AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
Cholera ToxinCholeraCholera VaccinesVibrio choleraeG(M1) GangliosideAntitoxinsEnterotoxinsT-2 ToxinImmune SystemAdenosine Diphosphate RiboseToxoidsVibrio cholerae O1Tetanus ToxinIntestinal SecretionsAdenylate CyclaseCyclic AMPToxins, BiologicalAdenylate Cyclase ToxinImmunizationImmunoglobulin AAdministration, IntranasalImmunity, MucosalBacterial ToxinsBotulinum Toxins, Type AMarine ToxinsImmune ToleranceAntibodies, BacterialAdjuvants, ImmunologicGangliosidesGTP-Binding ProteinsMice, Inbred BALB CImmunoglobulin GShiga ToxinsVirulence Factors, BordetellaIntestinal MucosaPertussis ToxinShiga Toxin 2Administration, OralMolecular Sequence DataColforsinVibrio cholerae O139RabbitsAntibody FormationMice, Inbred C57BLBucladesineBacterial ProteinsImmune SeraImmunoglobulin A, SecretoryNucleoside Diphosphate SugarsCells, CulturedShiga Toxin 1Cell LineIleumBangladeshCell MembraneHaitiEscherichia coli ProteinsImmunity, InnateBacterial VaccinesT-LymphocytesJejunumAmino Acid SequenceAntigens, Bacterial1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthineDiarrheaEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayAntigen-Antibody ComplexGuanosine TriphosphateReceptors, Cell SurfaceKineticsCytokinesVaccinationADP-Ribosylation FactorsLymphocyte ActivationVaccines, SyntheticIntestinesEscherichia coliImmunity, CellularVibrio cholerae non-O1SpleenImmune EvasionIntestine, SmallTime FactorsDisease OutbreaksVibrioSignal TransductionHemolysin ProteinsRicinInterferon-gammaImmunityAdenosine Diphosphate SugarsMycotoxinsGuanylyl ImidodiphosphateCytotoxinsBase SequenceMucous Membrane8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine MonophosphateDendritic CellsCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesGuanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)
SubunitAdjuvant activity of cholera toxinVibrioResponsesImmunityVaccinesRecombinantCholeraeEnterotoxinAntibodiesDiarrheaPathogensSystemicCapsular polysaccharideImmunisationDiarrhealInfectionsInfectionOutbreaksAntigensETECFecalVaccine availableSystemSevereVaccinationProteinResponseBiotypeCausativeBacterialDiseaseOralBacillusIntestineMarkedlyProduceDiseasesYeastRefrigerationActivity
Subunit5
  • Methods and Results-A peptide comprising amino acids 3136 to 3155 of apoB-100 (p210) was fused to the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB), which binds to a ganglioside on mucosal epithelia. (lu.se)
  • Phase 1 involved oral administration of an antigen, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), in combination with various adjuvant preparations, either Cholera Toxin B-subunit (CTB) and/or RhinoVax ® (RV). (iiarjournals.org)
  • We prepared GBS capsular polysaccharide (CPS) - recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) conjugate vaccines by different methods and evaluated their systemic and mucosal immunogenicity in mice. (gu.se)
  • A novel mucosal immunization was examined using biocompatible and biodegradable alginate microspheres containing a conjugate of polysaccharide antigen and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB). (korea.ac.kr)
  • Induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses by intranasal immunisation using recombinant cholera toxin B subunit as an apex aimbot undetected free download is clear that he cares about his customers and is keen to do a good job. (reform-osaka.jp)
Adjuvant activity of cholera toxin1
  • Harnessing the adjuvant activity of cholera toxin (CT) could make this immunization method feasible, predicts Gregory M. Glenn, scientific director of IOMAI Inc., a biotech company in Washington, D.C. Glenn and colleagues are developing a technique that mixes the toxin with antigens to boost immune responses. (the-scientist.com)
Vibrio21
Responses18
  • research within the past decade has developed an alternative nasal vaccine that follows the path of infection for anthrax and induces both humoral and cellular immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. (mdpi.com)
  • Yet, like many disease-associated immune responses, adaptive immunity to flagellin likely plays an important role in keeping microbes in check. (nature.com)
  • Recently, we demonstrated that recombinant Cry1Ac protoxin (pCry1Ac) administered to mice by the intraperitoneal ( ip ) or intragastric ( ig ) route induces systemic and mucosal antibody responses similar to those obtained with cholera toxin (6). (scielo.br)
  • The study, published in Food Research International ​, assessed whether maternal feeding of peanuts protects against peanut allergy in offspring, and tested if the use of a mucosal adjuvant (an immune boosting agent that can amplify the effect of other compounds) alongside peanuts boosts allergic responses and brings about greater tolerance. (foodnavigator.com)
  • The researchers reported that offspring from peanut fed mothers had lower peanut-specific immunoglobulin-E (IgE) levels, and showed reduced peanut-stimulated immune responses than offspring from non peanut fed mothers. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Co-administration of peanuts with cholera toxin was found to enhance these responses. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Specific IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies to the CPS were tested in serum and IgG and IgA antibodies in lungs, intestinal, rectal and vaginal extracts by ELISA.We found, as tested with GBS type III CPS, that generally CPS III conjugates were superior to unconjugated CPS in eliciting CPS-specific immune responses in serum and mucosal tissue extracts. (gu.se)
  • However, the smaller conjugates in most cases elicited a lower anti-CPS IgA immune response as compared with the larger conjugates, and the strongest anti-CPS responses in both tissues and serum were obtained with the large fraction of a CPS III-rCTB conjugate prepared by reductive amination.The CPS specific immune responses in various organs were dependent on the route of immunization. (gu.se)
  • Animal studies have shown that natural Bt toxin can produce immune system responses as powerful as those induced by cholera toxin. (naturalhealth365.com)
  • So, understanding the memory T cell responses is important for optimizing design of oral cholera vaccine or immunization strategies. (ac.bd)
  • It had been investigated that immunization with the oral cholera vaccine, Shanchol, induces V. cholerae antigens specific CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cell responses in Bangladeshi adult participants. (ac.bd)
  • The main objective of the study was to examine V. cholerae antigens, including membrane preparation (MP) and mutant CT (mCT) specific T cell responses by the flow cytometric assay of the specific cell-mediated immune responses in activated whole blood (FASCIA). (ac.bd)
  • Further, our data showed that MucoRice-CTB can be stored for a prolonged period (approximately three years) without any refrigeration while maintaining immunogenicity for the induction of the toxin-specific antibody responses with neutralizing activity. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Further, it may require co-administration of a safe and effective adjuvant which can support induction of antigen-specific immune responses against orally administered vaccines. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Delivered with an adjuvant known as dmLT, ETVAX stimulates powerful immune responses against ETEC and is expected to provide protection against 80-85% of ETEC strains in Africa. (edctp.org)
  • PCA clustering showed that the overall immune responses were altered by immunization, but no substantial changes were observed following direct worm challenge with either Ascaris suum or Trichuris suis . (frontiersin.org)
  • Yet, compared to systemic responses, mucosal immune responses have attracted relatively little attention in the context of pertussis vaccine development. (frontiersin.org)
Immunity6
Vaccines14
  • The antigen in the nasal vaccine can then trigger an immune response and prevent infection due to nasal vaccines' accessibility to the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several efforts have been made to develop cholera vaccines that could confer long term protection. (ac.bd)
  • Currently, there are several different needle-free vaccines available to prevent for cholera, made from live-attenuated or "whole killed" cholera cells. (technologynetworks.com)
  • KR: How does the MucoRice-CTB vaccine differ from other available vaccines for cholera? (technologynetworks.com)
  • Existing cholera vaccines are a formulation of whole bacteria (e.g., killed) and generally require refrigerated storage (or cold chain). (technologynetworks.com)
  • Since oral cholera vaccines formulated from killed V. cholerae are already available in some countries, in future clinical studies, it might be necessary to include a head-to-head comparison between the currently available bacteria-based vaccines and MucoRice-CTB. (technologynetworks.com)
  • The said vaccines were developed to protect people from traveler diarrhea and severe cholera. (opensourcetruth.com)
  • With the help of the mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the researchers are able to evade the dangers of refrigeration and transportation issues with the development of the cholera vaccine. (opensourcetruth.com)
  • The estimated effect of cholera, shigella, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and rotavirus vaccines was determined by applying the standard Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) rules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on the evidence, we propose a 74% mortality reduction in rotavirus specific mortality, 52% reduction in cholera incidence due to their respective vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vaccines for rotavirus and cholera have the potential to reduce diarrhea morbidity and mortality burden. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Older generation injectable cholera vaccines have been abandoned since the 1970s owing to their limited efficacy and local side effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oral Cholera Vaccines (OCV) are good candidates for the control of cholera particularly in endemic areas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Edible vaccines present exciting possibilities for significantly reducing various diseases such as measles, hepatitis B, cholera, diarrhea, etc., mainly in developing countries. (kindness2.com)
Recombinant1
Cholerae5
  • The vaccine works by protecting against the toxins that V. cholerae produces. (mountainside-medical.com)
  • This is because the absence of cholera toxin (CT) and presence of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of different V. cholerae strains in the vaccine. (ac.bd)
  • Intraintestinal CTXphi transduction assays were used to demonstrate that El Tor biotype strains of V. cholerae are immune to infection with the El Tor-derived CTXphi, whereas classical strains are not. (omicsdi.org)
  • The seminal works by De, in Calcutta, India, during 1950-1960, breached several doubts pertaining to the enteric toxin produced by bacteria, including V.cholerae and Escherichia coli. (embs.org)
  • Lastly, but most important, is De's discovery of cholera toxin in 1959 in the cell-free culture filtrate of V. cholerae that stimulates a specific cellular response. (embs.org)
Enterotoxin1
  • Some strains of C jejuni produce a heat-labile, cholera-like enterotoxin, which is important in watery diarrhea observed in infections. (medscape.com)
Antibodies5
Diarrhea4
  • To determine the extent of disease caused by various bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract, the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Disease is conducting a systematic survey of patients hospitalized for diarrhea at this hospital. (cdc.gov)
  • Theoretically, scientists should be able to deliver antigens against E. coli, cholera, or other diarrhea-causing pathogens in just about any fruit or vegetable. (the-scientist.com)
  • his was an independent discovery for studying cholera in a rabbit model demonstrating the association of some strains of E. coli with diarrhea. (embs.org)
  • The 2 primary mechanisms responsible for acute gastroenteritis are (1) damage to the villous brush border of the intestine, causing malabsorption of intestinal contents and leading to an osmotic diarrhea, and (2) the release of toxins that bind to specific enterocyte receptors and cause the release of chloride ions into the intestinal lumen, leading to secretory diarrhea. (medscape.com)
Pathogens1
Systemic1
  • Avoid coadministration of cholera vaccine with systemic antibiotics since these agents may be active against the vaccine strain. (medscape.com)
Capsular polysaccharide1
  • Also, in order to improve the mucosal immune response, a pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide type 19 (PS19) was conjugated to the CTB (PS19-CTB). (korea.ac.kr)
Immunisation1
  • The two groups of chickens that had received CTB orally during Phase 1 responded with significantly higher immunospecific antibody concentrations than did the other chickens, indicating that oral administration of CTB prior to traditional parenteral immunisation may have a priming effect on the humoral immune system. (iiarjournals.org)
Diarrheal1
  • He made significant contributions to the understanding of cholera and related diarrheal diseases. (embs.org)
Infections2
  • In modern clinical practices, the bioactive compounds derived from the extract of mushroom sporocarps or mycelium has been widely used for the prevention and treatment of various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, immune system disorders and infections. (ijpsr.com)
  • S. boulardii has caused fungal infections in people with weakened immune systems. (medlineplus.gov)
Infection3
  • The El Tor CTXphi repressor, RstR, was sufficient to render classical strains immune to infection with the El Tor CTXphi. (omicsdi.org)
  • Consequently, production of RstR(calc) renders a CTX(calc) lysogen immune to superinfection by CTX(calc)phi but susceptible (heteroimmune) to infection by CTX(ET)phi. (omicsdi.org)
  • For infants and children, though, no infection was feared more than diphtheria, whose microbial toxin coursed through young bodies, ultimately strangling its victims. (wadsworth.org)
Outbreaks2
  • Cholera may occur in large outbreaks. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Large outbreaks of cholera continue to occur wherever there is poverty and people lack access to clean drinking water and sanitary disposal of human waste. (msdmanuals.com)
Antigens1
  • Since the intestinal tract is equipped with digestive enzymes, we must come up with an effective and stable vaccine delivery system which can transport vaccine antigens to the gut mucosal immune system successfully. (technologynetworks.com)
ETEC2
  • ETVAX is a preparation derived from ETEC bacteria that have been engineered to produce high levels of proteins that enable the bacterium to invade the body as well as a hybrid protein based on cholera and ETEC toxins. (edctp.org)
  • We did not find sufficient evidence and a suitable outcome to project mortality reductions for cholera, ETEC and shigella in children under 5 years. (biomedcentral.com)
Fecal1
  • A second major reason for the disease's significance was its overwhelming predilection for the poor: transmitted through the oral ingestion of fecal matter, cholera was intimately associated with poor diets and unsanitary living conditions. (yale.edu)
Vaccine available1
  • As of today, there is only four needle-free cholera vaccine available for intake through oral drops, but unfortunately sensitive without cold storage. (opensourcetruth.com)
System13
  • Intruding particles will interact with the mucosal immune system if they reach the nasal mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mucosal immune system is composed of lymphoid tissue, B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • López-Expósito and colleagues noted that the environment in the womb has a strong influence a child's immune system, thus backing up the suggestions that early and exposure in the womb to allergens may have an effect on childhood allergies. (foodnavigator.com)
  • The eyes may be windows to the soul, but the nose is a gateway to the mucosal immune system. (the-scientist.com)
  • The vaccine is not recommended for people who are allergic to yeast, or who have a weakened immune system. (mountainside-medical.com)
  • This type of rice plant produces nontoxic CTB that is immune system-friendly. (opensourcetruth.com)
  • Additionally, the effects of SEB exposure on several intestinal and immune cell lines were explored to create a profile of the metabolic effects of this toxin as it transcytoses through the intestine to the immune system. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • In the blood, lectins may stimulate the immune system and modify hormone functions, or get deposited in blood and lymphatic walls [ 9 , 10 ]. (selfhack.com)
  • It is not easy to become infected with TB as most infected people have it in the so-called latent form, meaning they just carry the germs, but their immune system protects them from becoming sick and, therefore, they are not contagious. (embs.org)
  • Bifidobacterium bifidum interacts with immune system by producing a variety of molecules that act as essential communicators with the immune cells in the mucosal lining of the gut. (biotiquest.com)
  • Pediococcus acidilactici (TBC PA-68™) plays a central role in immune modulation, stress resistance and protective metabolites that promote a healthy cardiovascular system. (biotiquest.com)
  • Streptococcus thermophilus is very effective in strengthening the immune system, improving digestive health, and competing against unhealthy bacteria. (biotiquest.com)
  • If you have a weakened immune system, talk with your healthcare provider before taking S. boulardii. (medlineplus.gov)
Severe2
  • Severe dehydration is among the effects of cholera, infecting nearly 4 million of the world's population, and adds 20,000 to 140,000 lives to the death toll every year. (opensourcetruth.com)
  • A severe cholera epidemic occurred in Haiti after the earthquake in 2010 and lasted until 2017. (msdmanuals.com)
Vaccination2
Protein2
  • The present paper describes important features of the immune response induced by the Cry1Ac protein from Bacillus thuringiensis in mice. (scielo.br)
  • The objective of this study was to develop an atheroprotective vaccine by targeting a peptide of the LDL protein constituent apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) to the nasal mucosa to induce a protective mucosal immune response. (lu.se)
Response11
  • A nasal vaccine is a vaccine administered through the nose that stimulates an immune response without an injection. (wikipedia.org)
  • These different types of cells work together to identify intruding particles and trigger an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • The data obtained in the present study confirm that the Cry1Ac protoxin is a potent immunogen able to induce a specific immune response in the mucosal tissue, which has not been observed in response to most other proteins. (scielo.br)
  • In previous reports, Prasad and Shethna (4,5) suggested that these proteins have antitumoral activity against Yoshida ascites sarcoma in rats (4) and enhance the immune response to sheep red blood cells (5). (scielo.br)
  • Problem is, nicotine is too small a molecule to trigger the robust immune response needed to inhibit its addictive effects. (time.com)
  • however, some individuals mount an immune response that overcomes this bacterial defense. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
  • Topological and stereo-electron characteristics are essential in major histocompability class II-peptide-T-cell receptor (MHC-p-TCR) complex formation for inducing an appropriate immune response. (shengsci.com)
  • We have recently reported that the immune response to an effective OspA-expressing L. plantarum vaccine for Lyme disease is modulated by the lipid modi. (shengsci.com)
  • In 2019, in a seminal study published in Nature, we along with the Leslie Lab, AHRI, showed that an IL-17/IL-22 producing ILC subset, namely ILC3s, play a crucial role in early innate immune response to TB. (wustl.edu)
  • Herein, we report that temporary fasting drastically reduces the number of lymphocytes by 50% in Peyer's patches (PPs), the inductive site of the gut immune response. (listlabs.com)
  • Parasitic nematodes elicit a Th2-type immune response that most often is not protective. (frontiersin.org)
Biotype1
  • State and local public health agencies should make efforts to encourage reflexive culturing by clinical laboratories that adopt culture-independent methods, should facilitate submission of isolates/clinical material to state public health laboratories, and should be prepared to perform reflexive culture when not performed at the clinical laboratory as isolates are currently necessary for serogrouping and cholera toxin testing as well as biotype and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. (cdc.gov)
Causative2
  • Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (1843-1910), German physician and microbiologist, founder of modern bacteriology, identified the specific causative agents of TB, cholera, and anthrax and gave experimental support for the concept of infectious disease basing such discoveries on animal and human experimentation (Figure 1). (embs.org)
  • To manufacture diphtheria antitoxin, horses were inoculated with the toxin produced by the bacillus Corynebacterium diphtheriae , the causative agent of diphtheria. (wadsworth.org)
Bacterial1
Disease6
  • The protocol has been approved by the Institutional Review Board at the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Asiatic cholera was the most dreaded disease of the nineteenth century. (yale.edu)
  • One reason for the intense fear provoked by the disease was its symptoms: not only did cholera exact a degrading and painful toll on the human body, it also struck suddenly, and was capable of reducing the seemingly healthy in a period of hours. (yale.edu)
  • This correspondence qualifies it as an archetypical disease of poverty, and implicated cholera in the larger nineteenth-century political anxiety over the "social question. (yale.edu)
  • And Asiatic cholera is a good example of what we might - though let's be mindful, it would be historically anachronistic - we might call it a great emerging disease of the nineteenth century. (yale.edu)
  • Cholera for the nineteenth century was something new, something never before experienced, and that helps to explain a good part of the reaction to the populations that were first afflicted by it, as the "great cholera," we should remember, was the great feared disease of the nineteenth century. (yale.edu)
Oral2
  • The oral cholera vaccine was announced to have passed phase 1 of the clinical trials at the University of Tokyo. (opensourcetruth.com)
  • On Visit 2 (day 15) and Visit 5 (day 29), subject will be given the oral cholera vaccine. (who.int)
Bacillus1
  • Bacillus subtilis (DE111 ® by Deerland) shown to promote a healthy microbiome for enhanced immune function as well as pathogen control through the production of bacteriocins. (biotiquest.com)
Intestine2
  • Then, there may be too many for stomach acid to kill, and some bacteria can reach the small intestine, where they grow and produce a toxin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The toxin causes the small intestine to secrete enormous amounts of salt and water. (msdmanuals.com)
Markedly1
  • "Milk from mothers fed peanuts and cholera toxin, but not peanut alone preconceptionally … contained markedly and significantly increased levels of both peanut-specific IgG2a and IgA," ​ said the authors. (foodnavigator.com)
Produce1
  • Because stomach acid kills the bacteria, people who produce less stomach acid are more likely to get cholera. (msdmanuals.com)
Diseases1
  • There are accounts of diseases in various writings that are suggestive of cholera well before the nineteenth century. (yale.edu)
Yeast1
  • It is a probiotic yeast with proven anti-pathogen, anti-toxin, and anti-inflammatory properties. (biotiquest.com)
Refrigeration1
  • Without the need for refrigeration and needles, the cholera vaccine is expected to be launched to combat deadly cholera as soon as it completes further studies. (opensourcetruth.com)
Activity1
  • The scientists further studied the animals' activity in their cages and found that mice treated with the experimental vaccine appeared to be immune to the effects of nicotine. (time.com)