• Currently, Sarah is a PhD candidate in the Busschaert group at Tulane University, working on various medical and non-medical applications of synthetic transmembrane anion transporters. (rsc.org)
  • As the thiolate anion is not energetically favoured in the hydrophobic interior of the enzyme, it swings into the active site where it can be stabilized by the His202 imidazolium and the dipole of helix C. The Cys123 thiolate which now lies adjacent to the acyl carbon of the substrate, is thus generated only in the presence of substrate. (inrae.fr)
  • rather, the enolate anion abstracts a proton from water and, in doing so, supplies the hydroxyl for deacylation. (inrae.fr)
  • Iodoacetate or iodoacetamide is very reactive towards free thiols. (creativepegworks.com)
  • The second major area of my group's research has involved studies into the use of structurally 'unusual' heterocycles as protected, reactive functional groups in organic synthesis. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Reviewing the literature, it was found that the toxicity of the tellurite occurs via the two probable mechanisms: i) replacing the sulfur group in a number of amino acids and as a result creating non-functional proteins and ii) severely oxidizing the glutathione reservoir of the cells, which lead to the generation of excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) disrupting cell macromolecules involved in metabolic pathways (5, 6). (ijbiotech.com)
  • An organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl group (-SH), with the general formula R-SH (where R represents an alkyl or other organic substituent). (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Amides are the most stable of all the carbonyl functional groups. (wikidoc.org)
  • Nevertheless, amides can undergo chemical reactions, usually through an attack of an electronegative atom on the carbonyl carbon , breaking the carbonyl double bond and forming a tetrahedral intermediate. (wikidoc.org)
  • The alkylamine-substituted perthiocarbamamtes can also serve as carbonyl sulfide (COS) donors in the presence of thiol. (jhu.edu)
  • Incubation of nickel (II) [Ni(II)] with cysteine in an aerobic environment generated hydroxyl (·OH) radical, which then reacted with cysteine to generate a carbon-centered alkyl (·R) radical. (cdc.gov)
  • Under the same experimental conditions, cystine did not generate any detectable free radicals, suggesting an important role of the -SH group in Ni(II)-mediated free radical generation. (cdc.gov)
  • The results indicate that free radical generation from the reaction of Ni(II)-thiol complexes and molecular oxygen, and/or lipid hydroperoxides, may play an important role in the mechanism(s) of Ni(II) toxicity and carcinogenesis. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent studies have focused on asymmetric synthesis of structurally complex amino acids, using what has proved to be a very versatile radical-based methodology and also the use of structurally unusual heterocycles for masking the reactivity of synthetically valuable functional groups. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • This ongoing area of research has led to further investigations into the 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer process and in particular, studies into the effectiveness of deuterium as a protecting group for C-H bonds in radical and carbene chemistry. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • When the group of atoms is associated with the rest of the molecule primarily by ionic forces, the group is referred to more properly as a polyatomic ion or complex ion-all of these are called radicals , by a meaning of the term radical that predates the free radical . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Absolute configuration refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms within a chiral molecular entity (or group) and its resultant stereochemical description. (wikipedia.org)
  • No. An ether must have two carbon atoms attached to the O atom. (khanacademy.org)
  • Molweight, melting and boiling point, density, pKa-values, as well as number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in molecules are given for 150 different alcohols and acids. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • points of alcohols and phenols increase with increase in the number of carbon atoms. (nika-robot.de)
  • You have learned that the substitution of one or more hydrogen atom (s) from a hydrocarbon by another atom or a group of atoms results in the formation of an entirely new compound having altogether different properties and applications. (nika-robot.de)
  • The term functional group refers to the groupings of atoms within molecules. (byui.edu)
  • One should also note that reacting the amide with the strong reducing agent lithium tetrahidridoaluminate yields an amine with the same number of carbon atoms. (wikidoc.org)
  • In organic chemistry , functional groups (or moieties) are specific groups of atoms within molecules , that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The non- hydrogen atoms of functional groups are always associated with each other and with the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • In the formulas, the symbols R and R' usually denotes an attached hydrogen, or a hydrocarbon side chain of any length, but may sometimes refer to any group of atoms. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The Revision of this chapter is divided into 3 parts: Furthermore, the alcohol comprises one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups. (nika-robot.de)
  • Multi-arm PEG-thiols can crosslink itself to form disulfide bonds, which could be reversed under proper reducing conditions. (creativepegworks.com)
  • As previously described curcumin [ 2 , 3 ] three chemical entities structure the molecule:2 o-methoxyphenol connected by a seven-carbon linker with an α , β -unsaturated diketone moiety (Figure 1(a) ).The resonance structure inside the molecule is responsible for its participation in many electron transfer reactions. (hindawi.com)
  • When the functional group attacking the amide is a thiol , hydroxyl or amine , the resulting molecule may be called a cyclol or, more specifically, a thiacyclol, an oxacyclol or an azacyclol, respectively. (wikidoc.org)
  • The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Thus, it can tolerate many other functional groups in your molecule. (organicchemistrytutor.com)
  • The resting state thiol does not interact with His202 in the active site but instead forms a hydrogen bond with Glu36 in the interior of the molecule. (inrae.fr)
  • DNA is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with the sugar attached to 1 of 4 possible nucleotide bases (adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine). (cdc.gov)
  • In a 2-thiol and a 3-thiol the -SH group is located at the second and third carbon atom in the alkyl chain, respectively. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • A compound or functional group that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Amides undergo Hofmann's degradation reaction in which an amide yields an amine with one less carbon atom upon reaction with bromine and sodium hydroxide. (wikidoc.org)
  • The first carbon atom after the carbon that attaches to the functional group is called the alpha carbon. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Further, when the B ring is moved from position 2 of the C-ring to the carbon atom in position 3, the isoflavones are formed, whereas those in which the B ring is linked in position 4 are called neoflavonoids. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Delta-8 has a double bond on its eighth carbon while Delta-9 has a single bond on its ninth carbon atom, giving Delta-8 its name. (thehemphaus.com)
  • and a reaction layer containing at least pyrrolo-quinoline quinone dependent glucose dehydrogenase, formed in contact with or in the vicinity of the electrode system, and the reaction layer contains at least one kind of additive selected from the group consisting of gluconic acid and salts thereof. (patsnap.com)
  • Previous work in our lab focused on the reaction of HNO with thiols. (jhu.edu)
  • These polymaleimide derivatives can be active catalysts for the selective oxidation of heterocyclic compounds to quinoline and indole via the recycling of -C=O and -C-OH groups, which was confirmed by tracing the reaction with GC-MS using maleimide as the catalyst and by FT-IR analysis with polymaleimide as the catalyst. (nature.com)
  • Although lipids are a distinct class of biomolecules, we shall see that they often occur combined, either covalently or through weak bonds, with members of other classes of bio-molecules to yield hybrid molecules such as glycolipids , which contain both carbohydrate and lipid groups, "and lipoproteins , which contain both lipids and proteins. (medmuv.com)
  • The understanding of functional groups is pivotal to being able to understand the functions of the four major macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. (byui.edu)
  • As polymers are synthesized from monomers, specific functional groups from one monomer will lose a -H and a corresponding functional group on another monomer will lose an -OH. (byui.edu)
  • A wide range of N , O - bis -acylated hydroxylamine derivatives with chloro or arenesulfonyl leaving groups, and a related set of N -hydroxy- N -acylsulfonamides, have been synthesized and evaluated for nitroxyl (HNO) production. (jhu.edu)
  • The N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) activated ester of PEG carboxylic acid can react with the amino group of lysine. (creativepegworks.com)
  • After activated by EDIC at mild acidic pH, the carboxyl group of proteins readily react with PEG-hydrazide, while the amino groups present in all reagents could remain inactive in this particular conditions. (creativepegworks.com)
  • I looked at the IUPAC definitions, though somebody would easily understand if you said ethyl thiol, if you wanted to get really anal retentive: The suffix -thiol is added to the name of the alkane. (khanacademy.org)
  • Also, examples of the structures of the sulfur compounds thiols, dialkyl sulfides, methylalkyl sulfides, ethyl alkyl sulfides, isopropyl alkyl sulfides, diisoalkyl sulfides, dialkyl disulfides and alkylthiophenes are shown in the table below. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Specifically, an amide can also be regarded as a derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an amine or ammonia . (wikidoc.org)
  • This pathway ends with C299 located in hydrogen-bonding distance to the amine head-group of the adt-ligand. (nature.com)
  • For thiols in this document the R represents an alkyl group, and in a 1-thiol the -SH group is located at the end of the alkyl chain. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • For 1-amines in this document the R represents an alkyl group, in which the NH2-group is placed at the end of the the alkane chain. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Comparison of the effect of O-alkyl and N-alkyl groups on the antibacterial action showed that the size of the alkyl group in O-alkyl did cause a marked difference in the antibacterial action while that of the latter was ineffectual, at least up to C 12 . (go.jp)
  • I am a member of the Biological Chemistry research group . (exeter.ac.uk)
  • A key active site of curcumin for biological reactions is the diketo group, which acts as the primary hydrogen affinity site at physiological pH [ 1 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Michael addition, thiols react with the C=C bond in the maleimic ring to form a physiological stable linkage. (creativepegworks.com)
  • Functional groups are far less stable than the carbon backbone and are likely to participate in chemical reactions. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Generation of free radicals in reactions of Ni(II)-thiol complexes with molecular oxygen and model lipid hydroperoxides. (cdc.gov)
  • The generation of free radicals from reactions of nickel (II)-thiol complexes with molecular oxygen and model lipid hydroperoxides was investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) utilizing 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) as a spin trap. (cdc.gov)
  • Solvent borne coating compositions typically contain volatile organic compounds (VOC) that are compounds of carbon, which can emit into atmosphere and participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions. (justia.com)
  • At physiological pH and temperature, relevant reactions of sulfinamides involve reduction to free thiols in the presence of excess thiol and hydrolysis to form sulfinic acids [RS(O)OH]. (jhu.edu)
  • Among the above transformations, active sites on the carbon catalysts toward selective oxidation or catalytic reduction include -C-OH and -C=O. The oxidation or reduction reactions can be realized via the recycling of the -C-OH and -C=O groups. (nature.com)
  • Thus, due to the structural similarity, aldehydes and ketones have many reactions that are the same for the both functional groups. (organicchemistrytutor.com)
  • DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS : DESIGNATED ORGANIC ACTIVE INGREDIENT CONTAINING (DOAI) : Ketone DOAI : Benzene ring containing : Plural rings : C=O bonded directly to benzene ring : Two benzene rings bonded directly to the same C=O : Oxygen single bonded to carbon : C=X bonded directly or indirectly by an acyclic carbon or carbon chain to ring carbon of the five-membered hetero ring (e.g., tryptophan, etc. (everypatent.com)
  • While NaBH 4 is a mild reducing agent and can tolerate many other functional groups like carboxylic acids, esters, amides, or nitriles, LiAlH 4 is an extraordinarily strong reducing agent and will react with almost any polar double or triple bond like C=O, C=N, or C≡N bonds. (organicchemistrytutor.com)
  • The major characteristics of Nrf2 are to some extent mimicked by Nrf2-dependent genes and their proteins including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which besides removing toxic heme, produces biliverdin, iron ions and carbon monoxide. (springer.com)
  • In one such industrial case of ammonia synthesis, hydrogen is created through steam reforming, which creates some carbon monoxide. (stackexchange.com)
  • Unlike the proteases, DLH seems to protonate the incipient leaving group only after the collapse of the first tetrahedral intermediate, rendering DLH incapable of hydrolyzing amide analogues of its ester substrate. (inrae.fr)
  • The mode of thiolate activation reduces the susceptibility of DLH towards thiol alkylating agents. (inrae.fr)
  • Collectively, they are a subclass of phenolics and remain the most intensively studied group of polyphenols, responsible for many health benefits attributable to high vegetable consumption and using polyphenol-rich herbs. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Biflavonoids (BFs) are a group of polyphenols that have a unique biochemical structure. (bvsalud.org)
  • In 2014, he joined the group of Dr. Jonathan Watts to pursue a PhD in chemistry at the University of Southampton (UK) and the RNA Therapeutics Institute (USA). (rsc.org)
  • Below is an image of multiple functional groups found in organic chemistry. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • the second structural unit having a host group in the side chain thereof, wherein at least one of the first polymer and the second polymer has at least one fluorine group. (justia.com)
  • Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated that the carbon metabolism, glutathione metabolism, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and ABC transporters were significantly differentially expressed components between Cd stress and NaHS treatment under Cd stress in T. thermophila . (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to the formation of isomers, functional groups also allow for similar molecules called monomers to bond together and form more complex structures called polymers. (byui.edu)
  • Novel N -substituted hydroxylamines with carbon-based leaving groups have been synthesized, and their structures confirmed by X-ray crystallography. (jhu.edu)
  • The density is shown as function of carbon number in the organic compounds. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • The oxidation of organic compounds during ozonation can occur via ozone or hydroxyl radicals or a combination of both. (scirp.org)
  • Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes generates a powerful systematic nomenclature for naming organic compounds . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • These compounds generate HNO under nonenzymatic, physiological conditions, with the rate and amount of HNO released being dependent mainly on the nature of the leaving group. (jhu.edu)
  • Catalytic performance exploration showed that these polymaleimide (PMI) derivatives can be active catalysts for the selective oxidation of heterocyclic compounds to quinoline and indole via the recycling of -C=O and -C-OH groups. (nature.com)
  • Whereas the trisaccharidic head group of Gb 3 defines the specificity of Shiga toxin binding, the lipophilic part composed of sphingosine and different fatty acids is suggested to determine its localization within membranes impacting membrane organisation and protein binding eventually leading to protein internalisation. (springer.com)