Hypoxic cell hypoxia. Medical search. Frequent questions

The term hypoxia is used to describe biological situations where insufficient levels of oxygen exist. (mdpi.com)
The heterodimeric hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), consisting of the subunits HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta/ARNT, is a master transcriptional regulator of oxygen homeostasis. (uzh.ch)
Reporter gene expression was not affected upon exposure of transiently transfected cells to hypoxia (1% oxygen). (uzh.ch)
Hypoxic tumor cells primarily use glucose for glycolytic energy production and release lactic acid, creating a lactate gradient that mirrors the oxygen gradient in the tumor. (jci.org)
Scientists report that an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor may have both positive and negative effects on tumor growth depending on whether or not the tumor cells have enough oxygen. (genengnews.com)
Similarly, exposure to low oxygen conditions in vitro induced stem-cell-like potential in immature cortical GFAP + cells. (jneurosci.org)
To explore the effect of hyperoxygenation on tumor oxygenation, tumor partial oxygen pressure was measured with microelectrodes positioned in preexisting hypoxic regions before and during the PDT. (bioone.org)
The results show that hyperoxygenation may oxygenate preexisting hypoxic cells and compensate for oxygen depletion induced by PDT light irradiation. (bioone.org)
7 Severe hypoxia in the presence of energy stimulates cells to undergo apoptosis, whereas oxygen levels above 0.5% prevent cell death. (bmj.com)
MSCs were preconditioned in a hypoxic environment (5% oxygen) for 48 hours. (minervamedica.it)
In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
In normal cells, the fate of pyruvate depends on many factors, one of which is oxygen availability. (hindawi.com)
In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
A new mathematical model of the body's interacting physiological and biochemical processes -- including blood vessel expansion, blood thickening and flow-rate changes in response to the transfusion of red blood cells -- shows that patients with anemia, or blood with low oxygen levels, can be effectively treated with transfusions of blood substitutes that are more readily available. (sciencedaily.com)
Red blood cells are uniquely equipped to perform the function of carrying oxygen, which is why they are used for transfusions for patients experiencing anemia. (sciencedaily.com)
Transfusion of red blood cells is done to improve the likelihood that oxygen vital to organ and tissue function will be delivered. (sciencedaily.com)
The new model shows that during transfusion, some patients' blood vessels do not dilate and, since their blood has been thickened by additional red blood cells, it is more viscous and does not circulate as easily to deliver oxygen. (sciencedaily.com)
This response was probably initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the endothelial cells. (bl.uk)
For example, many tumours are 'hypoxic,' or oxygen-poor. (malaghan.org.nz)
A lack of oxygen makes it hard for immune cells and cancer drugs to infiltrate a tumour, and on occasion even suppresses the immune response to the cancer entirely. (malaghan.org.nz)
Through adding a hypoxic trigger that activates in the oxygen-poor intratumoral environments, higher doses of anti-cancer drugs can be delivered. (malaghan.org.nz)
One possibility is that they reduce the amount of oxygen being supplied to the trachea - a phenomenon known as hypoxia - which occurs naturally at specific stages in the life of an insect, and during infections. (elifesciences.org)
One such animal is the Arctic ground squirrel, an extreme hibernator that can drop its body temperatures to below 0°C. This hibernation ability means the cells of Arctic ground squirrels can survive severe shortages of blood and oxygen. (elifesciences.org)
found that when this variant form of ATP5G1 was introduced into the cells of mice, their mitochondria was better at coping with stress conditions, such as low oxygen, low temperature and poisoning. (elifesciences.org)
One of the big concerns is hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy because of how important oxygen is to a newborn. (millerandzois.com)
The term hypoxia refers to a lack of oxygen to organs or tissues. (millerandzois.com)
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a consequence of a deficit of oxygen supply to the brain. (millerandzois.com)
Oxygen-sensing mechanisms of eukaryotic multicellular organisms coordinate hypoxic cellular responses in a spatiotemporal manner. (lu.se)
Although this capacity partly allows animals and plants to acutely adapt to oxygen deprivation, its functional and historical roots in hypoxia emphasize a broader evolutionary role. (lu.se)
For multicellular life-forms that persist in settings with variable oxygen concentrations, the capacity to perceive and modulate responses in and between cells is pivotal. (lu.se)
The in vitro effects of metronidazole on the production of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells were studied by means of nitroblue tetrazolium and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. (who.int)
Radiosensitizers are chemical agents that have the potential to increase the lethal effect of radicals induced during irradiation [1-6].The extent of radiation damage to cells is dependent on the amount of oxygen available to the cell [1,2,7,8]. (who.int)
Cerebral hypoxia occurs when there is not enough oxygen getting to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
In cerebral hypoxia, sometimes only the oxygen supply is interrupted. (medlineplus.gov)
Brain cells are very sensitive to a lack of oxygen. (medlineplus.gov)
Some brain cells start dying less than 5 minutes after their oxygen supply disappears. (medlineplus.gov)
Sometimes a person with cerebral hypoxia is cooled to slow down the activity of the brain cells and decrease their need for oxygen. (medlineplus.gov)
Global hypoxia-ischemia interrupts oxygen delivery and blood flow to the entire brain. (cdc.gov)
With intact cells, the to radiation killing compared with well formation of oxygen reactive intermediates oxygenated healthy cells [ 2,3,7-9 ]. (who.int)

Researchers have understood for numerous years that the hypoxia found in tumors leads to more aggressive and harder to treat disease and ultimately, poor patient outcome. (mdpi.com)
Since then they were systematically cultured as tumorospheres in defined stem cell culture conditions, allowing them to keep their GSC properties including their capacity to generate intracerebral tumors in immunodeficient mice (Supplementary Fig. S1 A). (nature.com)
Tumors contain oxygenated and hypoxic regions, so the tumor cell population is heterogeneous. (jci.org)
We postulated that carbogen breathing might enhance the ability of tirapazamine to diffuse to hypoxic cells located distal to functional blood vessels in tumors. (erowid.org)
Cell survival in SCCVII and SiHa tumors after 10 Gy X rays alone was similar. (erowid.org)
However, when tirapazamine was administered 30 min after radiation treatment under air-breathing conditions, cell killing was greater in SCCVII tumors compared to SiHa tumors. (erowid.org)
Carbogen breathing during the exposure to tirapazamine did not change the cell survival in SCCVII tumors, but it enhanced cell killing in the SiHa tumors. (erowid.org)
Interestingly, carbogen breathing during radiation treatment produced greater cell killing in the SiHa tumors than in the SCCVII tumors. (erowid.org)
The vascular architecture and type of hypoxia in the two tumors probably underlie the differences in the responses of the two tumors. (erowid.org)
Hypoxia in tumors is closely associated with tumor aggressiveness and resistance to radio- and chemotherapeutic treatment. (prnewswire.com)
CAIX is involved in both the extracellular acidification of hypoxic tumors, as well as the regulation of intracellular pH, making it an attractive target for therapies based on the manipulation of pH (Parks, et al. (prnewswire.com)
Epigenetic mechanisms play important roles in the regulation of tumorigenesis, and hypoxia-induced epigenetic changes may be key drivers of the adaptation of cancer cells to the hypoxic microenvironment typical of solid tumors. (nih.gov)
Clinical hallmarks of VHL disease include the development of retinal and central nervous system (CNS) hemangioblastomas (blood vessel tumors), pheochromocytomas , multiple cysts in the pancreas and kidneys, and an increased risk for malignant transformation of renal cysts into renal cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)

Unlike most other organs, the bone marrow microenvironment is physiologically hypoxic, a pre-requisite for normal bone marrow hematopoiesis. (haematologica.org)
Given that cancer cells and astrocytes in glioblastomas coexist in a hypoxic microenvironment, we examined whether astrocytes affect the adaptation of glioblastoma cells to hypoxia. (cancerindex.org)
One of the factors is within the tumour microenvironment such as tumour hypoxia. (malaghan.org.nz)

Efficient translation of mouse hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. (uzh.ch)
Direct assessment of translational regulation by polysomal profile analysis of HeLaS3 cells showed that HIF-1alpha (and to a lower extent ARNT) mRNA was found mainly in the translationally active polyribosomal fractions under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. (uzh.ch)
Fate-mapped cortical GFAP + cells derived ex vivo from hypoxic, but not normoxic, mice were able to form pluripotent, long-term self-renewing neurospheres. (jneurosci.org)
Thus, glutaminolysis plays a major role in normoxic OXPHOS HepG2 cells. (pulsus.com)
In-vivo assessment of the angiogenic potency of hypoxic and normoxic AT-MSCs and UC-MSCs was conducted using an ex ovo quail embryo model (cultured in 6-well plates). (minervamedica.it)
The angiogenic potency was evaluated based on the area and length of blood vessels formed in the quail embryos on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after transplantation with hypoxic AT-MSCs, normoxic AT-MSCs, hypoxic UC-MSCs, or normoxic UC-MSCs, and compared to placebo control (PBS injection). (minervamedica.it)
In vivo , hypoxic preconditioning could enhance the angiogenic potency of AT-MSCs, compared to normoxic AT-MSCs, although the angiogenic potency of hypoxic and normoxic UC-MSCs was not significantly different. (minervamedica.it)
Similarly, we found that male GSI was reduced in fish from hypoxic sites compared with fish from normoxic sites. (researchgate.net)
it could also cause longer gonad development rate and consequently result in asynchronous breeding seasons between hypoxic and normoxic populations (Friesen et al. (researchgate.net)
This was accompanied by the upregulation of the hypoxia inducible factors HIF1A and HIF2A during the use of G9A inhibition to curb cancer cell growth even under normoxic conditions. (nih.gov)

This is called tumour hypoxia and leads to resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Assessment of Tumour Hypoxia for Prediction of Response to Therapy and Cancer Prognosis. (prnewswire.com)

Activated SIRT1 signals hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2α, which transactivates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin. (molvis.org)
Under conditions of reduced O(2) availability, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) reciprocally regulates COX4 subunit expression by activating transcription of the genes encoding COX4-2 and LON, a mitochondrial protease that is required for COX4-1 degradation. (nih.gov)
We show that ionizing radiation specifically enhances the motility and invasiveness of human GSCs through the stabilization and nuclear accumulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), which in turn transcriptionally activates the Junction-mediating and regulatory protein (JMY). (nature.com)
We show that radiation-induced migration/invasion occurs through the stabilization and nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α), which drives the transcription of Junction-mediating and regulatory protein (JMY) 27 that stimulates GSC migration through its actin nucleation-promoting activity. (nature.com)
In astrocytes the OGD enhanced the nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), the major transcription factor regulating EPO expression. (jneurosci.org)
The key regulator of this process, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), can initiate apoptosis by inducing high concentrations of proapoptotic proteins, such as BNIP3, and can cause stabilisation of p53. (bmj.com)
Design and Methods The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor protein was examined in patients' bone marrow biopsy specimens using immunohistochemistry. (haematologica.org)
Results Strong hypoxia-inducible factor-2 protein expression was detected in CD138 + multiple myeloma plasma cells in patients' biopsy specimens. (haematologica.org)
Prolonged exposure to hypoxia strongly up-regulated CXCL12 expression in multiple myeloma plasma cells and hypoxia-inducible factor-2 was found to play a key role in this response. (haematologica.org)
Promoter analyses revealed increased hypoxia-inducible factor-2 binding to the CXCL12 promoter under hypoxic conditions. (haematologica.org)
Over-expression of hypoxia-inducible factor in multiple myeloma plasma cells strongly induced in vivo angiogenesis, and administration of a CXCL12 antagonist decreased hypoxia-inducible factor-induced angiogenesis. (haematologica.org)
Conclusions Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 is a newly identified regulator of CXCL12 expression in multiple myeloma plasma cells and a major contributor to multiple myeloma plasma cell-induced angiogenesis. (haematologica.org)
Targeting the hypoxic niche, and more specifically hypoxia-inducible factor-2, may represent a viable strategy to inhibit angiogenesis in multiple myeloma and progression of this disease. (haematologica.org)
and (v) the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in lung development. (stanford.edu)
Hypoxia stimulates cancer cells to acquire a more malignant phenotype via activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). (cancerindex.org)
Under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1a) is stabilized and the transcription factor HIF-1 transactivates the CA9 gene, resulting in expression of the CAIX protein in the hypoxic cells. (prnewswire.com)
The lack of associations between alleles at the hypoxia-inducible factor 1A C1772T loci and responses to acute hypoxia. (cdc.gov)

Choroidal endothelial cells (RF/6A) were maintained in a semiconfluent state and hypoxia was induced by exposing the cells to cobalt chloride for 24 h. (molvis.org)
However, its role has not been evaluated in hypoxic choroidal endothelial cells (CECs), the precursor of VEGF-mediated choroidal angiogenesis. (molvis.org)
Scarabelli TM, Stephanou A, Pasini E, et al: Different signaling pathways induce apoptosis in endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes during ischemia/reperfusion injury. (spandidos-publications.com)
Neutrophil migration in response to factors secreted by the treated endothelial cells was then assessed. (bl.uk)
Soluble factor (s) from hypoxia/reoxygenated endothelial cells also had a powerful neutrophil chemoattractant ability. (bl.uk)
When neutrophils were exposed to both hypoxic/reoxygenated endothelial cells and the soluble factor (s) released by them a large oxidative burst was elicited. (bl.uk)
The secretory products from hypoxia/reoxygenated endothelial cells also affected smooth muscle contractility having an anti-vasoconstrictor or relaxation property, similar to that exerted by PAF. (bl.uk)
However it remains unknown which endocytic pathways are active in brain endothelial cells. (helsinki.fi)
In present study we characterized human brain endothelial cells, hCMEC/D3, which are widely utilized as BBB in vitro model. (helsinki.fi)
As brain endothelial cells are polarized in vivo, the aim of the study was to demonstrate the cell polarization of hCMEC/D3 cells and to study the activity and functionality of different endocytic pathways as a function of cell polarization. (helsinki.fi)
[ 2 ] Diagnosed in 50% of patients with VHL disease, these hemangiomas are composed of endothelial cells and pericytes. (medscape.com)
Hypoxia triggers a proangiogenic pathway involving cancer cell microvesicles and PAR-2-mediated heparin-binding EGF signaling in endothelial cells. (lu.se)

Molecular Cell paper provides evidence that FOXO3a triggers transcription of HIF1 target gene, which in turn inhibits HIF-1 induced apoptosis. (genengnews.com)
Recent research also revealed an anticancer role for HIF1 that is mediated by the initiation of apoptosis in response to severe hypoxic stress, according to the researchers. (genengnews.com)
HIF-1 induced apoptosis in normal and breast cancer cells was inhibited due to FOXO3a stimulating the transcription of the HIF1 target gene, CITED2, according to Dr. Mak. (genengnews.com)
Tumorigenesis could possibly be inhibited by either very high levels of FOXO3a/CITED2 activity that would cause complete inhibition of HIF1 or very low levels that would permit HIF1-induced apoptosis under hypoxic stress. (genengnews.com)
Wang GW, Zhou Z, Klein JB and Kang YJ: Inhibition of hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in metallothionein-overexpressing cardio-myocytes. (spandidos-publications.com)
PI3K deactivates BAD via Akt-mediated phosphorylation and thus may inhibit hypoxia-induced apoptosis in neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Apoptosis can be induced in response to hypoxia. (bmj.com)
A hypoxic environment devoid of nutrients prevents the cell undergoing energy dependent apoptosis and cells become necrotic. (bmj.com)
Cells adapt to this environmental stress, so that after repeated periods of hypoxia, selection for resistance to hypoxia induced apoptosis occurs. (bmj.com)
During hypoxia, an intricate balance exists between factors that induce or counteract apoptosis, or even stimulate proliferation. (bmj.com)
Understanding the regulation of apoptosis during hypoxia and the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis might lead to more specific treatments for solid tumours. (bmj.com)
Their in vitro effects on hypoxic cells concerning cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis were detected through gain- and loss-of-function assays. (hindawi.com)
LCN2 was increased by SOX9 and SIRT1 deacetylated SOX9 to promote its nuclear translocation, which further inhibited the viability of human retinal pigment epithelial cells and promoted cell apoptosis and angiogenesis as well as CNV-induced AMD formation. (hindawi.com)
A successful therapy must therefore eliminate these cells known to be highly resistant to apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)
MicroRNA-543 promotes cell invasion and impedes apoptosis in pituitary adenoma via activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by negative regulation of Smad7. (cancerindex.org)
HP75 cells treated with overexpressed miR-543 exhibited increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion, while decreased cell apoptosis as well as expression of Cleaved caspase-3 and Cleaved caspase-8 were observed. (cancerindex.org)
Thus any modification of ECM components can be transmitted via integrins and impact on cell movement during development and proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis. (springer.com)

In this study, we investigated the role of hypoxia induced SIRT1 in choroidal neovascularization in relation to age-related macular degeneration. (molvis.org)
Our study suggests a crucial role of hypoxia-induced developmental responses in shaping vector tolerance to the pathogen and provides clues for potential molecular targets to control pathogen dissemination. (elifesciences.org)

This was associated with a reduction of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated ( ATM) activation by etoposide, indicating a profound dampening of the DNA damage signalling in hypoxic conditions. (biomedcentral.com)

Metronidazole (Flagyl) is a drug used to treat infections and has been studied in the treatment of cancer [10,11] as a radiosensitizer drug, especially for hypoxic cells [9]. (who.int)
tizer drug, especially for hypoxic cells [ 9 ]. (who.int)

By contrast, oxygenated tumor cells have been thought to primarily use glucose for oxidative energy production. (jci.org)
Although lactate is generally considered a waste product, we now show that it is a prominent substrate that fuels the oxidative metabolism of oxygenated tumor cells. (jci.org)
There is therefore a symbiosis in which glycolytic and oxidative tumor cells mutually regulate their access to energy metabolites. (jci.org)
A similar switch from lactate-fueled respiration to glycolysis by oxygenated tumor cells in both a mouse model of lung carcinoma and xenotransplanted human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells was observed after administration of CHC. (jci.org)
This retarded tumor growth, as the hypoxic/glycolytic tumor cells died from glucose starvation, and rendered the remaining cells sensitive to irradiation. (jci.org)
12 It is well established that hypoxia is an important selective force in the evolution of tumor cells, 13 and elevated expression of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1 and HIF-2 has been documented in several human cancers. (haematologica.org)
Relative to other variants, isoforms 3/4 were cytotoxic for tumor cells, triggering pyroptosis and resulting in better antitumor outcomes in bladder and cervical cancer models. (mdanderson.org)

Hypoxia is a critical pathological factor in a variety of retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration. (molvis.org)
The role of SIRT1 in the activation of HIF-2α and nuclear factor-κB (RelA/p65) during hypoxia in the presence or absence of SIRT1 was assessed using immunoblot analysis. (molvis.org)
As a result, the glycolysis pathway in diabetic HepG2 cells was accelerated by the Hypoxia-Induced Factor (HIF), which was preceded by galactolysis. (pulsus.com)
ROS generation in turn caused the release of a soluble factor (s) which induced a conformational change on the neutrophil surface allowing it to bind to the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on the endothelial cell. (bl.uk)
Analysis of the supernatant from hypoxic/reoxygenated endothelial cell cultures and studies using inhibitors of secretion suggested platelet activating factor (PAF) may be a major component in this overall sequence of events. (bl.uk)

To the best of our knowledge, the current study was the first to demonstrate that EGCG + Zn2+ protects H9c2 cells against H/R injury through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as determined by western blotting. (spandidos-publications.com)
Since EGCG + Zn2+ may, at least in part, protect cardiac myocytes against H/R‑induced apoptotic cell death, the PI3K/Akt pathway of EGCG may be enhanced by its interactions with zinc during H/R injury. (spandidos-publications.com)
Whilst U87MG shared the same dampened p53 activity, upon chemotherapeutic drug treatment in chronic hypoxic conditions, these cells used a different mechanism, independent of the DNA damage pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
It was our goal to identify the portions of the glutaminolytic pathway that involved the aminotransferase reaction that supplied 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) to the Krebs cycle active segment with Aconitase And Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-3 (ACO-IDH3), which is typically inactive in cancer cells because citrate is exported from the mitochondria. (pulsus.com)
A greater activity of the Leloir pathway in OXPHOS cells was clearly matched by an increase in the glycolytic flux under hypoxia. (pulsus.com)
Autophagy is a pathway for cells to degrade intracellular components that are no longer needed or are detrimental for the cells. (helsinki.fi)
To characterize hCMEC/D3 cells for the presence of specific endocytic pathways, proteins involved into each pathway were selected. (helsinki.fi)
Astrocyte-derived CCL20 reinforces HIF-1-mediated hypoxic responses in glioblastoma by stimulating the CCR6-NF-κB signaling pathway. (cancerindex.org)
However, cancer cells mount a survival response via activation of the HIF pathway that may necessitate the additional suppression of HIF signaling for improved efficacy in the eradication of the disease. (nih.gov)

Many organisms in nature have evolved mechanisms to tolerate severe hypoxia or ischemia, including the hibernation-capable Arctic ground squirrel (AGS). (elifesciences.org)
Although hypoxic or ischemia tolerance in AGS involves physiological adaptations, little is known about the critical cellular mechanisms underlying intrinsic AGS cell resilience to metabolic stress. (elifesciences.org)
Previous studies of global brain hypoxia ischemia have primarily focused on injury to the cerebral cortex and to the hippocampus. (cdc.gov)
We therefore investigated the impact of global brain hypoxia-ischemia on the thalamic circuit function in the somatosensory system of young rats. (cdc.gov)
Global brain hypoxia-ischemia during cardiac arrest has a long-term impact on processing and transfer of sensory information by thalamic circuitry. (cdc.gov)

Carbonic anhydrase IX, or CAIX , is a transmembrane protein whose expression is restricted to very few normal tissues, in particular the membranes of gastric mucosal epithelial cells. (prnewswire.com)
Recently, Dr. Breton and colleagues made a paradigm-shifting discovery that these "so called" basal cells actually extend slender body projections that reach the luminal side of the epithelia and control their function via crosstalk with other epithelial cells. (nih.gov)

Methods were initially developed to examine the adhesion of neutrophils to monolayers of a cultured endothelial cell line (ECV304) after periods of hypoxia and reoxygenation. (bl.uk)

While much research is, and has been, carried out to investigate the effects of hypoxia, this is usually done using experimental models which employ stable levels of hypoxia. (mdpi.com)
Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of hypoxia-preconditioned MSCs from human adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) and from human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs). (minervamedica.it)
the effects of hypoxia and fibrosis may also play a role in obesity complications via notably ectopic-lipid accumulation in non-adipocyte cells. (springer.com)

Both PWN loading and hypoxia enhanced tracheal elasticity and thickened the apical extracellular matrix (aECM) of the tracheal tubes while a notable upregulated expression of a resilin-like mucin protein Muc91C was observed at the aECM layer of PWN-loaded and hypoxic tracheal tubes. (elifesciences.org)
Further experiments revealed that hypoxia in the trachea increased the levels of a protein called Muc91C in the apical extracellular matrix. (elifesciences.org)

Over the past two decades, intermittent hypoxic training (IHT), that is, a method where athletes live at or near sea level but train under hypoxic conditions, has gained unprecedented popularity. (bmj.com)
Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1alpha levels very rapidly increase, mostly due to protein stabilization. (uzh.ch)
In contrast, the association of mRNAs for beta-actin and ribosomal protein L28 with the polyribosomal fractions was substantially reduced under hypoxic conditions, suggesting decreased overall protein synthesis. (uzh.ch)
Nephron progenitors, the cell population that give rise to the functional unit of the kidney, are metabolically active and self-renew under glycolytic conditions. (lww.com)
We applied a range of molecular and cellular techniques to measure cell survival, cell cycle progression, protein expression and DNA damage combined with a transcriptomic micro-array approach in D283-MED cells, for global gene expression analysis in acute and chronic hypoxic conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
A Hepatocellular carcinoma in humans HepG2 cells are forced to undergo Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS) when grown in aglycemic conditions with galactose and glutamine.These OXPHOS cells serve as a prototype for cancer cells' combined aerobic glycolysis and OXPHOS bioenergetics. (pulsus.com)
Thus, under conditions frequently established for solid tumours in vivo, such as aglycemia and hypoxia, the metabolic flexibility of cancer cells is demonstrated. (pulsus.com)
In hypoxic conditions, energy may be diverted away from expenditures of growth, development, and reproduction, resulting in significant fitness costs (Kramer 1987), which could explain FCI decrease. (researchgate.net)
During tumor development, stromal cells are co-opted to the tumor milieu and provide favorable conditions for the tumor. (cancerindex.org)
RNAi knockdown of Muc91C reduced tracheal elasticity and aECM thickness under hypoxia conditions and thus decreasing PWN loading. (elifesciences.org)
We observed an increase expression of RIG-I both by Real time PCR and Western blot in hypoxic conditions in human muscle cells. (nih.gov)
Moreover, release of IFN-β was observed in hypoxic conditions. (nih.gov)
These findings provide the first evidence of a protein variant that is responsible for protecting cells during the metabolic stress conditions caused by hibernation. (elifesciences.org)
27 samples consisting of MCF7 human breast cancer cells treated with 6 μM BIX-01294 in 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or 0.1% DMSO carrier controls and untreated controls in acute (4 hours) hypoxia, chronic (24 hours) hypoxia (1% O2) or normoxia (21% O2) control conditions in triplicate cultures. (nih.gov)
These cells possess specific regulatory mechanisms, called hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which, under hypoxic conditions, stimulate the production of erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of erythrocytes. (medscape.com)
W e for the first time show that stress conditions modulate surfaceome turnover in cancer cells, providing opportunities for tumor specific drug delivery. (lu.se)
The possibility of persistent cerebral impairment due to exposure to extreme altitude and resulting hypoxic conditions is of great concern to both high altitude mountaineers and researchers. (who.int)

Here we show that dietary fructose improves the survival of intestinal cells and increases intestinal villus length in several mouse models. (nature.com)
The ability of fructose to promote cell survival through an allosteric metabolite thus provides additional insights into the excess adiposity generated by a Western diet, and a compelling explanation for the promotion of tumour growth by high-fructose corn syrup. (nature.com)
Fig. 2: Fructose metabolism enhances hypoxic cell survival and decreases pyruvate kinase activity. (nature.com)
Fig. 3: PK activation diminishes the effect of fructose on hypoxia survival. (nature.com)
Our results reveal a pro-survival role for FOXO3a in normal cells and cancer cells that are adapting to hypoxic stress," explains Dr. Mak. (genengnews.com)
Increased ascorbate content of glioblastoma is associated with a suppressed hypoxic response and improved patient survival. (otago.ac.nz)
As a consequence, p53 activation by etoposide was reduced, and cell survival enhanced. (biomedcentral.com)
14 , 15 HIF-1 and HIF-2 mediate adaptive responses to hypoxia by inducing the transcription of genes associated with erythropoiesis, glycolytic metabolism, cell survival and angiogenesis. (haematologica.org)
It is essential for cell homeostasis and survival and has been related to various diseases and pathophysiology. (helsinki.fi)
Through cell survival-based cDNA expression screens in neural progenitor cells, we identify a genetic variant of AGS Atp5g1 that confers cell resilience to metabolic stress. (elifesciences.org)
Interestingly, whole transcriptome analysis revealed that a number of previously non-responsive genes become amenable to hypoxia following G9A inhibition, including many targets that drive cancer cell survival. (nih.gov)

The contribution of CXCL12 to hypoxia-induced angiogenesis was examined in vivo using a subcutaneous murine model of neovascularization. (haematologica.org)
In recent years, one of the main research strategies used to induce angiogenesis in vivo has been via stem cell therapy, especially therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). (minervamedica.it)
It is the in vivo situation where blood cells are worth mentioning that many of the electron- suspended in their original medium. (who.int)

In D283-MED and U87MG, chronic hypoxia (5 days), but not acute hypoxia (24 h) induced resistance to chemotherapy and X-ray irradiation. (biomedcentral.com)
Mammalian cells have developed a range of adaptations to survive acute and even prolonged hypoxia. (bmj.com)
Recent developments include a new treatment option for relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma, a better understanding of protein variants that trigger tumor cell death and activate antitumor immunity, insights into the relationship between sickle cell trait and renal medullary carcinoma, the clinical relevance of CD8 T cell state in acute myeloid leukemia, and an understanding of the distinct neuronal pathways triggered by chemotherapy and nerve injury. (mdanderson.org)
Acute, severe COVID-19 often causes systemic hypoxemia and sometimes hypoxic encephalopathy, which has numerous well-known neuropsychiatric manifestations and sequelae, including deficits in cognition and memory, personality changes, and motor impairment. (msdmanuals.com)
Two hypoxia sensor genes and their association with symptoms of acute mountain sickness in Sherpas. (cdc.gov)
Polymorphisms of hypoxia-related genes in subjects susceptible to acute mountain sickness. (cdc.gov)

In addition, cell proliferation and angiogenesis will be stimulated, enabling better oxygenation of the tissue. (bmj.com)
6 , 7 CXCL12 is an important mediator of several aspects of MM biology including transendothelial migration, 8 , 9 MM plasma cell migration and retention within the bone marrow, 10 , 11 angiogenesis, 7 and osteoclastic bone resorption. (haematologica.org)

Tak W. Mak, Ph.D., from the Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research at Princess Margaret Hospital in Toronto, and colleagues found that hypoxia stimulates an HIF1-dependent increase in a protein called FOXO3a. (genengnews.com)

We used two MB cell line (D283-MED and MEB-Med8A) and a widely used glioblastoma cell line (U87MG) for comparison. (biomedcentral.com)
Immunoblotting, reporter assays, quantitative RT-PCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation were performed to evaluate HIF-1 signaling in glioblastoma cells. (cancerindex.org)
Astrocytes augmented HIF-1α expression in glioblastoma cells under hypoxia. (cancerindex.org)
The expression of HIF-1 downstream genes, cancer colony formation, and Matrigel invasion of glioblastoma cells were stimulated by conditioned medium from astrocytes pre-exposed to hypoxia. (cancerindex.org)
CCL20 was secreted in a hypoxia-dependent manner from astrocytes and busted the hypoxic induction of HIF-1α in glioblastoma cells. (cancerindex.org)

This receptor has been shown to be important for B-lineage maturation and antigen-driven B-cell differentiation, and it may regulate the migration and recruitment of dentritic and T cells during inflammatory and immunological responses. (cancerindex.org)
However, whether pathogens can actively cause hypoxia in vectors and exploit hypoxia responses to promote their vector competence is still unknown. (elifesciences.org)
This valuable work explores how pathogens can cause hypoxia in insect vectors and how responses to hypoxia can be exploited to promote vector competence. (elifesciences.org)
The gasdermin B (GSDMB) protein can trigger cancer-associated pyroptosis - a form of programmed cell death that activates antitumor immune responses - but its exact role is controversial. (mdanderson.org)

Thus, efficient translation of mouse HIF-1alpha in a situation where the general translation efficiency is reduced represents a prerequisite for the very rapid accumulation of HIF-1alpha protein upon exposure to hypoxia. (uzh.ch)
To study the potential role in this metabolic shift of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), a protein component of a ubiquitin ligase complex, the authors generated nephron progenitor cell-specific VHL knockout mice. (lww.com)
a protein component of a ubiquitin ligase complex) and hypoxia-inducible factors (a family of transcription factors activated by hypoxia). (lww.com)
Gestational hypoxia is a major contributor to fetal growth restriction (FGR) and perinatal morbidity and mortality and has been closely linked to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the placenta. (researchgate.net)
Examining the genetic code of these resilient cells revealed that Arctic ground squirrels may have a variant form of a protein called ATP5G1. (elifesciences.org)
This protein is found in a cellular compartment called the mitochondria, which is responsible for supplying energy to the rest of the cell and therefore plays an important role in metabolic processes. (elifesciences.org)
The foamy stromal cells between the capillaries stain positive for glial fibrillary acid protein and neuron-specific enolase. (medscape.com)

The concentrations of growth factors (such as HGF, bFGF, and VEGF) in the cell culture supernatants collected from culture media of the hypoxia-preconditioned AT-MSCs and UC-MSCs (as well as those from AT-MSCs and UC-MSCs cultured in normoxia) were measured by ELISA. (minervamedica.it)
For AT-MSCs, there was a significant increase in VEGF and bFGF production when preconditioned with hypoxia, compared to normoxia, while HGF production was only slightly increased. (minervamedica.it)

Hypoxia changes the cellular redox state and activates class III histone deacetylase sirtuin1 (SIRT1). (molvis.org)
Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
CAIX is considered to be one of the best cellular biomarkers of hypoxia. (prnewswire.com)

Our study results demonstrate that hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride induces SIRT1 and augments HIF-2α, which activates and releases VEGF. (molvis.org)
Here, we demonstrate that PWN loading activates hypoxia in tracheal system of the vector beetles. (elifesciences.org)
Using Pine Wood Nematode (PWN) infection of pine sawyer beetles the authors demonstrate that PWN loading activates hypoxia in the vector's tracheal system. (elifesciences.org)

METHODS: Both AT-MSCs and UC-MSCs were obtained from an established cell bank and expanded in vitro . (minervamedica.it)
The aim of this work was to study if RIG-I expression may be modulated by hypoxia using an in vitro approach. (nih.gov)
Our results indicate that hypoxia triggers the production of IFN-I in vitro, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of DM together with other inflammatory factors. (nih.gov)

In this review, we aim to describe the relationships and discussed sequence of events associated with hypoxia, ECM remodeling and inflammation in the development of obesity and associated complications. (springer.com)
Potential complications from HIE run the gambit of awful: brain damage, death, and cell damage and death in an infant's central nervous system. (millerandzois.com)
Early identification of VHL is important because of the increased risk of serious complications (eg, renal cell carcinoma) to foster more effective treatment options and better prognoses. (medscape.com)
Complications of cerebral hypoxia include a prolonged vegetative state. (medlineplus.gov)

NADPH oxidase activity was raised 2-fold in hypoxic OXPHOS cells but decreased in hypoxic glycolytic cells. (pulsus.com)
Contrary to aglycemic cells, glycolytic HepG2 cells showed the conventional HIF-mediated adaptation when exposed to hypoxia, i.e., even with unlimited respiratory substrate availability for 72 hours at 5% O2. (pulsus.com)

This acquired resistance upon chronic hypoxia was present but less pronounced in MEB-Med8A cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In turn, chronic fetal hypoxaemia promotes oxidative stress, and maternal antioxidant therapy in animal models of hypoxic pregnancy has proven to be protective with regards to fetal growth and cardiovascula. (researchgate.net)
A better understanding of how these novel basal cells communicate with adjacent cells will help define disease mechanisms and suggest new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for male infertility, and diseases of the lung, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF). (nih.gov)

Developmental hypoxia has profound and persistent effects on the vertebrate cardiovascular system, but the nature, magnitude and long-term outcome of the hypoxic consequences are species-specific. (researchgate.net)

Using transcriptomic analysis in D283-MED cells, we found a large transcriptional remodelling upon long term hypoxia, in particular the expression of a number of genes involved in detection and repair of double strand breaks (DSB) was altered. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells will adapt by activating the expression of genes involved in metabolic adaptation, such as those involved in glycolysis. (bmj.com)

This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)
Glucose and glutamine are the 2 major substrates used by cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of prolonged exposure to hypoxia on cerebral glucose metabolism, which probably precedes structural and functional impairment. (who.int)
Positron emission tomography (PET) employing 18F]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) was performed, and the normobaric hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) was assessed in 11 mountaineers before (pre) and after (post) climbing Mount Shisha Pangma (8048 m). (who.int)

Lowering the light irradiation dose rate or fractionating a light dose may improve cell kill of PDT-induced hypoxic cells but will have no effect on preexisting hypoxic cells. (bioone.org)

3- 5 Therefore, during severe hypoxia or anoxia, the cell initiates a cascade of events that leads to apoptotic cell death, thereby preventing the accumulation of cells with hypoxia induced mutations. (bmj.com)
In the beginning, UPR has protective effect, but in prolonged ER stress UPR triggers apoptotic cell death. (helsinki.fi)

By embryonic day 15.5, kidneys of nephron progenitor cell-specific VHL knockout mice begin to exhibit reduced maturation of nephron progenitors. (lww.com)

Metronidazole selectively radiosensitizes hypoxic cells without influencing the radiation response of normal well-oxygenated cells [5,7-9]. (who.int)
Metronidazole selectively radiosensitizes of metronidazole (in a range of therapeutic hypoxic cells without influencing the ra- concentrations) on PMN-generated free diation response of normal well-oxygenated radicals during phagocytosis activity in cells [ 5,7-9 ]. (who.int)

Human embryonic kidney cells 293 (HEK-293) and hPREP knockout cell line created from them by using CRISPR/Cas9-silencing were used in the experiments. (helsinki.fi)

Inhibiting MCT1 with α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC) or siRNA in these cells induced a switch from lactate-fueled respiration to glycolysis. (jci.org)
A switch from glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration drives these cells toward differentiation, but the mechanisms that control this switch are poorly defined. (lww.com)
The immediate partial restoration of respiration upon addition of membrane-permeant dimethyl-2- oxoglutarate to inhibited cells demonstrated the absence of 2OGdehydrogenase substrate post aminotransferase inhibition.Surprisingly, the AOA (bithionol) inhibition stopped after 72 hours of 5% O2 hypoxia, and respiration was fully recovered. (pulsus.com)

In solid tumours, hypoxia is a common phenomenon. (bmj.com)
Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in solid tumours because impaired vascular function results in an inadequate blood supply. (bmj.com)

While the mechanisms responsible for aberrant plasma cell expression of CXCL12 remain to be determined, studies in other systems suggest a role for hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible transcription factors. (haematologica.org)
Mechanisms of plasma non-transferrin bound iron generation: insights from comparing transfused diamond blackfan anaemia with sickle cell and thalassaemia patients. (medscape.com)

1 Severe hypoxia causes a high mutation rate, resulting in point mutations, which may be explained by reduced DNA mismatch repair activity resulting from decreased MLH1 and PMS2 concentrations, which are caused by hypoxia. (bmj.com)
As a result, brain hypoxia can rapidly cause severe brain damage or death. (medlineplus.gov)

In the present study, the protective effects of EGCG with zinc were assessed on cultures of rat cardiac myoblasts exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. (spandidos-publications.com)

The role of hypoxia-inducible factors-1 and -2 in the regulation of CXCL12 expression was examined using over-expression and short hairpin RNA knockdown constructs, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. (haematologica.org)
Expression of SIRT1/SOX9/LCN2 in the hypoxic cells was determined, and their interactions were predicted by bioinformatics websites and followed by the verification by luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). (hindawi.com)

Our birth injury attorneys focus on maximizing settlement amounts and jury payouts of these claim to provide families and children a lifetime of compensation for the harm done by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy injury during childbirth. (millerandzois.com)
One of the most serious is hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) or perinatal encephalopathy. (millerandzois.com)
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is more specific and is cause for greater concern. (millerandzois.com)
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurs in .3% of .full-term births. (millerandzois.com)
The remaining 55%-60% of children with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy do quite well. (millerandzois.com)

Low ATP concentrations in hypoxic tumour cells disable the apoptotic cascade and induce cell death by necrosis. (bmj.com)

The level of cell polarization in cells grown on transwell permeable supports was characterized at multiple timepoints with four different methods: transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement, lucifer yellow permeability assay, alkaline phosphatase expression and ZO-1 expression. (helsinki.fi)

A detrimental role for oestrogens in FPAH is supported by studies that show oestrogen is a potent mitogen of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells 4 . (ersjournals.com)
In fact, in addition to their potent vasodilating effect, EETs have potent anti-inflammatory properties, inhibit platelet aggregation, promote fibrinolysis, and reduce vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
Finally to appraise how tissue function might be affected by endothelial cell hypoxia the contractility of vascular smooth muscle was examined. (bl.uk)

Induction of hypoxia was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis and the levels of SIRT1 were noted in a hypoxic condition as well in the cells after blocking SIRT1 activity using sirtinol. (molvis.org)
Hypoxic induction was confirmed using flow cytometric analysis, which showed cell cycle arrest starting at a 200 µM concentration of cobalt chloride. (molvis.org)
Hypoxia of CEC was induced by exposing the cells to cobalt chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis MO) in serum media, as described previously [ 12 , 13 ], and the induction was confirmed by cytotoxicity and cell cycle analysis. (molvis.org)
2 In addition, hypoxia induces genetic instability by the induction of fragile sites causing gene amplification. (bmj.com)

A minor subpopulation of cancer cells, known as glioma stem-like cells (GSCs), are thought to play a major role in tumor relapse due to their stem cell-like properties, their high resistance to conventional treatments and their high invasion capacity. (nature.com)
Exosomes reflect the hypoxic status of glioma cells and mediate hypoxia-dependent activation of vascular cells during tumor development. (lu.se)
We extend the multifaceted role of exosomes in glioma biology by showing their metabolism rewiring capacity in the hypoxic niche. (lu.se)

In the first one, local adipose tissue hypoxia could induce fibrosis accumulation which in turn through adipocyte dysfunctions might provoke adipose tissue inflammation. (springer.com)
However, lipid accumulation in non-specialized cells is deleterious and can contribute to cell death resulting in the development of pathology such as NASH (Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis) a liver injury associated with obesity [ 12 ]. (springer.com)

Nevertheless, dm2OG significantly increased their ATP content compared to when it wasn't present during hypoxic adaptation. (pulsus.com)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. (haematologica.org)
To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)

Here, we use genetic fate mapping to examine the progeny of GFAP + cells after postnatal hypoxia, a model for the brain injury observed in premature children. (jneurosci.org)
Together our results demonstrate a new mechanism explaining hypoxia-induced resistance involving the alteration of the response to DSB in D283-MED cells, but also highlight the cell type to cell type diversity and the necessity to take into account the differing tumour genetic make-up when considering re-sensitisation therapeutic protocols. (biomedcentral.com)
However, cancer cells overcome these controls, in particular by acquiring genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes (pten, myc) or loss of tumor suppressors (p53) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)

Hypoxic treatment increased VEGF levels by 94.9±19.6 pg/ml compared to control levels (25.58±3.58 pg/ml). (molvis.org)
RESULTS: The data showed that preconditioning with hypoxia promoted the secretion of bFGF, VEGF, and HGF by both AT-MSCs and UC-MSCs. (minervamedica.it)

Our data support the conclusion that hypoxia promotes pluripotency in GFAP + cells in the cortical parenchyma. (jneurosci.org)
Cell transfection with a constitutive RIG-I expression vector increased levels of phospho-IRF-3, indicating that RIG-I promotes binding of transcription factors to the enhancer sequence of IFN. (nih.gov)

The exposure of C. neoformans cells or preformed cryptococcal biofilms to fluconazole or voriconazole did not result in yeast growth inhibition and did not affect the metabolic activities of the biofilms, respectively. (who.int)

Cerebral hypoxia affects the largest parts of the brain, called the cerebral hemispheres. (medlineplus.gov)
Cerebral hypoxia can usually be diagnosed based on the person's medical history and a physical exam. (medlineplus.gov)
Cerebral hypoxia is an emergency condition that needs to be treated right away. (medlineplus.gov)

Here we demonstrate that in mammalian cells, expression of the COX4-1 and COX4-2 isoforms is O(2) regulated. (nih.gov)

CXCL12 is a constitutively expressed chemokine which binds primarily to the CXCR4 receptor and regulates cell growth, chemotaxis, myelopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and development of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. (haematologica.org)

Hypothesis was to see differences in colocalization of Bcl-2 and Beclin 1 in cells treated with different PREP-modifications and for PREP-inhibition to decrease the colocalization. (helsinki.fi)
In agreement with this, G9A inhibition leads to increased cell death, impaired cell migration, reduced cell cycle and downregulated anchorage-independent growth. (nih.gov)

Note the plasma membrane expression of the lactate transporter in WiDr, FaDu, SiHa, and PC-3 cancer cells. (jci.org)
Ectopic expression in mouse cells and CRISPR/Cas9 base editing of endogenous AGS loci revealed causal roles of one AGS-specific amino acid substitution in mediating cytoprotection by AGS ATP5G1. (elifesciences.org)

We identified monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) as the prominent path for lactate uptake by a human cervix squamous carcinoma cell line that preferentially utilized lactate for oxidative metabolism. (jci.org)

Organisms3

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs19

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes4

Information Science1

Health Care1

Oxygen40

Tumors13

Microenvironment3

Normoxic10

Tumour hypoxia2

Inducible factor17

Endothelial cells12

Apoptosis18

Role of hypoxia induced2

Signalling in hypoxic conditions1

Especially for hypoxic cells2

Tumor cells7

Factor5

Pathway9

Ischemia5

Epithelial cells2

Periods of hypoxia1

Effects of hypoxia3

Extracellular2

Conditions17

Survival11

Vivo3

Acute6

Angiogenesis2

Stimulates1

Glioblastoma5

Responses4

Protein7

Normoxia2

Cellular4

Activates3

Vitro3

Complications4

Glycolytic2

Chronic3

Developmental1

Genes2

Glucose4

Irradiation1

Apoptotic cell2

Mice1

Selectively2

Embryonic kidney cells1

Respiration3

Tumours2

Mechanisms2

Severe2

Reoxygenation1

Chromatin immunoprecipitation2

Encephalopathy5

Induce cell death1

Methods1

Vascular smooth3

Induction4

Glioma3

Accumulation2

Adaptation1

Proliferation2

Genetic3

VEGF2

Promotes2

Exposure1

Cerebral3

Demonstrate1

Regulates1

Inhibition2

Expression2

Metabolism1