, and destroy invading pathogens. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Загальні відомості про імунну систему The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Immunologic environment influences macrophage response to Porphyromonas gingivalis. (bu.edu)
  • In this review, we summarize recent findings about the regulation of the immune response by histamine. (hindawi.com)
  • Background Dendritic cell subsets screen different functional function in regulating immune system response and result in various final results including Th1 versus Th2 or regulatory versus immunologic response. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
  • Given their central role in controlling the immune response in patients with cancer, DCs are emerging as a critical cell type that must be considered as we come to understand basic cancer immunobiology. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Antibodies from different classes also differ in where they are released in the body and at what stage of an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the pathogenicity, transmissibility, and host immune-related response of chickens infected by those wild bird-origin H5N6 AIVs remain unknown. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is involved in theregulation of heat shock protein 27 transcription, can act as an estrogen receptor co-repressorand is a candidate for breast tumorigenesis. (immune-source.com)
  • Histamine and its receptors represent a complex system of immunoregulation with distinct effects mediated by four GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors HRs 1-4) and their differential expression, which changes according to the stage of cell differentiation and microenvironmental influences. (hindawi.com)
  • The pleiotropic effects of histamine are mediated by 4 histamine receptors (HRs), H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R, which are G protein-coupled receptors. (hindawi.com)
  • The T-cell receptor in complex with pMHC has revealed how peptide antigens can be recognized in the context of the MHC molecule. (scripps.edu)
  • Молекулярні компоненти імунної системи The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Inflammation is initiated largely by signaling through members of the Toll-like family of innate immune receptors (TLR) that are activated by pathogen-encoded ligands. (bu.edu)
  • SUMMARY: The immunological consequences of organic dust exposure in the farm ing industry are likely explained by the diversity of microbial motifs in dust that can elicit differing innate immune receptor signaling pathways. (cdc.gov)
  • The first evidence that radiotherapy enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockers (ICB) was obtained a dozen years ago in a mouse model of metastatic carcinoma refractory to anti-CTLA-4 treatment. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Hanley TM, Viglianti GA. Nuclear receptor signaling inhibits HIV-1 replication in macrophages through multiple trans-repression mechanisms. (bu.edu)
  • Altogether, our findings help to illuminate the pathogenesis and immunologic mechanisms of H5N6 AIVs in chickens. (frontiersin.org)
  • The pathogenesis of CKD in HIV remains poorly understood but is likely from a combination of various factors, such as traditional comorbidities, prolonged antiretroviral therapy, immune dysregulation, and direct HIV effect on the kidneys. (bvsalud.org)
  • Because primate erythrocytes express complement receptor 1 (CR1) on their surface and having binding specificity to C4b, C3b, or iC3b, erythrocytes accumulate on the microbe via CR1-complement binding. (wikipedia.org)
  • SYN: group i.. humoral i. i. associated with circulating antibodies, in contradistinction to cellular i.. infection i. the paradoxical immune status in which resistance to reinfection coincides with the persistence of the original infection. (theodora.com)
  • Since then, several antibodies targeting another coinhibitory receptor, the programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, best known as PD-1) or its main ligand CD274 (best known as PD-L1), have been approved for the treatment of multiple cancers ( 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell - these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
  • Histamine, a biogenic vasoactive amine, causes symptoms such as allergies and has a pleiotropic effect that is dependent on its interaction with its four histamine receptors. (hindawi.com)
  • Turnock-Jones JJ, Jennings CA, Robbins MJ, Cluderay JE, Cilia J, Reid JL, Taylor A , Jones DN, Emson PC , Southam E. Increased expression of the NR2A NMDA receptor subunit in the prefrontal cortex of rats reared in isolation. (neurotree.org)
  • Taste Receptors Function as Nutrient Sensors in Pancreatic Islets: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Diabetes. (ufl.edu)
  • We undertook this study to ascertain if patients with spondylarthritis express beta(2)-microglobulin-free HLA-B27 heavy chains in the form of homodimers and receptors for HLA-B27 homodimers. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Populations of synovial and peripheral blood monocytes, and B and T lymphocytes from patients with spondylarthritis, and controls carried receptors for HLA-B27 homodimers. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSION: Patients with spondylarthritis express both HLA-B27 heavy-chain homodimers and receptors for HLA-B27 homodimers. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The active and inactive conformations of these receptors coexist in equilibrium. (hindawi.com)
  • It is already known that macro and micronutrients have immunomodulatory action (immune nutrients), which have been studied in intensive production systems, such as poultry and swine where animals are in contact with a wide range of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. (nature.com)