• Methods: Aortic plaque deposition was assessed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic apolipoprotein E (Apoe) knockout (KO) and At 2 r (also known as Agtr2)/Apoe double-KO (DKO) mice. (monash.edu)
  • Control and diabetic Apoe-KO mice received an AT 2 R antagonist PD123319 (5 mg kg -1 day -1 ) via osmotic minipump for 20 weeks (n = 7-8 per group). (monash.edu)
  • Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-transport protein abundantly expressed in most neurons in the central nervous system. (dovepress.com)
  • This review will summarize the updated research progress on APOE functions and its role in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Type III hyperlipoproteinemia, vascular dementia, and ischemic stroke. (dovepress.com)
  • The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is located on chromosome 19 and encodes a glycoprotein that is 299 amino acids long. (dovepress.com)
  • 2 In the blood, APOE protein could interact with lipids, resulting in lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). (dovepress.com)
  • 3 In this review, we discuss the biological functions of human APOE and its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), vascular dementia (VD), and ischemic (occlusive) stroke (IS). (dovepress.com)
  • The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency would accelerate atherosclerosis development in low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLr-/-) and apoE (apoE-/-) knockout mice. (eurekamag.com)
  • LCAT deficiency resulted in a 12-fold increase in the ratio of saturated + monounsaturated to polyunsaturated cholesteryl esters in apoB lipoproteins in LDLr-/- mice and a 3-fold increase in the apoE-/- mice compared with their counterparts with active LCAT. (eurekamag.com)
  • We conclude that LCAT deficiency in LDLr-/- and apoE-/- mice fed an atherogenic diet resulted in increased aortic cholesterol deposition, likely due to a reduction in plasma HDL, an increased saturation of cholesteryl esters in apoB lipoproteins and, in the apoE-/- background, an increased plasma concentration of apoB lipoproteins. (eurekamag.com)
  • The apolipoproteinE (APOE) gene provides instructions for the production of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) protein. (randox.com)
  • Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with central roles in lipid metabolism, neurobiology, and neurodegenerative diseases. (randox.com)
  • This led us to investigate whether FXI deficiency in elderly ApoE knockout (KO) mice would decrease pathological alterations compatible with atherosclerosis and AD. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • vi) APP transgenic mice with apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficiency had increased atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation ( 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In mice, the association between ApoE deficiency and AD is not clear ( 17 - 26 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • After 16 weeks of atherogenic diet (0.1% cholesterol, 10% calories from palm oil) consumption, LDLr-/- LCAT-/- double knockout mice, compared with LDLr-/- mice, had similar plasma concentrations of free (FC), esterified (EC), and apoB lipoprotein cholesterol, increased plasma concentrations of phospholipid and triglyceride, decreased HDL cholesterol, and 2-fold more aortic FC (142 +/- 28 versus 61 +/- 20 mg/g protein) and EC (102 +/- 27 versus 61+/- 27 mg/g). (eurekamag.com)
  • However, recent data suggest that the angiotensin II subtype 2 receptor (AT 2 R) may modulate key processes linked to atherosclerosis. (monash.edu)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the role of AT 2 R in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis using pharmacological blockade and genetic deficiency. (monash.edu)
  • Conclusions/interpretation: This study provides evidence for AT 2 R playing a role in the development of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. (monash.edu)
  • Atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western societies ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Several findings suggest that atherosclerosis and AD are linked: i) Atherosclerotic vascular disease and AD share common risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and apolipoprotein ε4 allele ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • ii) There are reports of a correlation between carotid atherosclerosis and AD ( 7 ) as well as atherosclerosis of the circle of Willis and AD ( 8 , 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Apolipoprotein C-II (Apo-CII, or Apoc-II), or apolipoprotein C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOC2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The movement of these substances across the membrane is enhanced by another protein called apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), which is produced by the APOA1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These studies demonstrate that a Cys430-Phe mutation does not prevent the de novo synthesis of the b subunit, but alters the conformation of the mutant protein sufficiently to impair its intracellular transport, resulting in its deficiency in this patient. (embl.de)
  • Analysis of two highly expressed genes from Chlorella virus PBCV-1: Protein characterization and the DNA sequences of the major capsid protein gene and the early/late 33-kDa protein gene. (uml.edu)
  • Surf4 (Surfeit Locus Protein 4) Deficiency Reduces Intestinal Lipid Absorption and Secretion and Decreases Metabolism in Mice. (harvard.edu)
  • Key proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism, such as PCSK9, angiopoietin-related protein 3, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and apolipoprotein(a), have been identified as viable targets for therapeutic intervention through observational and genetic studies. (cdc.gov)
  • Distribution of apolipoprotein(a) in the plasma from patients with lipoprotein lipase deficiency and with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. (jci.org)
  • ApoE4 increases the risk of developing AS 4-fold (one allele) and 14-fold (two allele). (randox.com)
  • These diseases share common risk factors, which are exhibited in old age, including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and apolipoprotein (Apo) ε4 allele. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • HDL apolipoproteins and ABCA1: partners in the removal of excess cellular cholesterol. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A high-fat and high-cholesterol diet induces overt and latent oxidative damage in hippocampus of mice lacking apolipoprotein E. Open Neuro 12 , 12-18. (uml.edu)
  • As apoE2 binds defectively to LDL receptors, apoE2 homozygosity can precipitate type III hyperlipoproteinemia, however, only occurs when another condition, including: diabetes, oestrogen deficiency, hypothyroidism, or obesity, leads to the overproduction of VLDL or fewer LDL receptors, overwhelming the limited ability of apoE2 to mediate the clearance of triglyceride-rich and cholesterol-rich β-VLDL. (randox.com)
  • routine lipid tests such as Homocysteine, hsCRP, Apo A-I, Apo A-II, Apo B and Lp(a), as well as, unique assays for cardiac risk assessment including sdLDL Cholesterol, Apo C-II, Apo C-III and Apo E. Check out our benefits below. (randox.com)
  • Walnut-enriched diet reduces fasting non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in healthy Caucasian subjects: a randomized controlled cross-over clinical trial. (harvard.edu)
  • Markedly accelerated catabolism of apolipoprotein A-II (ApoA-II) and high density lipoproteins containing ApoA-II in classic lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency and fish-eye disease. (arizona.edu)
  • The document also reported that there are several causes of low HDL cholesterol levels and that a number of these-including type II diabetes, overweight, obesity, elevated triglycerides (TGs), and a lack of physical activity-are associated with insulin resistance . (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] persons with a profound reduction of LDL cholesterol may have a decreased risk for heart disease. (medscape.com)
  • These particles consist of a core of cholesterol esters and triglycerides surrounded by a monolayer of free cholesterol, phospholipids, and proteins (apolipoproteins). (medscape.com)
  • Subjects with hyperhomocysteinaemia had significantly elevated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A and apolipoprotein B and lower vitamin B levels compared with subjects with 12 normohomocysteinaemia. (who.int)
  • Hcy levels correlated with total cholesterol ( r = 0.09), apolipoprotein A ( r = 0.012), and B ( r = 0.013) levels and total/HDL cholesterol ratio ( r = -0.085). (who.int)
  • Aims/hypothesis: Most of the known actions of angiotensin II have been considered primarily to be the result of angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor activation. (monash.edu)
  • In the two genetic conditions, there is grossly impaired catabolic conversion of apo B-100-containing precursor lipoproteins to low-density lipoproteins. (jci.org)
  • [2] This is to say that in cases of mixed (elevated and decreased) findings on the lipid profile , clinicians must evaluate the secondary causes of the dysipidemia and manage the affected lipoproteins accordingly. (wikidoc.org)
  • Plasma phospholipid levels are very low, while plasma apolipoprotein B, chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are absent. (medscape.com)
  • Apolipoprotein A5 (apoA5) has been identified to play an important role in lipid metabolism, specifically in triglyceride (TG) and TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other apolipoproteins (A, C, D, E, and their subtypes) are soluble and are exchanged between lipoproteins during metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • In its reduced form (CoQ 10 H 2 ), coenzyme Q 10 is an effective fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes and lipoproteins from oxidation . (oregonstate.edu)
  • CoQ 10 H 2 has been found to inhibit lipid peroxidation when cell membranes and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are exposed to oxidizing conditions. (oregonstate.edu)
  • treatment of liver diseases associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. (trendspider.com)
  • The sample was selected to be a representa- eases and declines in the nutrient deficiency tive sample of around 16 000 000 Iranian diseases of the past. (who.int)
  • In recent years, a newly discovered apolipoprotein has been proved to be closely related to the occurrence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Expression and Activity of Methionine Cycle Genes Are Altered Following Folate and Vitamin E Deficiency Under Oxidative Challenge: Modulation by Apolipoprotein E-Deficiency. (uml.edu)
  • The sexual dimorphism observed in circulating levels of measured apolipoproteins following vitamin D correction may explain, in part, known sexual disparity in the events of cardiometabolic health. (nih.gov)
  • The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D deficiency on AAA development and examine if administering cholecalciferol (CCF) could limit growth of established AAA within the angiotensin-II (AngII) infused apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse model. (edu.au)
  • Vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased aortic expression of osteopontin and matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 than controls. (edu.au)
  • The present study suggests that vitamin D deficiency promotes development of large rupture-prone aortic aneurysms in an experimental model. (edu.au)
  • Similar to "Vitamin E," "Vitamin K" is not a single substance, but a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble compounds that share a naphthoquinone ring structure with a methyl group at position 2 and an aliphatic side chain at position 3. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Furthermore, describing how vitamin D levels fluctuate month-to-month may provide a basis for implementing public health strategies to increase 25(OH)D levels when deficiency is most acute. (cdc.gov)
  • For practical purposes, depending on the enzyme activity and the presence of mutations in the G6Pase and T genes, respectively, GSD type I may be subdivided into 2 major forms. (medscape.com)
  • We previously demonstrated that factor XI (FXI) deficiency in mice reduced the atherosclerotic plaque area in coronary sinuses and the aortic arch. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • RRBP1 deficiency in mice caused hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, resulting in lower blood pressure, severe hyperkalemia, and sudden cardiac death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutations in the ABCA1 gene or the APOA1 gene cause familial HDL deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When genetic testing reveals deficiencies, vulnerable individuals can be recommended for treatment with "body friendly" pharmacologic substances and/or nutrients. (eurekaselect.com)
  • People with familial HDL deficiency may develop cardiovascular disease at a relatively young age, often before age 50. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A shortage (deficiency) of HDL is believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • [1] [2] In this case, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome would be widely considered a hyperlipidemic disease due to the array of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular sequelae that arise consequent to the chronic hyperlipidemia associated with the disease. (wikidoc.org)
  • The definition of normohomocyst- a risk factor for cardiovascular disease Data collection einaemia was Hcy 15 µmol/L and (CVD) [1,2]. (who.int)
  • Familial HDL deficiency is a condition characterized by low levels of high-density lipoprotei% (HDL) in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, people with familial HDL deficiency do not have these additional features. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Familial HDL deficiency is a rare disorder, although the prevalence is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Familial HDL deficiency characterized by hypercatabolism of mature apoA-I but not proapoA-I. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Lp(a) is a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle that is bound to apolipoprotein(a) and is causally implicated in the pathogenesis of ASCVD. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatic phosphorylase deficiency or deficiency of other enzymes that form a cascade necessary for liver phosphorylase activation cause the disease. (medscape.com)
  • ApoC-II, which is transferred to circulating chylomicrons from HDL, acts as a required cofactor for LPL in this reaction. (medquizzes.net)
  • 0.01) and a significant decrease in apolipoprotein B (p = 0.02) was observed. (nih.gov)
  • Apolipoprotein CII activates lipoprotein lipase, which is important in clearing chylomicrons from bloodstream. (medquizzes.net)
  • Muscle phosphorylase deficiency adversely affecting the glycolytic pathway in skeletal musculature causes GSD type V. Like other forms of GSD, McArdle disease is heterogeneous. (medscape.com)
  • FHBL is caused by an autosomal, codominant mutation in the gene for apoB ( APOB ), which is carried on chromosome 2. (medscape.com)
  • 0.001) as well as a significant increase in aortic expression of the gene At 2 r (also known as Agtr2). (monash.edu)
  • The human preproapolipoprotein C-II gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • In juxtaglomerular cells, deficiency of RRBP1 reduced renin intracellular trafficking from ER to Golgi apparatus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 3 ] proposed that a transport defect of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into the microsomal compartment may be present in some patients with GSD type I. Thus, GSD type I is divided into GSD type Ia caused by G6Pase deficiency and GSD type Ib resulting from deficiency of a specific translocase T1. (medscape.com)
  • GSD type Id is deficiency in a transporter that translocates free glucose molecules from microsomes into the cytosol. (medscape.com)
  • Ang-I is further cleaved to angiotensin-II (Ang-II) by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lung [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Homocystinuria caused by cystathionine ß-synthase (CBS) deficiency is characterized by involvement of the eye (ectopia lentis and/or severe myopia), skeletal system (excessive height, long limbs, scolioisis, and pectus excavatum), vascular system (thromboembolism), and CNS (developmental delay/intellectual disability). (nih.gov)
  • Both LPL & apoC-II deficiency usually present in childhood with recurrent episodes of severe abdominal pain due to acute pancreatitis. (medquizzes.net)
  • Research suggests that coenzyme Q 10 plays an important role in the transport of protons across lysosomal membranes to maintain the optimal pH (2, 3) . (oregonstate.edu)
  • GSD type II, also known as acid maltase deficiency or Pompe disease, is a prototypic lysosomal disease. (medscape.com)
  • We have determined the phenotype, concentration, and distribution of apo(a) in plasma from patients with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency (type I hyperlipoproteinemia, n = 14), in apo E 2/2 homozygotes with type III hyperlipoproteinemia (n = 12) and in controls (n = 16). (jci.org)
  • Considering apo(a) type, the plasma concentration of apo(a) was normal in type III patients but significantly reduced in LPL deficiency. (jci.org)
  • Patients with deficiency of apolipoprotein CII have an increased incidence of pancreatitis. (medquizzes.net)
  • The two are rather similar except that patients with Bassen-Kornzweig disease have acanthocytosis. (medscape.com)
  • Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, apolipoprotein B significantly decreased only in females (p = 0.002). (nih.gov)