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HypothalamusHypothalamus, AnteriorHypothalamus, MiddleHypothalamus, PosteriorVentromedial Hypothalamic NucleusParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusHypothalamic Area, LateralNeuronsArcuate NucleusPreoptic AreaDorsomedial Hypothalamic NucleusMedian EminenceRats, Sprague-DawleyNeuropeptidesPro-OpiomelanocortinHypothalamic HormonesBrainGrowth ConesNeuropeptide YPituitary GlandNerve RegenerationDiencephalonCorticotropin-Releasing HormoneSupraoptic NucleusInjections, IntraventricularHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemNerve Tissue ProteinsGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneLeptinOxytocinNeurosecretory SystemsAxonal TransportEatingPituitary HormonesDecapodiformesAppetite RegulationAgouti-Related ProteinImmunohistochemistryProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosMotor NeuronsRats, WistarReceptors, LeptinSpinal CordRNA, MessengerFeeding BehaviorOptic NerveSuprachiasmatic NucleusReceptors, NeuropeptideCentral Nervous SystemOptic ChiasmOrexin ReceptorsMyelin SheathIn Situ HybridizationMicroinjectionsBrain StemBrain ChemistryAnorexiaAnimals, NewbornRetinal Ganglion CellsHypothalamic DiseasesProsencephalonMice, Inbred C57BLRats, Inbred StrainsCorticosteroneThyrotropin-Releasing HormoneBody Temperature RegulationAction PotentialsKisspeptinsbeta-EndorphinPituitary Gland, PosteriorNeural PathwaysGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalStilbamidinesAmygdalaDendritesSynapsesNeural ConductionPituitary-Adrenal SystemNeurons, AfferentBody TemperatureCerebral CortexTime FactorsAdrenocorticotropic HormoneCatsVasopressinsElectric StimulationSignal TransductionTelencephalonEfferent PathwaysHyperphagiaThalamusCircadian RhythmNorepinephrineSchwann CellsSerotoninMice, Transgenicalpha-MSHgamma-Aminobutyric AcidNeurogliaEnergy Metabolism

NeuronsExtension of the hypothalamusNeurohypophysisHippocampusSupraoptic and paraventricular nucleiHormonesReticular formationNeuralPathwayPituitary glandPars nervosaTerminalsNerveAnteriorVentromedialAdult hypothalamusMammalian hypothalamusNeurotransmittersThalamusGlialPosterior lobeInfundibulumHindbrainMidbrainReleased from the posterior pituitaryNeurosecretoryHomeostasisLateralSecretionHypothalamicAfferentCorticalHormoneSpinal cordBrainCerebralNucleusAxonalMidlineFrontalDendriticInfundibularisTract

Neurons20

• We suggested a pivotal role for endocannabinoids in food reward processing within the lateral hypothalamus, and for orexin neurons to integrate endocrine signals with food reinforcement and hedonic eating. (frontiersin.org)
• Here we identify a hypothalamus to telencephalon neural pathway for regulating impulsivity involving communication from melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-expressing lateral hypothalamic neurons to the ventral hippocampus subregion (vHP). (nature.com)
• AVP is synthesized in specialized magnocellular neurons whose cell bodies are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. (medscape.com)
• It is associated with neurons passing electrochemical messages down the axon, releasing neurotransmitters to. (zurichhotelscentre.com)
• Leptin binds to presynaptic GABAergic neurons to produce its effect, raising the distinct possibility that GABAergic axon terminals are the ultimate subcellular site of action for its effects. (nih.gov)
• Theodosis DT Oxytocin-secreting neurons: a physiological model of morphological neuronal and glial plasticity in the adult hypothalamus. (ae-info.org)
• Commissural neurons play the crucial role to connect neuronal information from both sides of the nervous system in bilaterians by projecting their axons contralaterally across the midline. (biorxiv.org)
• So far, no common transcriptional program has been uncovered for specifying the axon laterality across the highly heterogenous commissural neurons. (biorxiv.org)
• This crucial task is achieved by commissural neurons that project their axons across the midline of the neural tube to connect with their target neurons on the contralateral side. (biorxiv.org)
• By contrast, the transcriptional programs that specify the laterality of commissural axons, and furthermore, whether a global regulatory mechanism operates for diverse commissural neurons, are little understood. (biorxiv.org)
• The posterior pituitary forms from neurons in the evolving hypothalamus forming at the base of the human brain , while the anterior pituitary forms from skin tissue that originates in the roof of the mouth. (wise-geek.com)
• Both are controlled directly by neurons and axon messenger pathways from the hypothalamus, and share a local vascular network with the hypothalamus. (wise-geek.com)
• The pituitary is controlled directly by neurons and axon messenger pathways from the hypothalamus. (wise-geek.com)
• These hormones released from neurons of hypothalamus are transported though the axoplasm of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). (kypho.com)
• Efferent for adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary): Neurons of tuberal nucleus of hypothalamus send axons to infundibulum of pituitary gland. (kypho.com)
• These axon bundles are known as tuberoinfundibular tract which transports two hormones liberated by neurons of tuberal nucleus. (kypho.com)
• Together with the hypothalamus the anterior pituitary creates a neuroendocrine system consisting of a group of neurosecretory neurons, which cell body is between two groups in the hypothalamus namely the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus. (healthbeautyidea.com)
• While many other PB neurons project ascending axons through the central tegmental tract, NPS axons reach the forebrain via distinct periventricular and ventral pathways. (bvsalud.org)
• The histaminergic neurons that secrete histamine are localized in small regions of the hypothalamus, but those neurons send axons widely throughout the brain. (targetmol.com)
• The posterior pituitary contains the axons of neurons whose cell bodies reside in the hypothalamus which is part of the central nervous system. (tomsk.ru)

Extension of the hypothalamus5

• The neurohypophysis, or posterior pituitary, is an inferior extension of the hypothalamus, which descends to lie in close proximity to the anterior pituitary. (ajnr.org)
• The posterior pituitary (also referred to as neurohypophysis) is the part of the pituitary gland that is non-glandular and an extension of the hypothalamus as opposed to the anterior pituitary (also called adenohypophysis) that is glandular and comprised of various cells that produce and secrete hormone s. (biologyonline.com)
• The posterior pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus. (biologyonline.com)
• The neurohypophysis is a diencephalic structure and is essentially an extension of the hypothalamus. (kenhub.com)
• Structurally based, the adenohypophysis is an extension of the hypothalamus gland. (healthbeautyidea.com)

Neurohypophysis6

• The cellular composition of the neurohypophysis is that of specialized glial cells (pituicytes) together with their axons. (ajnr.org)
• Definition noun, plural: Herring bodies The neurosecretory terminal of the axons from the hypothalamus and located in the neurohypophysis, involved in the storage of neurohypophysial hormones Supplement A Herring body refers to any of the several neurosecretory bodies located in the posterior pituitary. (biologyonline.com)
• Efferent to neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary): Axons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus extend upto posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). (kypho.com)
• Neurohypophysis contains many nerve axons from the hypothalamus. (healthbeautyidea.com)
• Both hormones are made in the hypothalamus but secreted through neurohypophysis. (healthbeautyidea.com)
• These hypothalamic cell bodies produce hormones that undergo axonal transport through the pituitary stalk and into terminal axons within the neurohypophysis. (medscape.com)

Hippocampus2

• We now show that pretreatment of rats with acivicin (18 mg/kg, ip) inhibits brain microvessel endothelial gamma-GT activity by 60%, and potentiates MDA- and MDMA-mediated depletions in serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxylindole acidic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations in brain regions enriched in 5-HT nerve terminal axons (striatum, cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus). (mdma.net)
• Norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) levels were assayed in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum and neocortex. (erowid.org)

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei2

• In the hypothalamus, oxytocin is made in magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and is stored in Herring bodies at the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary. (diff.org)
• Instead, it is a site where axons project from neuronal cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. (medscape.com)

Hormones8

• Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary. (wise-geek.com)
• rather, it stores them for the hypothalamus, which can secrete them when signaled to work in conjunction with other anterior pituitary hormones. (wise-geek.com)
• Instead, the hypothalamus synthesizes hormones that are then released from the posterior pituitary. (biologyonline.com)
• The cells that produce neurohypophysial hormones (e.g. vasopressin and oxytocin ) are located in the hypothalamus but their axons extend to the posterior pituitary. (biologyonline.com)
• When two lovers kiss each other, the olfactory signals and the other sensory stimuli address dopamine towards the hypothalamus -a specific brain zone- which not only checks the secretion of hormones from hypothalamus, but it also orders adrenals to produce adrenaline after the secretion of dopamine. (diff.org)
• axons from the hypothalamus that release hormones into the capillaries of the pars nervosa. (histologyguide.com)
• The release of these pituitary hormones is mediated by hypothalamic neurohormones that are secreted from the median eminence (a site where axon terminals emanate from the hypothalamus) and that reach the adenohypophysis via a portal venous system. (medscape.com)
• The hypothalamus is a component of the central nervous system and regulates the release of hormones from cells in the pituitary. (tomsk.ru)

Reticular formation4

• In human neuroanatomy, the hypothalamotegmental tract is a pathway from the hypothalamus to the reticular formation. (wikipedia.org)
• But finally afferent fiber from these centers ascend through reticular formation to reach hypothalamus which is considered as headganglion of autonomic nervous system. (kypho.com)
• An axon tract connecting the subthalamus and the midbrain reticular formation with the inferior olivary nucleus. (unboundmedicine.com)
• An axon tract from the motor cortex that innervates the reticular formation and the cranial nerve nuclei in the hindbrain. (unboundmedicine.com)

Neural5

• Outside the canonical hypothalamic feeding circuits involved in energy homeostasis and the notion of "feeding center," we focused on lateral hypothalamus as neural substrate able to confront food-associated homeostatic information with food salience, motivation to eat, reward-seeking, and development of compulsive eating. (frontiersin.org)
• Thus, the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens neural circuitry is reexamined in order to interrogate the functional interplay between ghrelin, dopamine, orexin, and endocannabinoid signaling. (frontiersin.org)
• Robo3 and DCC expressing commissural axons are guided by Netrin-1 secreted from the floor plate and ventral neural tube. (biorxiv.org)
• this organ is a collection of vascular network and neural pathways from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. (wise-geek.com)
• However, little is known about how an astrocyte functions in synapse formation, axon specification, neuroplasticity, neural homeostasis, neural network activity following dynamic surveillance, and CNS structure in neurological diseases. (cdc.gov)

Pathway7

• Visual afferent: Afferent fibers from visual pathway pass from opticchiasma to supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus via retinohypothalamic tract. (kypho.com)
• Olfactory afferent: Fibers from olfactory pathway pass to hypothalamus as medial forebrain bundle. (kypho.com)
• But it has been proved experimentally that sound stimulating cochlear pathway stimulates activity of hypothalamus. (kypho.com)
• An axon tract running rostrally in the spinal cord or brain, often a sensory pathway. (unboundmedicine.com)
• Along the periventricular pathway, NPS axons target the tectal longitudinal column and periaqueductal gray then continue rostrally to target the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. (bvsalud.org)
• Along the ventral pathway, NPS axons blanket much of the hypothalamus but avoid the ventromedial and mammillary nuclei. (bvsalud.org)
• The latter pathway involves the pituitary and hypothalamus. (tomsk.ru)

Pituitary gland3

• The prohormone is processed and transported down the axon, which terminates in the posterior pituitary gland. (medscape.com)
• These substances reach through tuberoinfundibular tract to infundibulum of pituitary gland from hypothalamus. (kypho.com)
• Is the part where the hypothalamus gland and the pituitary gland are connected. (healthbeautyidea.com)

Pars nervosa2

• The hypophyseal form of diabetes insipidus develops as a result of compression and destruction of the pars nervosa, infundibular stalk, or supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus. (merckvetmanual.com)
• This interrupts the nonmyelinated axons that transport ADH from its site of production (hypothalamus) to its site of release (pars nervosa). (merckvetmanual.com)

Terminals4

• By electron microscopy, βAR 248 was present in neuronal cell bodies, dendritic shafts and spines, and some axon terminals and astrocytes. (frontiersin.org)
• Degenerating axon terminals and cell bodies were observed in the striatum and somatosensory cortex, respectively. (erowid.org)
• The pituitary gland's axon terminals are responsible for controlling pro-social behaviors such as fear, reinforcement, anxiety, and others. (domesticpeptides.com)
• These same axon terminals are where oxytocin is released into the bloodstream. (domesticpeptides.com)

Nerve3

• The controls of the anterior and posterior pituitary also show that the anterior is controlled by bloodborne release factors from the hypothalamus, while nerve signals control the posterior pituitary. (wise-geek.com)
• Secretion of oxytocin from the neurosecretory nerve endings is regulated by the electrical activity of the oxytocin cells in the hypothalamus. (diff.org)
• It is produced by supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei with the help of nerve bodies, axons, is. (rupharma.com)

Anterior3

• Although the anterior lobe completely loses its connections with the primitive nasopharynx, the posterior lobe maintains its relationship with the hypothalamus throughout life. (ajnr.org)
• Muthu V, Eachus H, Ellis P, Brown S & Placzek M (2016) Rx3 and Shh direct anisotropic growth and specification in the zebrafish tuberal/anterior hypothalamus . (sheffield.ac.uk)
• Afferent from thalamus: These are fibers reaching hypothalamus from dorsomedial, anterior and midline nuclei of thalamus. (kypho.com)

Ventromedial3

• We previously reported that EphA5 receptor-ephrinA5 interactions within the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) influence counterregulatory hormone responses during acute hypoglycemia in nondiabetic rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
• The molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain uncertain but are likely to involve the key brain glucose-sensing region, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) ( 5 , 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
• The hypothalamic 5-HT metabolisms were significantly decreased by the 10 ug and 20 ug 5-HT imprinting, and the 5-HTT reuptake activities and 5-HTergic axons that terminated at the ventromedial hypothalamus were increased in both 10 ug and 20 ug groups, which suggested increases in 5-HTergic terminal activities in the hypothalamus. (purdue.edu)

Adult hypothalamus1

• Langle S, Poulain DA, Theodosis DT Induction of rapid, activiy-dependent neuronal-glial remodeling in the adult hypothalamus. (ae-info.org)

Mammalian hypothalamus2

• Activity-dependent neuronal-glial and synaptic plasticity in the adult mammalian hypothalamus. (ae-info.org)
• OXYTOCIN (Oxt, Love Hormone) is the hormone of the mammalian hypothalamus. (rupharma.com)

Neurotransmitters1

• A neuron generates and propagates an action potential along its axon, then transmits this signal across a synapse by releasing neurotransmitters, which trigger a reaction in another neuron or an effector cell (eg, muscle cells, most exocrine and endocrine cells). (msdmanuals.com)

Thalamus4

• Before terminating in thalamus, these lemnisci send collaterals to hypothalamus. (kypho.com)
• Axons of nucleus tractus solitarius ascend to ventroposteromedial nucleus of thalamus as solitariothalamic tract. (kypho.com)
• Afferent from amygdaloid body: These are the fibers of stria terminalis which extend from amygdaloid body around the curve of thalamus to reach hypothalamus. (kypho.com)
• An axon tract originating in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and innervating the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. (unboundmedicine.com)

Glial2

• Theodosis DT and MacVicar B Neuronal-glial interactions in the hypothalamus and pituitary. (ae-info.org)
• Oliet SHR, Piet R, Poulain DA, Theodosis DT Glial modulation of synaptic transmission: insights from the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. (ae-info.org)

Posterior lobe1

• The posterior lobe, infundibular stalk, and hypothalamus are compressed or disrupted by neoplastic cells. (merckvetmanual.com)

Infundibulum1

• The infundibulum pierces the diaphragma sellae in order to connect the pituitary to the hypothalamus. (medscape.com)

Hindbrain2

• We found that Robo3 promoter contains multiple copies of Nhlh1/2 binding sites and forced expression of Nhlh1/2 can induce ectopic Robo3 expression and contralateral axon projection in the hindbrain and the midbrain. (biorxiv.org)
• In the hindbrain, NPS axons have fewer descending projections, targeting primarily the superior salivatory nucleus, nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and periolivary region. (bvsalud.org)

Midbrain1

• In mammals, most commissural axons from the spinal cord to the midbrain, cross the midline via the floor plate, guided predominantly by a conserved molecular mechanism, i.e. (biorxiv.org)

Released from the posterior pituitary1

• Oxytocin is made in the body by the hypothalamus and then released from the posterior pituitary. (domesticpeptides.com)

Neurosecretory1

• Glia 2004, 47, 258 (review) \\ \\ Monlezun S, Ouali S, Poulain DA, Theodosis DT Polysialic acid is required for active phases of morphological plasticity of neurosecretory axons and their glia. (ae-info.org)

Homeostasis4

• Functioning as brain region for the regulation of energy homeostasis, the hypothalamus integrates different hormonal and neuronal signals controlling appetite and body weight. (frontiersin.org)
• Research in the lab focus on the development of a fascinating part of the brain - the hypothalamus - the master-controller of physical, behavioural and emotional homeostasis. (sheffield.ac.uk)
• Our work will contribute to understanding the importance of the hypothalamus to robust long-term health and will shed light on diseases and disruptions of homeostasis. (sheffield.ac.uk)
• The functions of the hypothalamus in mediating homeostasis, and ensuring that brain and body function optimally, are well-known. (sheffield.ac.uk)

Lateral1

• Finally, type-1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent inhibition of GABA-ergic release and relapse to reward-associated stimuli is linked to ghrelin and orexin signaling in the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens network to highlight its pathological potential for food addiction-like behavior. (frontiersin.org)

Secretion2

• Dionysia Theodosis - Selected Publications \\ Theodosis DT, Dreifuss JJ, Harris MC and Orci L Secretion-related uptake of horseradish peroxidase in neurohypophysial axons. (ae-info.org)
• dilations of axons filled with neuro-secretion vesicles. (histologyguide.com)

Hypothalamic1

• Our research focuses on characterising the stem and progenitor cells that build the hypothalamus and characterising the molecular networks that direct hypothalamic morphogenesis, growth and differentiation. (sheffield.ac.uk)

Afferent1

• Descending cortical afferent: These are corticohypothalamic fibers descending from frontal lobe of cerebral cortex directly to hypothalamus. (kypho.com)

Cortical1

• To summarize what she explains about this three fold axis: the hypothalamus, which is part of our emotional brain, has axons that produce a neuropeptide called the cortical releasing factor, (CRF). (emofree.com)

Hormone2

• It's like a flow chart: You have an emotion, the emotion causes the hypothalamus to create a neuropeptide called CRF that causes the pituitary glad to secrete ACTH, which in turn binds itself to the receptors in the adrenal glands, which causes the adrenal glands to make a stress hormone, a steroid known as corticosterone. (emofree.com)
• Leptin is a satiety hormone that provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus, controlling appetite and energy expenditure. (nih.gov)

Spinal cord1

• An axon tract from the motor cortex that travels into the spinal cord, synapsing at all levels. (unboundmedicine.com)

Brain2

• A single 40-mg/kg injection of MDMA depleted 5-HT 2 and 8 weeks after administration to rats in all regions of the brain examined except the hypothalamus. (erowid.org)
• These axons have been speculated to affect brain behavior effects. (domesticpeptides.com)

Cerebral1

• Axons of the corticospinal tract first converge into a bundle in the posterior limb of the internal capsule and continue as a compact bundle through the cerebral peduncle. (unboundmedicine.com)

Nucleus2

• Theodosis DT and Poulain DA Evidence for structural plasticity in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat hypothalamus in relation to gestation and lactation. (ae-info.org)
• An axon tract originating in the external cuneate nucleus and synapsing in the ipsilateral cerebellum. (unboundmedicine.com)

Axonal1

• Action potential propagation along an axon is electrical, caused by the exchanges of sodium and potassium ions across the axonal membrane. (msdmanuals.com)

Midline1

• but all share the core defining feature of projecting their axons across the midline. (biorxiv.org)

Frontal1

• An axon tract from the frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices that innervates the hypothalamus. (unboundmedicine.com)

Dendritic1

• the dendritic arbor, the cell body, and the axon. (nih.gov)

Infundibularis1

• The superior portion is continuous with the eminentia mediana hypothalami and is known as the truncus infundibularis. (kenhub.com)

Tract2

• Collaterals from this tract reach hypothalamus. (kypho.com)
• Any axon tract that carries information toward a particular target area. (unboundmedicine.com)