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Hydroxylation25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2CalcifediolVitamin DVitamin D DeficiencyCholecalciferolHydroxycholecalciferolsSteroid HydroxylasesErgocalciferolsDihydroxycholecalciferols24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3Parathyroid HormoneCholestanetriol 26-MonooxygenaseCalcitriolVitamin D-Binding ProteinRicketsSunlightCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemReceptors, CalcitriolSeasonsDietary SupplementsVitaminsMixed Function OxygenasesMicrosomes, LiverOsteomalaciaCalcium, DietaryPhosphorusChromatography, High Pressure LiquidBone DensityCalciumCross-Sectional StudiesProcollagen-Proline DioxygenaseNutritional StatusBone and BonesSkin PigmentationKidneyRisk FactorsLinear ModelsProspective StudiesMass SpectrometryBone Density Conservation AgentsBiological MarkersAryl Hydrocarbon HydroxylasesCholestenesCase-Control StudiesKineticsAdrenodoxinDietFood, FortifiedChromatography, LiquidEuropean Continental Ancestry GroupTandem Mass SpectrometrySteroid 16-alpha-HydroxylaseHypoparathyroidismPrevalenceCohort StudiesDehydrocholesterolsSpectrophotometry, UltravioletPhosphatesBiotransformationNutritional RequirementsNutrition SurveysSubstrate SpecificityFerredoxin-NADP ReductaseDebrisoquinAfrican AmericansRadioimmunoassayAbsorptiometry, PhotonBostonMephenytoinBody Mass IndexHypercalcemiaNutrition PolicyIntestinal AbsorptionAlkaline PhosphataseOsteoporosisFractures, BoneCytochrome P-450 CYP3APostmenopauseDealkylationNebraskaUnited StatesDouble-Blind MethodOxidoreductases, N-DemethylatingGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryHyperparathyroidism, SecondaryChickensHyperparathyroidismHydroxylysineLogistic ModelsHypocalcemiaCholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage EnzymeMultivariate AnalysisMilkOsteocalcinMongoliaNADPH-Ferrihemoprotein ReductaseOdds RatioTime Factors
CholecalciferolCalcitriolCalcidiolErgocalciferolConcentrationsUndergoesIndependent of hepaticMetaboliteCYP27B1SupplementationKidneyParathyroid hormoneConvertsSequential hydroxylationKidneysIncrease in SerumDeficiencyRenalNmolBiologically activeCytochromeAbsorptionImmuneCalcifediolMacrophagesPhosphateLevelsMetabolismMetabolitesSunlightMethodsSubsequentlySynthesisOccurs in the liverMolecularFormUltravioletMeasurementAssociated with vitamin200010,000
Cholecalciferol17
Calcitriol17
Calcidiol4
  • 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase (VD 1A hydroxylase) also known as calcidiol 1-monooxygenase or cytochrome p450 27B1 (CYP27B1) or simply 1-alpha-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP27B1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • in the liver, vitamin D3 is hydroxylated at the 25' position to produce 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcidiol). (gpnotebook.com)
  • The first occurs in the liver which converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D , also known as calcidiol. (vitaminproguide.com)
  • It is here that vitamin D is converted to 25- hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] also known as calcidiol. (jhu.edu)
Ergocalciferol2
Concentrations18
  • During monocyte differentiation into macrophages, elevated concentrations of just one 1,25(OH)2D3 (up to at least one 1?nM) were detected in cell lifestyle media, but this is not observed during monocyte differentiation to DCs [13]. (aplarcongress.org)
  • analyze the 2 main methods (immunoassay, liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry) used for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum/plasma concentrations and how they may produce different results (including obtaining fractionated vs total 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations). (vitamindwiki.com)
  • If 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 serum concentrations are separately measured and reported as compared with receiving only a total 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, how do the additional fractionated data for vitamin D2 and D3 aid clinical interpretation? (vitamindwiki.com)
  • What are the methods for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum concentrations, and how do they differ from one another? (vitamindwiki.com)
  • The most common laboratory test to assess vitamin D nutritional status is total 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum concentrations. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Laboratory professionals are often confronted with challenges related to vitamin D testing, including controversy over optimal and target vitamin D concentrations, variable reference ranges across marketed assays and reference laboratories, lack of standardization of vitamin D assays, and misordering of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D testing. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Evidence supports wider beneficial effects of vitamin D but to achieve such, maintaining serum 25 dihydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)2D] concentrations of more than 30 ng/mL is necessary. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • The individual and the population health can be markedly improved by maintaining serum 25(OH)D concentrations of greater than 30 ng /mL (75 nmol/L). This would also improves the quality of life and reduces all-cause mortality. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • However, for prevention of certain other diseases and to reduce all-cause mortality, serum 25(OH)D concentrations need to be maintained between 40 and 60 ng/mL. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • For therapeutic use of calcifediol under medical supervision, the dose, frequency and duration of treatment is determined according to serum 25(OH)D concentrations, condition, type of patient and comorbidities. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is independent of hepatic 25-hydroxylation and thus is one step closer in the metabolic pathway to active vitamin D. At comparable doses to vitamin D3, calcifediol achieves target serum 25(OH)D concentrations more rapidly and in contrast to vitamin D3, it has a predictable and linear dose-response curve irrespective of baseline serum 25(OH)D concentrations. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSION: Calcifediol is suitable for use in all patients with vitamin D deficiency and may be preferable to vitamin D3 for patients with obesity, liver disease, malabsorption and those who require a rapid increase in 25(OH)D concentrations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D are the best indicator of vitamin D status. (jhu.edu)
  • There has been considerable discussion about the serum concentrations of 25(OH)D associated with sufficient levels. (jhu.edu)
  • We aimed to determine the levels of 25(OH)D serum concentrations in healthy senior citizens and to study their relationship to the levels of components of humoral immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fasting blood sera were analyzed for 25(OH)D with the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and for parathyroid hormone (PTH), immunoglobulins and complement C4 and C3 concentrations with immunoassays. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment with 25(OH)D can normalize 1,25(OH) 2 D concentrations in patients with vitamin D deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Besides analytical problems (hydrophobicity, low circulating concentrations, ability to bind to lipids, albumins and vitamin D binding protein, presence of multiple vitamin D metabolites and variable ratios of 25(OH)D 2 and 25(OH)D 3 in the blood), vitamin D shows great preanalytical variability, since its concentration is drastically influenced by seasonal changes, exposure to sun, type of clothes or sun block creams. (biochemia-medica.com)
Undergoes2
Independent of hepatic1
  • Vitamin D analogues that are independent of hepatic hydroxylation constitute an investigational opportunity to supplement current management of autoimmune hepatitis. (springer.com)
Metabolite6
  • The final important function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to its most active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 [1,25-(OH) 2 D3], by activation of the enzyme 1-hydroxylase in the proximal tubules of the kidney. (medscape.com)
  • 25-D The vitamin D metabolite widely (and erroneously) considered best indicator of vitamin D 'deficiency. (mpkb.org)
  • In renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, as well as other cells including disease-activated macrophages (analyzed in [5]), 25(OH)D3 is normally changed into the most energetic supplement D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). (aplarcongress.org)
  • Ang metabolite ng bitamina D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) ay nagpapasigla sa transportasyon ng calcium sa mga selula ng bituka sa pamamagitan ng pag-udyok sa paggawa ng isang protina na nagbubuklod ng calcium. (thhappyherbal.com)
  • 25-OHD is the primary metabolite and is mainly used to evaluate vitamin D status [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, XLH patients demonstrate a normal or low serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, suggestive of inadequate formation of this vitamin D metabolite. (medscape.com)
CYP27B13
  • A wide range of enzymes are involved in the metabolism and activity of vitamin D. Cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP27B1, CYP2R1 and CYP24A1 contribute to the hydroxylation steps. (biomedcentral.com)
  • expression of 25-hydroxylase ( Cyp27a1 ), 1 α -hydroxylase ( Cyp27b1 ), and vitamin D receptor ( Vdr ) was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. (medscape.com)
  • In IR adipocytes, uptake of D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 was higher, but, after adrenaline stimulation, the decrement in D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 was stronger in control cells, which also showed increased expression of Cyp27a1 and Cyp27b1 and higher levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3. (medscape.com)
Supplementation6
  • Supplement D is created following skin contact with ultraviolet B photons of sunshine, leading to the conversion from the precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol into supplement D3, which may be acquired through dietary supplementation also. (aplarcongress.org)
  • Supplementation with supplement D3 or an analogue elevated TReg cell quantities in healthy people (140,000?IU dental vitamin D3/month) [19] or sufferers with undifferentiated connective tissues disease (0.5? (aplarcongress.org)
  • After Vitamin D Supplementation there Is an Increase in Serum 25 Hydroxyvitamin D but no evidence of a Threshold Response in Calcium Absorption. (creighton.edu)
  • Supplementation with 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 was more effective in achieving vitamin D sufficiency in obese, but not in normal weight subjects. (medscape.com)
  • for these reasons supplementation with 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 is more effective in obese individuals. (medscape.com)
  • As the rate of vitamin D deficiency decreases in the early years due to vitamin D supplementation, the recommendation should be set due to a clinical threshold level of 30 ng/ml for 25-OHD based on PTH levels in children of our population. (biomedcentral.com)
Kidney7
Parathyroid hormone4
Converts2
  • The supplement D-binding protein (VDBP) transports a lot of this supplement D3 in to the liver, in which a hydroxylation response converts supplement D3 into 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3). (aplarcongress.org)
  • In granulomatous disease such as lymphoproliferative disorders, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, and inflammatory bowel disease, 1α-hydroxylase enzyme activity was found in macrophages as the extrarenal source of 1,25(OH) 2 D. When 1α-hydroxylase is activated, it converts 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH) 2 D, just as what occurs under physiologic conditions in the kidneys. (medscape.com)
Sequential hydroxylation1
  • To achieve its biological function, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 requires two sequential hydroxylation steps from vitamin D3 catalyzed by 25-hydroxylase and 1 α -hydroxylase. (medscape.com)
Kidneys1
  • 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to Vitamin D3 (vitamin D3) in the skin, which is then converted to Calcifediol in the liver and kidneys. (drugbank.com)
Increase in Serum1
  • Sun exposure of 3 or more days per week of at least 15 minutes daily was associated with a 5 mcg/L increase in serum 25-OH-vitamin D. (chameleonwebservices.com)
Deficiency13
  • Vitamin D3 deficiency can occur in people whose exposure to sunlight is limited and in those whose diet is deficient in vitamin D3. (com.bd)
  • Treatment of Vitamin D3 deficiency: 40000 IU once weekly for 7 weeks. (com.bd)
  • Prevention of Vitamin D3 deficiency: 20000 IU every 4 weeks. (com.bd)
  • Treatment of Vitamin D3 deficiency: 20000 IU once every 2 weeks for 6 weeks. (com.bd)
  • In a 2008 research study , researchers showed that vitamin D3 deficiency ultimately causes calcium malabsorption. (youthandearth.com)
  • However, despite the presence of abundant sunlight, the incidence of vitamin D deficiency is high even among those who live within 1,000 km of the equator, such as the populations of India, Sri Lanka, and Far Eastern, Middle Eastern, and Persian Gulf countries [1-4]. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Furthermore, low levels of 25-D are frequently noted in patients with autoimmune disease, leading to a current consensus that a deficiency of the secosteroid may contribute to the autoimmune disease process. (mpkb.org)
  • The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in obese subjects [ 3 ] suggests that adipose tissue (AT) has a major role in the body distribution of vitamin D, but the causal relationship between obesity and low levels of circulating 25(OH)D has not been completely elucidated yet. (medscape.com)
  • and then to define a critical decision threshold level for 25-OHD deficiency in Turkish children. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The IOM recommends that the best marker of vitamin D deficiency is a 25-OHD measurement [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The biologically active form of vitamin D is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D). Measuring serum levels of 1,25(OH) 2 D should be considered upon suspicion of deficiency or excess of 1,25(OH) 2 D. (medscape.com)
  • Severe vitamin D deficiency: 25(OH)D is the main substrate of 1,25(OH) 2 D. Vitamin D deficiency can affect the production of 1,25(OH) 2 D owing to the lack of substrate. (medscape.com)
  • Deficiency of the active moieties is indicated by raised levels of PTH, lowered 25-hydroxy vitamin D and raised alkaline phosphatase levels which are associated with increased bone loss. (tajgenerics.com)
Renal2
  • Addition of a diuretic, such as 1-3 mg/kg/d of hydrochlorothiazide, may be necessary to avoid volume expansion, which magnifies the excretion of bicarbonate by lowering the renal threshold. (medscape.com)
  • Vitamin D, administered as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or 1a-hydroxyvitamin D3, is preferred because liver and/or renal hydroxylation may be impaired in patients with Fanconi syndrome. (medscape.com)
Nmol2
  • 25 ng/mL 62 nmol/L defined as "optimal" in the reference range). (vitamindwiki.com)
  • The 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum concentration was determined at the medical center central clinical laboratory by enzyme immunoassay, and results were 29 ng/mL (72 nmol/L), which is in the "insufficiency" range according to the reference ranges on the package insert for the assay. (vitamindwiki.com)
Biologically active3
Cytochrome2
Absorption4
  • The primary action of 1,25-(OH) 2 D3 is to promote gut absorption of calcium by stimulating formation of calcium-binding protein within the intestinal epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
  • Vitamin D3 is essential for the effective calcium and phosphate absorption required for healthy bones and teeth,preventing rickets, osteomalacia and osteoporosis. (com.bd)
  • The total amount of calcium the body absorbs from the diet is dependent on two main factors: One is the actual quantity consumed and the other is the efficiency of the absorption process which is regulated by vitamin D3. (youthandearth.com)
  • The intestinal absorption of calcifediol is relatively preserved in patients with fat malabsorption and it is more hydrophilic than vitamin D3 and thus is less prone to sequestration in adipose tissue. (bvsalud.org)
Immune7
  • 1. Launch Supplement D has an intrinsic function in shaping adaptive and innate immune system replies [1, 2]. (aplarcongress.org)
  • It really is this type of supplement D3 which includes the most powerful results on regulating immune system replies, with circulating amounts within the picomolar range [1, 6]. (aplarcongress.org)
  • Central to the power of just one 1,25(OH)2D3 to modulate immune system responses are adjustments to regulatory T cells (TReg cells) and dendritic cells (DCs) [7]. (aplarcongress.org)
  • Marshall and team explain that by deactivating the VDR and subsequently the immune response, 25-D lowers the inflammation caused by many of these bacteria, but allows them to spread more easily in the long-run. (mpkb.org)
  • The immune system defends the body from pathogens that cause disease and is comprised of innate responses, which are the first line of defense, and adaptive responses, which become engaged later [ 1-3 ]. (breathinglabs.com)
  • However, these components are nonspecific, meaning that unlike the adaptive immune system, they do not recognize and respond to specific pathogens [ 1 , 2 , 4 ]. (breathinglabs.com)
  • as a result, a subsequent exposure to the same pathogen leads to a vigorous and rapid immune response [ 1 , 3 , 5 ]. (breathinglabs.com)
Calcifediol3
  • Calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) has recently become available more widely. (bvsalud.org)
  • METHODS: By means of targeted literature searches of PubMed, this narrative review overviews the physiological functions and metabolic pathways of vitamin D, examines the differences between calcifediol and vitamin D3, and highlights clinical trials conducted with calcifediol in patients with bone disease or other conditions. (bvsalud.org)
  • Calcifediol differs pharmacokinetically from vitamin D3 in several ways. (bvsalud.org)
Macrophages2
  • In vitro studies of monocytes/macrophages indicate that gamma interferon is an important regulator of 1α-hydroxylase but only when other key signaling pathways are also activated (eg, JAK-STAT and MAP-Kinase). (medscape.com)
  • Macrophages and dendritic cells can produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D within the microenvironment. (springer.com)
Phosphate2
  • Normalization of serum phosphate levels may be achieved by administering 1-3 g/d of supplemental phosphate. (medscape.com)
  • However, phosphate retention and FGF-23 also contribute to the decreased synthesis of 1,25(OH) 2 D. (medscape.com)
Levels22
  • Our objective was to investigate associations between variants in genes of vitamin D pathway with serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), atopy, asthma and asthma severity in teenagers from Northeast Brazil. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By increasing levels of 25-D and therefore inhibiting immunopathology, long-term use of antifungal drugs may delay progress on the Marshall Protocol (MP). (mpkb.org)
  • To check vitamin D status, the physician selected a vitamin D panel that includes 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D serum levels. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • They outline how long-term harm caused by high levels of 25-D has been missed because the bacteria implicated in autoimmune disease grow very slowly. (mpkb.org)
  • However, Marshall and team explain that these low levels of 25-D are a result, rather than a cause, of the disease process. (mpkb.org)
  • Indeed, Marshall's research shows that in autoimmune disease, 25-D levels are naturally down-regulated in response to VDR dysregulation by chronic pathogens. (mpkb.org)
  • Vitamin D3 can be more than 3 times as effective as D2 in maintaining and raising vitamin D blood levels. (abundantlifehandw.com)
  • [ 10 ] On these bases, we can understand why orally administrated vitamin D3 has a lower impact on 25(OH)D levels in obese subjects, [ 5 , 11 ] as it is markedly stored in AT. (medscape.com)
  • A retrospective record review of 90,042 children, was performed on serum 25-OHD and for 3525 iPTH levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 25-OHD levels decreased with respect to age. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There is also a significant variation in the circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in nonequatorial regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Older people have lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) serum levels than younger adults. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The relationship of the major components of the humoral system and age with 25(OH)D levels was also assessed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • About 66% of the subjects had insufficient levels of 25(OH)D. Normal levels of 25(OH)D were found in 26.1% of the subjects of which 21% were males and 30.5% were females (total study population). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Severely deficient levels of 25(OH)D were found in 7.98% of the total study population. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Serum levels of total IgA, IgG, IgG2 and IgG4 peaked together with 25(OH)D during late summer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although some results remain to be confirmed, low serum 25(OH)D levels have been linked to all-cause cardiovascular, cancer and infection-related mortality and also to stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 20 ng/ml) serum 25(OH)D levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In a study by Levin et al (2007), 13% of patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) greater than 80 mL/min and more than 60% of patients with an eGFR of less than 30 mL/min had low serum levels of 1,25(OH) 2 D. (medscape.com)
  • A positive correlation between serum levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH) 2 D was observed during seasonal changes. (medscape.com)
  • Increased 1,25(OH) 2 D levels can result from extrarenal 1α-hydroxylation or hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets. (medscape.com)
  • COVID-19 patients have been repeatedly shown to have lower levels of vitamin D. Using the 25-hydroxy vitamin D-25(OH)D test to monitor vitamin D levels in patients who had tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a study in Switzerland found that Covid-19 positive patients had lower levels of vitamin D in their blood compared with negative patients. (womeninscience.africa)
Metabolism2
  • Vitamin D3 plays a crucial role in regulating physiological processes such as calcium metabolism (for bone development and health), immunity, cellular growth, and cardiovascular function. (youthandearth.com)
  • Vitamin D is a lipophilic hormone playing a key role in bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis, [ 1 ] and it is also involved in many other pathological processes [ 2 ] commonly linked with obesity. (medscape.com)
Metabolites1
  • Vitamin D is the general term for a group of secosteroid metabolites whose active form is 1α-25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)D) [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Sunlight5
Methods2
  • METHODS: In STEP 5, adults with overweight/obesity were randomized 1:1 to semaglutide 2.4 mg or placebo, plus lifestyle modification, for 104 weeks. (bvsalud.org)
  • Reference ranges of 1,25(OH) 2 D vary since different laboratories may use different methods for measuring 1,25(OH) 2 D and different units of measurement. (medscape.com)
Subsequently1
  • In tumor-induced osteomalacia, tumor-secreted FGF-23 inhibits enzyme 1α-hydroxylase and subsequently results in decreased 1,25(OH) 2 D synthesis. (medscape.com)
Synthesis1
  • HIV protease inhibitors have been reported to markedly suppress the activities of 25- and 1α-hydroxylase and thus affect 1,25(OH) 2 D synthesis. (medscape.com)
Occurs in the liver1
Molecular1
  • The discovery that a variety of tissues can express vitamin D receptor (VDR) has opened new ways of research related to vitamin D biological effects and molecular pathways [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Form1
  • So when you get a blood test, this will be the form of vitamin D that is measured and it's the most abundant form of vitamin D3 in the circulatory system. (youthandearth.com)
Ultraviolet3
  • Among the inducers and positive regulators of melanogenesis are L-tyrosine and L-DOPA (pigment precursors), ultraviolet radiation and the melanocortin 1 receptor ( 5 , 9 , 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Ang 7-dehydrocholesterol, isang sangkap na matatagpuan sa balat, ay na-convert sa previtamin D3, na nag-isomerize upang bumuo ng bitamina D3, kapag nalantad sa ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation sa pagitan ng mga wavelength na 290 at 315 nm. (thhappyherbal.com)
  • Vitamin D3 is synthesized by humans in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet-B rays from the sun. (jhu.edu)
Measurement2
  • To confirm the target level of 25 hydroxyvitamin D, measurement of it should be determined 3-4 months after initiating the maintenance therapy. (com.bd)
  • When is measurement of a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D serum concentration clinically indicated? (vitamindwiki.com)
Associated with vitamin1
  • Significant changes in gene expression after stimulation with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were observed for gene loci such as IRF8 and PTPN2 which were not previously associated with vitamin D regulation [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
20002
10,0001