Exosomes can transfer molecules from one cell to another via membrane vesicle trafficking, thereby influencing the immune system, such as dendritic cells and B cells, and may play a functional role in mediating adaptive immune responses to pathogens and tumors. (wikipedia.org)
Molecules4
Tumor immunogenicity results from the processing, and subsequent presentation of tumor antigens released from dead or dying tumor cells on MHC molecules expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APC). (aacrjournals.org)
Although the exosomal protein composition varies with the cell and tissue of origin, most exosomes contain an evolutionarily-conserved common set of protein molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, scientists who are actively researching the role that exosomes may play in cell-to-cell signaling, often hypothesize that delivery of their cargo RNA molecules can explain biological effects. (wikipedia.org)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Platelet1
The system comprises TPCA-1-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that specifically binds to the break point of the IgD6 region of the platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) extracellular segment that is overexposed on the injured endothelium and activated macrophages during the pathogenesis of inflammation. (bvsalud.org)
Assay3
4 xCELLigence real-time cell analysis 6 Diverse cancer immunotherapy applications 6 How does the xCELLigence real-time cell analysis assay work? (technologynetworks.com)
While many methods have been developed to screen and evaluate the efficacy of immune cell‑mediated killing, there is a need for a more robust in vitro assay to accurately predict the in vivo behavior of therapies. (technologynetworks.com)
The most commonly used method for measuring immune cell‑mediated killing is the release assay, where effector cell‑mediated disruption of the target cell membrane results in leakage of its cytoplasmic contents into the culture medium. (technologynetworks.com)
Efficacy1
While the data provided by these assays help piece together an understanding of different facets of immune cell‑mediated killing, it is important to note that the parameters being reported often do not correlate with target cell killing efficacy in vivo. (technologynetworks.com)
Membrane6
Important biological events associated with plasma membranes, such as signal transduction, cell adhesion, and protein trafficking, are mediated through the membrane microdomains. (mdpi.com)
Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are produced in the endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
If the MVB fuses with the cell surface (the plasma membrane), these ILVs are released as exosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Exosomes were shown to participate in selective removal of many plasma membrane proteins as the reticulocyte becomes a mature red blood cell (erythrocyte). (wikipedia.org)
In the reticulocyte, as in most mammalian cells, portions of the plasma membrane are regularly internalized as endosomes, with 50 to 180% of the plasma membrane being recycled every hour. (wikipedia.org)
The ILVs become exosomes if the MVB merges with the cell membrane, releasing the internal vesicles into the extracellular space. (wikipedia.org)
Cancer immunotherapies can be divided into four major categories: - Cytokines/immunomodulation agents - Monoclonal antibodies - Cell‑based therapies - Oncolytic viruses Though monoclonal antibodies currently represent the largest class of commercialized cancer immunotherapies, cell‑based therapies are rapidly making headway. (technologynetworks.com)
Multiple myeloma (MM) bears heterogeneous cells that poses a challenge for single-target immunotherapies. (bvsalud.org)
Tumors2
Here, we generate dromedary camel nanobodies targeting B7-H3 and demonstrate that CAR-T cells, based on the nanobodies recognizing the IgC but not IgV domain, had potent antitumour activity against large tumors in female mice. (nature.com)
However, the successful application of these emerging cell-based therapies in solid tumors remains limited. (nature.com)
Antitumor1
The first-in-human testing of scFv-based B7-H3 CAR-T cells has shown antitumor response against anaplastic meningioma and childhood diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma without severe side effects 16 , 17 . (nature.com)
Inhibition2
These data illustrated that whereas CD47/SIRPα inhibition could potentiate tumor cell phagocytosis, CD40-mediated activation of a type I interferon response provided a bridge between macrophage- and T-cell-mediated immunity that significantly enhanced durable tumor control and rejection. (aacrjournals.org)
The most potent nanobody-based CAR-T cells show inhibition of large tumor xenografts in mice with rigorous T-cell signaling and significant T-cell infiltration into the tumor. (nature.com)
Bispecific1
Here we constructed bispecific CS1-BCMA CAR-T cells aiming to augment BCMA targeting with CS1. (bvsalud.org)
Immune system1
In this article, Dr. Mehal notes that inflammation is set in motion by the cells of the immune system, and that it is helpful because it kills pathogens and blocks their spread in the body. (drjosephpengecir.com)
Interactions2
Proteoglycans (PGs) are complex macromolecules composed of a core protein and covalently linked polysaccharide chain(s) which play a critical role in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. (oncotarget.com)
Disruptions of such interactions might affect B cell interaction with surrounding stroma and may thus perturb the cell phenotypes. (oncotarget.com)
Protein1
For example, mRNA in exosomes has been suggested to affect protein production in the recipient cell. (wikipedia.org)
Functional1
Single-cell transcriptome RNA sequencing coupled with functional T-cell proteomics analysis uncovers the top-upregulated genes that might be critical for the persistence of polyfunctional CAR-T cells in mice. (nature.com)
Study3
However, another study has suggested that miRNAs in exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are predominantly pre- and not mature miRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
Because the authors of this study did not find RNA-induced silencing complex-associated proteins in these exosomes, they suggested that only the pre-miRNAs, but not the mature miRNAs in MSC exosomes, have the potential to be biologically active in the recipient cells. (wikipedia.org)
In the present study, we demonstrate that B7-H3 CAR-T cells targeting the IgC domain are more active than those targeting the IgV domain in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and neuroblastoma (NB) mouse preclinical models. (nature.com)
Active2
CS1-BCMA CAR-T cells were clinically active with good safety profiles in patients with RRMM. (bvsalud.org)
The biosynthetic machinery for HS was active in all cell lines, with some tendency to be down-regulated in BL cells. (oncotarget.com)
Analysis1
A Single Cell Analysis Approach for Viscoelastic Characterization Using Microfluidics. (qmul.ac.uk)
Blood cell1
Exosomes were first discovered in the maturing mammalian reticulocyte (immature red blood cell) by Stahl and group in 1983 and Johnstone and group in 1983 further termed 'exosomes' by Johnstone and group in 1987. (wikipedia.org)
Cancer cells2
This class of personalized therapies involves collecting immune cells from an individual, engineering them to recognize and kill cancer cells, before culturing, and reintroducing them into the same individual. (technologynetworks.com)
In the case of cancer cells, exosomes may show differences in size, shape, morphology, and canonical markers from their donor cells. (wikipedia.org)
Show1
Taken together, our data show that proteoglycans are expressed in primary B lymphocytes whereas they are not or only partly expressed in EBV-carrying cell lines, depending on their latency type program. (oncotarget.com)
Plasma1
Tightly regulated HSPGs expression is a requirement for normal B cell maturation, differentiation and function [ 4 ] and the conformation of their HS polysaccharide chains is crucial for recruitment of factors that control plasma cell survival [ 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Components3
Primary B cells expressed a wide repertoire of PGs (dominated by serglycin and CD44) and ECM components. (oncotarget.com)
Lymphoblastoid EBV+ B cell lines (LCLs) showed specific PG expression with down-regulation of CD44 and ECM components and up-regulation of serglycin and perlecan/HSPG2. (oncotarget.com)
5′-aza-dC and/or Trichostatin A resulted in transcriptional upregulation of the genes, suggesting that low expression of ECM components, proteoglycan core proteins and HS biosynthetic system is due to epigenetic suppression in type I cells. (oncotarget.com)
Activation1
Rational design of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells based on the recognition of antigenic epitopes capable of evoking the most potent CAR activation is an important objective in optimizing immune therapy. (nature.com)
Role1
The possible role of PGs has so far been largely neglected, both during B-cell differentiation and as a factor in EBV-driven lymphomagenesis [ 1 , 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Notes1
Dr. Boyd notes that in chronic inflammation, the "only cells that proliferate are the fibroblasts. (drjosephpengecir.com)