DiseasesChemicals and DrugsPhenomena and Processes
HydroxychloroquineChloroquineAntirheumatic AgentsAntimalarialsSulfasalazineLupus Erythematosus, DiscoidLupus Erythematosus, SystemicRetinal DiseasesArthritis, RheumatoidLupus Erythematosus, CutaneousAntibodies, AntiphospholipidGold Sodium ThiomalateDrug Resistance
Azithromycin2020Treating COVID-19MalariaLopinavirRetinopathyUtility of chloroquineEffects of chloroquineSulfatePhosphatePlaquenil2021ToxicityAntimalarialPatientsEither chloroquineTrumpProphylaxis2022DrugsTherapiesDerivativeDMARDsEfficacyAntimalarialsInfectionTrump'sLupusPreventionMedicinesPandemicTreatmentMedicationsCOPCOVBeneficialResistanceAdverse eventsPotentiallyTreatAndrew CuomoPreventCommonlyEffectively
Azithromycin10
  • The NIH recommended against the use of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin because of the resulting increased risk of sudden cardiac death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Safety considerations with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (cmaj.ca)
  • In a recent study, patients with COVID-19 experienced enhanced recoveries when given the combined treatment of hydroxychloroquine and the antibiotic azithromycin. (aliveandwell.health)
  • For example, a commonly used antibiotic, azithromycin, is also being investigated for a possible benefit in treating COVID-19, but it has a known major drug interaction with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
  • According to several studies, Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have shown promises as Covid19 antiviral especially when administered with Azithromycin (AZM). (provaeducation.com)
  • PURPOSE: Hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, azithromycin, and lopinavir/ritonavir are drugs that were used for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the early pandemic period. (edu.pe)
  • The pooled prevalence of peak QTc ≥500 ms was 9% (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 3%-18%) and 8% (95%CI, 3%-14%) in patients who received hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine alone or in combination with azithromycin, respectively. (edu.pe)
  • CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine with or without azithromycin had a relatively high prevalence and risk of QTc prolongation. (edu.pe)
  • Numerous drugs have been repurposed and investigated for therapeutic effectiveness in the disease, including those from "Solidarity," an international clinical trial (azithromycin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, the fixed combination lopinavir/ritonavir, and remdesivir). (springer.com)
  • A notable effort launched by the WHO is the international "Solidarity" trial, which is evaluating the efficacy of azithromycin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, the fixed-combination lopinavir/ritonavir, and remdesivir in COVID-19 compared with standard of care. (springer.com)
202016
  • Several countries initially used chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for treatment of persons hospitalized with COVID-19 (as of March 2020), though the drug was not formally approved through clinical trials. (wikipedia.org)
  • In fall of 2020, the National Institutes of Health issued treatment guidelines recommending against the use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 except as part of a clinical trial. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2020, the speculative use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 threatened its availability for people with established indications (malaria and auto-immune diseases). (wikipedia.org)
  • In February 2020, both drugs were shown to effectively reduce COVID-19 illness, but a further study concluded that hydroxychloroquine was more potent than chloroquine and had a more tolerable safety profile. (wikipedia.org)
  • On 18 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that chloroquine and the related hydroxychloroquine would be among the four drugs studied as part of the multinational Solidarity clinical trial. (wikipedia.org)
  • On 19 March 2020, US president Donald Trump encouraged the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during a national press conference. (wikipedia.org)
  • Beginning in March 2020, Trump began promoting hydroxychloroquine to prevent or treat COVID-19, citing small numbers of anecdotal reports. (wikipedia.org)
  • This April 6, 2020, file photo shows an arrangement of hydroxychloroquine pills in Las Vegas. (newser.com)
  • In April 8, 2020, Dr. David Juurlink provided an overview of potential harms associated with use of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQS) and suggested that the surge in prescriptions of these drugs based on speculation to COVID-19 prevention or treatment threatens the availability of these drugs for patients with malaria and chronic inflammatory disorders for whom they are known to be effective (1). (cmaj.ca)
  • In this video, recorded in July 2020, he says that we still don't know if chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine work and that it's been hard to find out because the politicisation has been interfering with the conduct of the studies. (nb4.org)
  • Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, primarily used to treat autoimmune diseases and to prevent and treat malaria, received national attention in early March 2020, as potential treatment and prophylaxis for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (1). (wustl.edu)
  • Following reports of cardiac and other adverse events in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 (2), on April 24, 2020, FDA issued a caution against its use † and on June 15, rescinded its EUA for hydroxychloroquine from the Strategic National Stockpile. (wustl.edu)
  • In response to recent reports of notable increases in prescriptions for hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine (6), CDC analyzed outpatient retail pharmacy transaction data to identify potential differences in prescriptions dispensed by provider type during January-June 2020 compared with the same period in 2019. (wustl.edu)
  • Before 2020, primary care providers and specialists who routinely prescribed hydroxychloroquine, such as rheumatologists and dermatologists, accounted for approximately 97% of new prescriptions. (wustl.edu)
  • however, the WHO announced on 25 May 2020 that the trial had only pursued hydroxychloroquine and on 6 July 2020 that the hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir arms were being discontinued [ 4 ]. (springer.com)
  • Abstract The article presents an overview of clinical tests conducted in 2020, which aim to produce evidence on the efficacy of two drugs used experimentally against Covid-19 - hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine -, since the effectiveness of their use, whether in the treatment of seriously ill, infected with no significant clinical condition, or even as a preventive agent. (scielo.br)
Treating COVID-193
Malaria8
  • Trump stated in June that he was taking the drug as a preventive measure, stimulating unprecedented worldwide demand and causing shortages of hydroxychloroquine for its prescribed purpose of preventing malaria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Per Stat News , the FDA on Friday released a warning for health care providers on hydroxychloroquine and an older drug, chloroquine, both anti-malaria meds, cautioning that neither drug should be used to treat COVID-19 outside of a hospital setting or clinical trial. (newser.com)
  • Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are FDA approved to treat malaria, as well as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, but not for treatment of COVID-19. (aliveandwell.health)
  • Two old drugs used for malaria, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, are being studied for their potential to treat coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). (webpoisoncontrol.org)
  • Hydroxychloroquine is used to prevent or treat malaria caused by mosquito bites . (webmd.com)
  • Hydroxychloroquine may not prevent malaria in all cases. (webmd.com)
  • It's true that clinical trials have begun for using chloroquine, one of the world's oldest anti-malaria drugs, and hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine that treats lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, to treat the disease caused by the coronavirus. (forbes.com)
  • Resistance of P. falciparum to chloroquine has been confirmed or is probable in all countries with P. falciparum malaria except the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Central America west of the Panama Canal, Egypt, and most countries in the Middle East. (cdc.gov)
Lopinavir1
  • Additionally, the physicians of the COVID-19 Central Clinical Task Force of South Korea have recommended a treatment protocol the includes either chloroquine, or Kaletra (lopinavir / ritonavir combination). (aliveandwell.health)
Retinopathy3
Utility of chloroquine1
Effects of chloroquine2
Sulfate2
  • On 28 March, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized the use of hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine phosphate under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), which was later revoked due to the risk of cardiac adverse events. (wikipedia.org)
  • On March 20, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for chloroquine phosphate and hydroxychloroquine sulfate in the Strategic National Stockpile to be used by licensed health care providers to treat patients hospitalized with COVID-19 when the providers determine the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the patient. (wustl.edu)
Phosphate3
  • A man in Arizona has died and his wife is in critical condition after drinking a small amount of a chloroquine phosphate product in hopes of preventing a coronavirus infection. (forbes.com)
  • Instead of the drug form of chloroquine phosphate , the couple ingested a chloroquine phosphate product that's used to treat parasites in fish. (forbes.com)
  • They each mixed 1 teaspoon of the chloroquine phosphate with soda. (forbes.com)
Plaquenil2
20212
  • In 2021, hydroxychloroquine was part of the recommended treatment for mild cases in India. (wikipedia.org)
  • In October 2021 a large network of companies selling hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin has been disclosed in the US, targeting primarily right-wing and vaccine hesitant groups through social media and conspiracy videos by anti-vaccine activists such as Simone Gold. (wikipedia.org)
Toxicity1
Antimalarial1
  • In most parts of the world, P. falciparum and, in select countries, P. vivax have shown resistance to the antimalarial drug chloroquine. (cdc.gov)
Patients12
  • Early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, some studies reported that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine displayed the ability to inhibit replication of multiple coronaviruses in vitro and that hydroxychloroquine could improve the clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19. (medscape.com)
  • Meanwhile, New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo said Thursday that preliminary results on a hydroxychloroquine study that involved 600 subjects in the New York City area showed the drug didn't make it more likely that seriously ill COVID-19 patients survived, per the New York Post . (newser.com)
  • The COPCOV study has enrolled 4,000+ vital frontline healthcare workers and staff who have close contact with COVID-19 patients to determine whether chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine effectively prevents or reduces the severity of COVID-19 infections. (oucru.org)
  • (1) A recent study in China demonstrated that chloroquine had clinical and virologic benefits for treatment of COVID-19 patients versus a comparison group. (aliveandwell.health)
  • It has been suggested that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine might be effective additions to treatment of COVID-19 in some patients. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
  • Scientists and physicians are testing chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to see if these medications might benefit patients who are seriously ill from COVID-19. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
  • Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are currently being given to some confirmed positive, hospitalized COVID-19 patients who have severe symptoms plus one or more risk factors. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
  • As Forbes contributor Mary Beth Pfeiffer has written , hydroxychloroquine has appeared to help some patients with COVID-19, and there is hope that further study will reveal it to be a tool in fighting the coronavirus. (forbes.com)
  • Of these, 14 888 patients were in the treatment groups (1868 received chloroquine, 3783 received chloroquine with a macrolide, 3016 received hydroxychloroquine, and 6221 received hydroxychloroquine with a macrolide) and 81144 patients were in the control group. (epidy.com)
  • Patients who received one of the treatments of interest within 48 h of diagnosis were included in one of four treatment groups (chloroquine alone, chloroquine with a macrolide, hydroxychloroquine alone, or hydroxychloroquine with a macrolide), and patients who received none of these treatments formed the control group. (epidy.com)
  • Led by the University of Oxford and Wellcome supported Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit ( MORU ) in Bangkok, Thailand, the COPCOV study is a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial that will enrol 40,000+ frontline healthcare workers and staff from Europe, Africa, Asia and South America who have close contact with patients with COVID-19 to determine definitively if chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are effective in preventing COVID-19. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In fact, patients treated with hydroxychloroquine plus the usual therapies were more likely to die than those who received only the latter. (latimes.com)
Either chloroquine2
  • A global study to test if either chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine can prevent COVID-19 in vital frontline healthcare workers will open to UK participants at hospital sites in Brighton and Oxford today. (ox.ac.uk)
  • After being enrolled in the study and giving their fully informed consent, each COPCOV participant will receive either chloroquine or a placebo (in Asia) or hydroxychloroquine or a placebo (in UK, Europe, Africa) for 3 months. (ox.ac.uk)
Trump6
  • REPORTER: … a panel of doctors with the NIH is issuing a new warning about a drug touted repeatedly by President Trump - hydroxychloroquine. (abc.net.au)
  • When President Trump incorrectly announced that the FDA had fast-tracked approval of the drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for treatment of COVID-19, he added , "The nice part is, it's been around for a long time, so we know that if it-if things don't go as planned, it's not going to kill anybody. (forbes.com)
  • She had recognized the name "chloroquine" when she heard Trump say it because she had used it to treat her Koi fish. (forbes.com)
  • President Trump was an early advocate for the use of hydroxychloroquine pills to treat COVID-19. (latimes.com)
  • New reports indicate that President Trump is taking hydroxychloroquine in combination with zinc to protect against the coronavirus. (anh-usa.org)
  • It is interesting that either President Trump or his physicians understand the importance of zinc, whereas most of the clinical trials on hydroxychloroquine in the US deliberately leave zinc out , presumably because zinc is not a patentable drug. (anh-usa.org)
Prophylaxis2
  • COPCOV is a randomised, placebo-controlled pre-exposure prophylaxis study to determine whether chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine prevents coronavirus disease (COVID-19). (oucru.org)
  • However, public discussion concerning the effectiveness of these drugs on outcomes of COVID-19 (4,5), and clinical trials of hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of COVID-19 continue. (wustl.edu)
20221
Drugs10
  • Both due to its efficacy and favorable side effect profile when compared with alternative drugs for rheumatologic conditions, hydroxychloroquine is an important agent in rheumatologists' armamentarium. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • The COPCOV study compares the drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against a placebo pill (not containing any drugs) for the prevention of COVID-19. (oucru.org)
  • Chloroquine, and its derivative hydroxychloroquine, are part of a class of prescription drugs known as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). (aliveandwell.health)
  • Given the potential benefit of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, the FDA is NOT prohibiting doctors from prescribing nor pharmacies from dispensing these drugs for the purpose of COVID treatment. (aliveandwell.health)
  • For example, both drugs are partially excreted in feces, but the proportions differ slightly-8-10 % for chloroquine and 15-24 % for hydroxychloroquine. (c19hcq.org)
  • Chloroquine was first synthesized in 1934 by Andersag of I.G. Farbenindustrie in a German effort to find drugs better than quinine [11]. (c19hcq.org)
  • If drugs as well tolerated as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine could reduce the chances of catching COVID-19 this would be incredibly valuable," said lead COPCOV UK Investigator Prof Martin Llewelyn , Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Methods: We examined predominantly catechins of green tea include epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and drugs of chloroquine (CQ), and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) appearing to reveal anti-viral activities. (gob.pe)
  • Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) - A class of antirheumatic drugs, including chloroquine, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and gold compounds, that influence the disease process itself and do not only treat its symptoms. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Reports in Nigeria claimed cephalosporins and metronidazole drugs are the most that three people had overdosed on chloroquine after common antibiotics used for self-medication. (who.int)
Therapies1
Derivative1
  • Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the hydroxyl derivative of chloroquine (CQ), is widely used in the treatment of rheumatological conditions (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis) and is being studied for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. (ox.ac.uk)
DMARDs1
  • Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are conventional DMARDs that act as anti-inflammatory immunosuppresives (they interact with the immune system to reduce inflammation). (aliveandwell.health)
Efficacy1
Antimalarials1
Infection4
  • Hydroxychloroquine inhibits the action of cathepsin L in endolysosomes, but because cathepsin L cleavage is minor compared to TMPRSS2 cleavage, hydroxychloroquine does little to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • The work [1] is addressing the open question if Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are helpful in Covid19 infection by analyzing the latest published literature on the subject while applying the scientific method. (provaeducation.com)
  • So that still means that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine could prevent or perhaps even treat early in the course of the infection. (nb4.org)
  • Hydroxychloroquine is not recommended for coronavirus infection, also known as COVID-19, unless you are enrolled in a study. (webmd.com)
Trump's2
  • In Nigeria, Trump's statements triggered a frenzy, and three people were hospitalized after ingesting too much chloroquine. (zmescience.com)
  • Just a day after Trump's press conference, Nigeria reported multiple poisonings from people who attempted to treat themselves with chloroquine and overdosed on the drug. (forbes.com)
Lupus1
Prevention1
  • Sponsored by the University of Oxford (UK), COPCOV ( Chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine prevention of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) ) is funded by a grant by the COVID-19 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome and MasterCard Therapeutics Accelerator. (ox.ac.uk)
Medicines2
  • Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have major drug interactions with other medicines that can put a person at an even greater risk of an abnormal heart rhythm. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
  • Then came very important information - in fact the only really clear information on medicines to date in COVID-19 -, and that came from the UK Recovery trial, which showed that high-dose hydroxychloroquine did not benefit people who were in hospital receiving oxygen or being ventilated with COVID-19. (nb4.org)
Pandemic2
  • Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine may also be beneficial in future pandemics, where vaccines would not be instantly available, or if vaccines became ineffective in the current pandemic. (oucru.org)
  • However, due to the emergent nature of the current pandemic, the World Health Organization recently launched a global megatrial of the most promising coronavirus treatments, including chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (4) . (aliveandwell.health)
Treatment8
  • Chloroquine, along with hydroxychloroquine, was an early experimental treatment for COVID-19. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chloroquine was initially recommended by Indian, Chinese, South Korean and Italian health authorities for the treatment of COVID-19, although these agencies and the US CDC noted contraindications for people with heart disease or diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Given how unexpectedly front and center hydroxychloroquine has been in discussions about the treatment of COVID-19 this year, it makes sense to look at how it became so central to the treatment of a rheumatologic condition. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • What about the combined treatment of azythromycin and chloroquine? (aliveandwell.health)
  • Nicholas White has been one of the few lucid, balanced voices on the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treatment against COVID-19. (nb4.org)
  • The FDA has revoked an emergency order allowing the use of hydroxychloroquine, saying the safety problems and lack of tangible benefits make it ill-suited for a COVID-19 treatment. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • Treatment of PCT involves reduction of hepatic iron, such as with phlebotomy or low-dose hydroxychloroquine. (medscape.com)
  • Many observational studies sues such as pathogen resistance, increased morbidity concluded that the usage of hydroxychloroquine, and inappropriate treatment ( 5 ). (who.int)
Medications4
COPCOV1
  • The COPCOV study is a study which is going to try and find out whether healthcare workers and people working in the healthcare sector could be protected against COVID-19 by taking either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine. (nb4.org)
Beneficial2
Resistance1
  • In addition, resistance to both chloroquine and FansidarR (*) is widespread in Thailand, Myanmar (formerly Burma), Cambodia, and the Amazon basin area of South America, and resistance has also been reported in sub-Saharan Africa. (cdc.gov)
Adverse events1
  • Additionally, in light of ongoing serious cardiac adverse events and other potential serious adverse effects, the known and potential benefits of hydroxychloroquine no longer outweigh the known and potential risks for the EUA. (medscape.com)
Potentially1
  • Hydroxychloroquine is a highly toxic drug with potentially negative side effects. (anh-usa.org)
Treat3
  • Does hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine prevent or treat COVID-19? (ihealthfacts.ie)
  • And a lot of this was promoted by a study that was published on May 22nd by The Lancet which claimed that hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine used to treat COVID-19 were dangerous, that they actually caused heart arrhythmias and killed people. (nb4.org)
  • Some show no benefit, but others do show benefit - they indicate that hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine can either treat or prevent COVID-19. (nb4.org)
Andrew Cuomo1
Prevent1
Commonly1
Effectively1
  • This study provides evidence that (hydroxy)chloroquine may be used effectively in treating moderate COVID-19 and supports larger trials. (medrxiv.org)