• Subsequently, several DOF proteins from both monocots and dicots have been shown to be primarily involved in seed development, dormancy and germination, as well as in seedling development and other light-mediated processes. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This experiment was conducted to determine morphological and physiological responses of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) at the germination and early seedling growth stage to drought stress and sodium nitroprusside (nitric oxide donor) application in horticultural science department at the University of Zanjan in 2015. (ac.ir)
  • Turfgrass seeds were soaked for six hours in 0 (distilled water), 200, 400 and 600 µM of sodium nitroprusside solutions, and for drought stress treatments, germination and early seedling growth was done over the water potential range of 0 (distilled water), -1, -4 and -8 bar by polyethylene glycol. (ac.ir)
  • They control many aspects of plant physiology, such as germination, stem elongation, and shade avoidance. (wellbeingport.com)
  • Shade stress has many effects during distinct stages of plant growth and development, including seed germination inhibition, seedling hypocotyl elongation and early flowering. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • Numerous plant developmental processes, such as germination, cell elongation, photomorphogenic responses, and male fertility are regulated by the plant-specific steroidal hormones, brassinosteroids (BR). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the case of wheat, the two stages at which waterlogging is most detrimental to wheat yields after germination and emergence are the seedling stage and the flowering stage [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Arabidopsis , the shade-induced de-phosphorylation of the transcription factor PIF7 (PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 7) is the key event linking light perception to stem elongation. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, limited information is available on the effect of monochromatic red and blue LED lights on stem elongation of microgreens, especially under different photoperiods, because photoperiod can also affect this plant trait ( Bergstrand, 2017 ). (ashs.org)
  • Evidence is presented that combinations of independent function, quantitative genetic effects, and functional redundancy have preserved the three vegetative profilin genes in the Arabidopsis lineage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If it occurs in darkness, EIN3/EIL1 proteins would be promoted, thus to activate the expression of downstream ERF genes and to inhibit hypocotyl elongation. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • In this study we show that a SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler subunit, BAF60, represses seedling growth by modulating DNA accessibility of hypocotyl cell size regulatory genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BAF60 binds nucleosome-free regions of multiple G box-containing genes, opposing in cis the promoting effect of the photomorphogenic and thermomorphogenic regulator Phytochrome Interacting Factor 4 (PIF4) on hypocotyl elongation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we use a computational approach to perform genome-wide identification and analysis of 611 orthologues of the Arabidopsis thaliana flowering genes. (springer.com)
  • In Arabidopsis , many genes associated with seed development have been identified. (molcells.org)
  • In this regard, we provide genetic evidence to show that the circadian clock regulates the photoperiodic (or seasonal) elongation of hypocotyls by modulating the expression profiles of the PIF4 and PIF5 genes encoding phytochrome-interacting bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) factors, in such a manner that certain short-day conditions are necessary to enhance the expression of these genes during the night-time. (fairdomhub.org)
  • Recently, we have isolated the Arabidopsis gene encoding the apoprotein of a cryptochrome, CRY2, and found that it involves in mediating blue-light induction of cotyledon expansion, as well as hypocotyl inhibition response. (ucla.edu)
  • miR393-mediated auxin signaling regulation is involved in root elongation inhibition in response to toxic aluminum stress in barley. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Unexpected roles for cryptochrome 2 and phototropin revealed by high-resolution analysis of blue light-mediated hypocotyl growth inhibition. (academicinfluence.com)
  • Proteomic responses in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings treated with ethylene. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • The present study characterizes an inhibitor of endomembrane protein trafficking, TE1 (trafficking and endocytosis inhibitor 1/TENin1) that reduces gravitropic root bending in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. (portlandpress.com)
  • Despite the arrhythmicity of these protein levels, cryb mutants still showed rhythmicity in overall behavior but could not entrain to short pulses of light, leading researchers to conclude that the dorsal and ventral lateral neurons (the primary pacemaker cells of Drosophila) were still functioning effectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • cog1-3D single mutants show an elongated hypocotyl phenotype under light conditions. (cas.cz)
  • Using a genetic approach, we identified C. hirsuta mutants with a restored ability to elongate hypocotyls in response to plant shade. (plantae.org)
  • Ethylene signaling in salt-stressed Arabidopsis thaliana ein2-1 and ctr1-1 mutants - a dissection of molecular mechanisms involved in acclimation. (ugent.be)
  • The diverse salt stress response of Arabidopsis ctr1-1 and ein2-1 ethylene signaling mutants is linked to altered root auxin homeostasis. (ugent.be)
  • The protein encoded by this gene was named cryptochrome 1 to distinguish it from its ancestral photolyase proteins and was found to be involved in the photoreception of blue light. (wikipedia.org)
  • Over 700 different F-box proteins have been postulated in Arabidopsis and rice (Gagne et al. (1library.net)
  • Arabidopsis MORC proteins act in the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway, where they act as molecular tethers to ensure the efficient establishment of RdDM and de novo gene silencing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we examine MORC binding regions where RdDM does not occur in order to shed light on the RdDM-independent functions of MORC proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We previously observed MORC binding sites where RdDM does not occur (MORC-unique sites) [ 7 ], and by studying these sites, we aim to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the RdDM-independent functions of MORC proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although Charles Darwin first documented plant responses to blue light in the 1880s, it was not until the 1980s that research began to identify the pigment responsible. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although it is known that these photomorphogenic responses of plants rely on the combined action of two photosensory receptor systems: the red-light receptor phytochrome and blue light receptor cryptochrome, the molecular mechanisms of neither receptor systems is understood. (ucla.edu)
  • This mutant exhibited fourfold slower IAA1-LUC degradation compared with the progenitor line, and seedlings displayed altered auxin responses. (1library.net)
  • Thecul1-7mutation affects the C terminus of the protein, results in reduced cul1-7 levels, and interferes with RBX1 interaction.cul1-7seedlings are defective in degradation of an endogenous SCF substrate, Repressor ofga1-3(RGA), and have altered responses to gibberellins.cul1-7seedlings exhibit slower degradation of the light-labile red/far-red photoreceptor phytochrome A and are photomorpho-genic in the dark. (1library.net)
  • UV-A/blue light cryptochrome photoreceptors also contribute to control plant adaptive responses such as photomorphogenesis, the developmental transition that seedlings undergo on their first exposure to light. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Then, we will delve into the complex biochemical pathways and signaling cascades that enable plants to translate light stimuli into directional growth responses. (wellbeingport.com)
  • Furthermore, the age and position of plant tissues can also affect their responsiveness to light signals, with younger tissues showing stronger phototropic responses than older ones. (wellbeingport.com)
  • show how differences in photoreceptors produce the differing shade responses of Arabidopsis and Cardamine. (plantae.org)
  • These responses include increased elongation (to overgrow neighboring competitors for light), reduced levels of photosynthetic pigments (to adjust photosynthesis to the available light) or flowering induction (to ensure a next generation). (plantae.org)
  • This is the case in Arabidopsis thaliana , in which exposure to plant shade leads to shade-avoidance responses. (plantae.org)
  • Mix-and-match: An improved, fast and accessible protocol for hypocotyl micrografting of Arabidopsis seedlings with systemic ACC responses as a case study. (ugent.be)
  • Cryptochromes act as dominant photoreceptors in the promotion of bending responses of Arabidopsis inflorescences under full sunlight. (ugent.be)
  • miR156-targeted SPL10 controls Arabidopsis root meristem activity and root-derived de novo shoot regeneration via cytokinin responses. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Recently, it was also reported that the clock regulates a daily and rhythmic elongation of hypocotyls. (fairdomhub.org)
  • Whilst much is known on the signaling components mediating diurnal, light, and temperature controls on plant development, their influence on chromatin-based transcriptional controls remains poorly explored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In fact, it was recently proved that HY5 inhibits PIF4-directed hypocotyl elongation by competitive chromatin binding to common targets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genomic and physiological studies of early cryptochrome 1 action demonstrate roles for auxin and gibberellin in the control of hypocotyl growth by blue light. (academicinfluence.com)
  • Cryptochromes and phototropins absorb blue light and regulate various processes, including seedling development, stomatal opening, and flowering time. (wellbeingport.com)
  • As these two species are closely related, we aimed to know if C. hirsuta uses the same or different components to regulate its hypocotyl elongation response to plant shade as A. thaliana . (plantae.org)
  • Because phyA was already known to inhibit the shade-induced elongation of Arabidopsis seedlings, our results indicate that shade avoidance and tolerance in these plants have shared components to regulate this divergent response. (plantae.org)
  • Both light intensity and light quality regulate plant growth and development. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • The miRNAs regulate root elongation, lateral root (LR) formation and adventitious root (AR) development in response to hormone signaling, nutrient uptake and biotic/abiotic stress. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Zhang, Z. Brassinosteroids regulate plasma membrane anion channels in addition to proton pumps during expansion of Arabidopsis thaliana cells. (uba.ar)
  • Rona, J.-P. 'Brassinosteroids regulate plasma membrane anion channels in addition to proton pumps during expansion of Arabidopsis thaliana cells' (2005) Plant and Cell Physiology. (uba.ar)
  • Cortical microtubules regulate cell expansion by determining cellulose microfibril orientation in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The plant circadian clock generates rhythms with a period close to 24 h, and it controls a wide range of physiological and developmental oscillations in habitats under natural light/dark cycles. (fairdomhub.org)
  • For example, the Pr/Pfr reversible forms of red (R) and far-red (FR) sensing phytochrome photoreceptors allow plants to discriminate between mid-day and dusk periods, or shade and plain light conditions, notably because of rapid changes in the R/FR ratio. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plant development is strongly influenced by the proximity of other plants, as neighboring vegetation might shade and reduce light availability. (plantae.org)
  • One of these species is Cardamine hirsuta , whose hypocotyls are unresponsive to plant shade. (plantae.org)
  • In natural or artificial ecosystems, the light received by an individual plant can be modified by its neighbors, and the photosynthetically active radiation and ratio of red light to far red light (R:FR) will significantly decrease, called shade. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • Under shade conditions, light signaling will be perceived and integrated by the plant, and the integrated signal can affect the biosynthesis and signal transduction of phytohormones. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • For example, the synergy effect of PIF4, BZR1 and ARF6 was detected under shade conditions, with regard to hypocotyl elongation. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • Here, we show that shade light induces the de-phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of PIF7. (elifesciences.org)
  • Phosphorylation-resistant site mutations in PIF7 result in increased nuclear localization and shade-induced gene expression, and consequently augment hypocotyl elongation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Shade-intolerant plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana , sense this reduction and initiate the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). (elifesciences.org)
  • Genetic analysis indicated that PIF4 and PIF5 were required for COG1 to promote BR biosynthesis and hypocotyl elongation. (cas.cz)
  • Metabolic engineering of Arabidopsis thaliana provides insight into the regulation of thiamin biosynthesis. (ugent.be)
  • Although, the studies of quinoa floral morphology and the effects of heat and light on its flowering have been undertaken, the understanding of the underlying genetic framework is lacking (Bertero et al. (springer.com)
  • Employing transfection, initial studies on yeast have capitalized on the potential of CRY2 heterodimerization to control cellular processes, including gene expression, by light. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon exposure to light, hypocotyl elongation is inhibited and resources are devoted to cotyledon expansion, chloroplast development, changes in gene expression, as well as other developmental processes, which eventually result in the establishment of the seedling as a photoautotrophic organism. (ucla.edu)
  • The name cryptochrome was proposed as a portmanteau combining the chromatic nature of the photoreceptor, and the cryptogamic organisms on which many blue-light studies were carried out. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, by 1995 it became clear that the products of the HY4 gene and its two human homologs did not exhibit photolyase activity and were instead a new class of blue light photoreceptor hypothesized to be circadian photopigments. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, phyA is more active in Cardamine than Arabidopsis, which results from a higher expression and a stronger intrinsic activity of this photoreceptor in Cardamine compared to Arabidopsis. (plantae.org)
  • A BR profile assay indicated that BR levels are elevated in cog1-3D seedlings. (cas.cz)
  • In plants, blue-light photoreception can be used to cue developmental signals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plants respond to changes in the light environment by altering their developmental programs. (ucla.edu)
  • Among … clock-controlled developmental events, the best characterized is the photoperiodic control of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana. (fairdomhub.org)
  • The throughput and reproducibility of the system is ideal for testing many genetic variants of Arabidopsis and bacterial strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 1980, researchers discovered that the HY4 gene of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana was necessary for the plant's blue light sensitivity, and, when the gene was sequenced in 1993, it showed high sequence homology with photolyase, a DNA repair protein activated by blue light. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a genetic screen for suppressors of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accelerated cell death 6-1 (acd6-1), a small constitutive defense mutant whose defense level is grossly in a reverse proportion to plant size, we identified an allele of the canonical flowering regulatory gene FLOWERING LOCUS K HOMOLOGY DOMAIN (FLK) encoding a putative protein with triple K homology (KH) repeats. (nsf.gov)
  • Here, we report characterization of a mutant isolated from a genetic screen in Arabidopsis thalianadesigned to identify plants defective in degradation of an Aux/IAA fusion protein, Aux/IAA1-luciferase (IAA1-LUC). (1library.net)
  • A zinc finger protein gene ZFP5 integrates phytohormone signalling to control root hair development in Arabidopsis. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Flowering of the reference legume Medicago truncatula is promoted by winter cold (vernalization) followed by long‐day photoperiods (VLD) similar to winter annual Arabidopsis. (nsf.gov)
  • Here, we report that the promotion of hypocotyl elongation is in fact dependent on changes in photoperiods in such a way that an accelerated hypocotyl elongation occurs especially under short-day conditions. (fairdomhub.org)
  • This suggests that the blue-light-promoted elongation is not specifically from 24-hour lighting, despite the varying promotion degree under different photoperiods or for different species. (ashs.org)
  • cog1-3D (cogwheel1-3D) was identified as an activation-tagged genetic modifier of bri1-5, an intermediate BR receptor mutant in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). (cas.cz)
  • Phytochromes, on the other hand, respond to red light and its ratio with far-red light, which indicates the presence or absence of nearby plants. (wellbeingport.com)
  • Because chlorophyll preferentially absorbs light in the red and blue ranges but not in the far-red range of the light spectrum, a perceived decrease in the ratio of red/far-red (R/FR) radiation, and thus in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of between 400 and 700 nm, provides a signal that shading by other plants is imminent. (elifesciences.org)
  • We wondered how the elongation response is oppositely regulated in these plants. (plantae.org)
  • Furthermore, key environmental conditions like temperature or light can be simulated to provide a controlled growth environment. (berthold.com)
  • The bZIP ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) transcription factor is another major regulator of thermo- and photomorphogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cho, M.H., Spalding, E.P., An anion channel in Arabidopsis hypocotyls activated by blue light (1996) Proc. (uba.ar)
  • Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins found in plants and animals that are sensitive to blue light. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, seedlings of dicotyledonous plants (such as pea, tomato, or Arabidopsis) grown in the dark develop elongated hypocotyl (primary stem) and small unopened cotyledons (primary leaf). (ucla.edu)
  • Plants take advantage of a complex series of sensory receptors to perceive and respond to environmental cues such as the intensity, wavelength, direction, and duration of ambient light signals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HST is one of at least 17 members of the importin-βfamily in Arabidopsis and is the first member of this family shown to have an essential function in plants. (silverchair.com)
  • Around 10% of the sun's light is ultraviolet, and like humans, plants can be harmed from overexposure to UV light. (fractalag.com)
  • It refers to the ability of plants to grow towards or away from light sources, which plays an essential role in their survival and growth. (wellbeingport.com)
  • How do plants sense the presence and direction of light, and how do they respond to it? (wellbeingport.com)
  • In this article, we will explore the physical basis of the phototropic response, delving into the intricate mechanisms that allow plants to perceive, interpret, and act upon light signals. (wellbeingport.com)
  • Our goal is to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of how plants harness the power of light to navigate their environment and thrive in diverse ecological niches. (wellbeingport.com)
  • Auxins promote cell elongation in plants, causing the stem to bend towards the light source. (wellbeingport.com)
  • This discovery led to further research into how light signals are detected and integrated within plants. (wellbeingport.com)
  • In plants, positive phototropism is most common, as they need light for photosynthesis and growth. (wellbeingport.com)
  • For example, plants that are exposed to intense light will show a more pronounced phototropic response than those in low-light conditions. (wellbeingport.com)
  • Plants tend to bend towards the light source when it comes from an oblique angle rather than directly overhead. (wellbeingport.com)
  • Phototropism is the phenomenon where plants grow towards a source of light. (wellbeingport.com)
  • There are two main types of photoreceptors in plants: blue-light receptors (cryptochromes and phototropins) and red/far-red light receptors (phytochromes). (wellbeingport.com)
  • Equipped with an absolutely lighttight cabinet and a deeply cooled CCD camera it enables sensitive luminescence and fluorescence monitoring in tissues, seedlings and whole plants. (berthold.com)
  • Light-tight ports are available for the introduction of lightguides, cables or tubing, e.g. to water plants inside the chamber. (berthold.com)
  • Possibly the blue-light-promoted elongation growth is an artifact specifically from 24-h lighting because it is well known that most plants grow naturally under a periodic light/dark environment. (ashs.org)
  • Based on these and other results, the photoperiodic control of hypocotyl elongation is best explained by the accumulation of PIF4 and PIF5 during the night-time of short days, due to coincidence between the internal (circadian rhythm) and external (photoperiod) time cues. (fairdomhub.org)
  • At least 20 type of putative ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR)-like channels have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. (intechopen.com)
  • FAD2 was first identified in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana [2]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Previous studies indicate that under 24-hour light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, monochromatic blue light, compared with red light, can promote plant elongation for some species. (ashs.org)
  • After 7 to 8 days of lighting treatment, regardless of photoperiod, B promoted elongation growth compared with R, as demonstrated by a greater stem extension rate, hypocotyl length, or petiole length in the tested microgreen species, except for mustard. (ashs.org)
  • Among the tested species, mustard showed the lowest sensitivity in elongation response to B vs. R, which was independent of photoperiod. (ashs.org)
  • Arabidopsis thaliana is known to encode a family of five profilin sequence variants: three vegetative (also constitutive) profilins that are predominantly expressed in all vegetative tissues and ovules, and two reproductive profilins that are specifically expressed in pollen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cryptochromes are derived from and closely related to photolyases, which are bacterial enzymes that are activated by light and involved in the repair of UV-induced DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • When a plant is exposed to light from one side, the cells on that side receive more blue light than those on the shaded side. (wellbeingport.com)
  • The objective of this study was to investigate whether shortened photoperiod can change blue vs. red light effects on elongation growth. (ashs.org)
  • The elongation growth promoted by blue LED light under a photoperiod of either 24 hours or 16 hours can potentially benefit indoor production of microgreens. (ashs.org)