• 1 the hydrogen bonds in the equatorial region that hold together the two parts of the dimer change their directionality faster than the NMR time scale (at 400 MHz) at temperatures higher than 298 K. Interestingly, the free energy barrier for this dynamic process at 298 K (DeltaG(298)(double dagger)), depends on the nature of the counter-anion. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Anion emission from molecular species following cation impact. (atomki.hu)
  • Collisional formation of hydrogen anion and cations from H-containing molecular species. (atomki.hu)
  • In case of the compound [TMG][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] hydrogen-fluorine contacts between cation and anion are present in the solid state. (znaturforsch.com)
  • Owing to H … F contacts between hydrogen peroxide and the fluorine substituents of the anion and the resulting activation of H 2 O 2 in solution, the compound [P 4,4,4,14 ][B(C 6 H 3 -3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 ) 4 ] is applicable as an efficient mediator for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides. (znaturforsch.com)
  • The mol-ecule has an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond between the ammonium cation and the hydro-phosphate anion. (iucr.org)
  • Versatile synthetic route has been developed to novel ligands possessing both cation and anion binding sites. (europa.eu)
  • Unfortunately however, no evidence of anion binding could be obtained for the resulting structures due to both stability problems (sequestering of cations by added anions) and intramolecular hydrogen bonding competing with anion binding. (europa.eu)
  • Formation of anions and cations via a binary-encounter process in OH+ + Ar collisions: The role of dissociative excitation and statistical aspects. (atomki.hu)
  • The influence of cations and anions on the physical properties of the obtained compounds was examined. (znaturforsch.com)
  • The crystal structure of the title compound comprises polymeric chains formed by two independent copper(II) polyhedra, [CuN 2 O 2 ] and [CuN 4 O 2 ], which are linked by sulfate anions and stabilized by extended hydrogen-bonding, C-H⋯π and π-π inter-actions. (iucr.org)
  • as bicarbonate anions and phosphate anions prevent hydrogen cations from doing so. (medfriendly.com)
  • The special enol form not only brings a stronger acidity but also allows it to form two interionic hydrogen bonds with anions. (confex.com)
  • Sodium hydroxide separates in water to sodium cations (positively charged sodium atoms) and hydroxide anions (negatively charged oxygen and hydrogen atoms), which ultimately decrease the acidity of the water. (cdc.gov)
  • If released to soil, sodium hydroxide will separate into sodium cations and hydroxide anions when it comes into contact with moisture. (cdc.gov)
  • The AG value represents the difference between unmeasured cations and anions, ie, the presence of anions in the plasma that are not routinely measured. (medscape.com)
  • The blood pH needs to be constantly between 7.35 and 7.45, and in addition the blood needs to remain electrically neutral, which means that the total cations, or positively charged particles, equals the total anions, or negatively charged particles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Now, not all of the ions are easy or convenient to measure, so typically the dominant cation, sodium Na+, which is typically around 137 mEq/L and the two dominant anions, chloride Cl−, which is about 104 mEq/L, and bicarbonate HCO3−, which is around 24 mEq/L, are measured. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Renal losses of hydrogen ions occur whenever the distal delivery of sodium increases in the presence of excess aldosterone, which stimulates the electrogenic epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the collecting duct. (medscape.com)
  • As this channel reabsorbs sodium ions, the tubular lumen becomes more negative, leading to the secretion of hydrogen ions and potassium ions into the lumen. (medscape.com)
  • NHEs mediate the secondary active extrusion of hydrogen (H+) ions out of cells in exchange for extracellular sodium (Na+). (thermofisher.com)
  • Lithium is a monovalent cation and competes with sodium osmolarity) and urine output can prevent serious at various channels like sodium-potassium 2 chloride pump consequences. (who.int)
  • 8] Considering the efficacy of lithium in (Na+-K+-2Cl- pump), sodium hydrogen pump (Na+-H+ pump) treating various psychiatric disorders, one should not hesitate and the epithelial channel. (who.int)
  • Figure 2 - A molecular orbital diagram for open and closed hydrogen bridged cations with carbon is shown above. (wikipedia.org)
  • Variational Calculation of the Hydrogen Molecular Cation using Maple (II). (uconn.edu)
  • The pi and pi-star orbitals of the hydrogen molecular cation are obtained using Maple in the same manner as the sigma and sigma-star orbitals were obtained in paper-36. (uconn.edu)
  • These results show that once the steric requirements are met, electronic effects may serve as an additional driving force for the formation of such molecular capsules demonstrating the importance of cation-pi interactions in such systems. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Production of anionic fragments from molecular species following cation impact. (atomki.hu)
  • The active moiety patiromer is a carboxylic acid compound with a relatively low molecular weight, enabling a high binding capacity for cations. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • In the crystal, O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the components lead to the formation of a three-dimensional supra-molecular framework. (iucr.org)
  • Self-assembly of specific molecular architectures from organic ligands and metal cations is a very interesting playground for this endeavour. (europa.eu)
  • However, these 2D layered perovskites, having the insulating organic cations separating these inorganic slabs, tend to adopt an orientation where these inorganic slabs would be aligned in parallel to the substrate. (nature.com)
  • Some of the common inorganic acids are: hydrogen sulfide, phosphoric acid, hydrogen chloride, and sulfuric acid. (silver-colloids.com)
  • These groups can also dissociate at physiological pH giving a net negative charge on the silicate surface which can lead to adsorption, or coordination, of organic and inorganic cations, such as iron and aluminium. (cdc.gov)
  • In this work, a series of Brønsted acidic ionic liquids having different protonated amide-based cations were synthesized and investigated as solvents and catalysts in the oxidation desulfurization of diesel fuel, with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. (confex.com)
  • For example, the surface can generate a range of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the hydroxyl radical (.OH), agents known to be toxic to cells and tissues (Fantone and Ward, 1984). (cdc.gov)
  • Iceberg lettuce was inoculated for 2 min with E. coli O157:H7 (6.0 log CFU/g) or P. fluorescens (6.0 log CFU/g) and then dip-treated in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) control, 50 ppm chlorine, 3% hydrogen peroxide treatment or a 0.1%, 0.3%, or 0.5% microemulsion solution. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hydrogen-bridged cations are a type of charged species in which a hydrogen atom is simultaneously bonded to two atoms through partial sigma bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • The model is characterized by a 3-membered ring where a hydrogen atom is located between two other atoms with partial sigma bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • As hydrogen bridges discussed here are 3 center (3 atom) - 2 electron bonds, the investigations over the possibilities of such systems laid an important framework from which to understand this bonding. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1973, G. Olah was able to directly observe the 2-norbornyl cation by low-temperature NMR and confirm the presence of a non-classical 2-norbornyl cation, allowing the field to reach some conclusions about the possibilities of 3 center - 2 electron bonds involving carbon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two pairs of Arg109-mediated cation-pi interactions, as well as hydrogen bonds, have been identified to stabilize the different CD-loop conformations. (rcsb.org)
  • In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network. (iucr.org)
  • The desired sugar-decorated grid-like complexes have been successfully obtained via two routes: by self-assembly from ligands (4 ligands and 4 zinc cations) and by component self-assembly (simple mixing of fragments of ligands, which combine by means of chemical bonds forming first the desired ligands, which in turn self-assemble into the grid-like complex). (europa.eu)
  • Moreover, six uncoordinated water mol-ecules increase the number of hydrogen bonds in the network and lead to the formation of (H(2)O)(infinity) clusters. (who.int)
  • Silanol groups can form hydrogen bonds with cell membranes, thought to be the main site of quartz toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • The membranes show the capability to recognize monovalent/divalent cations, achieving excellent K + /Mg 2+ selectivity of 121.2 using mixed salt solution as the feed, which outperforms other reported membranes under similar testing conditions and transcends the current upper limit. (nature.com)
  • Herein, the effect of alkali metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+ and Cs+) on the non-Nernstian pH shift of the step-related voltammetric peak of the Pt(553) electrode is investigated over a wide pH window (113) by means of experimental and computational methods. (nist.gov)
  • The ligands were shown to form L-shaped complexes with transition metal cations, as expected. (europa.eu)
  • To produce simple model system having these characteristics, we have designed and synthesised sugar-decorated ligands able to self-assemble into grid-like complexes upon binding with transition metal cations (so-called [2x2] grids, comprising 4 ligands and 4 cations). (europa.eu)
  • Chemical tuning of spacer organic cations has attracted great interest due to their additional functionalities. (nature.com)
  • However, how the chemical nature of the organic cations affects the properties of two-dimensional perovskites and devices is rarely reported. (nature.com)
  • The affinity of the tropylium cation toward the dimer's cavity is much higher than that of neutral organic guests. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made up from only two types of elements - hydrogen (H) and carbon (C). Hydrocarbons constitute a very large and important group of organic compounds - for example most products from natural mineral oil are hydrocarbons. (nobelprize.org)
  • The classical view (Figure 1.a) involves a fast-equilibrating system in which a hydrogen atom rapidly shifts between two adjacent carbon atoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The non-classical view (Figure 1.b) involves the delocalization of two electrons over three atoms (1 hydrogen and 2 carbon atoms). (wikipedia.org)
  • This verification of delocalized sigma bonding in the 2-norbornyl system was a critical foundation for understanding hydrogen bridges between carbon atoms, another form of delocalized sigma bonding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although much has been learned about reaction dynamics involving one hydrogen atom, less is known about those processes where two or more hydrogen atoms participate. (osti.gov)
  • Two-and many-body effects in cation emission from H2O molecules by O+ impact at keV energies: Similarities between ionization of atoms and proton emission from molecules. (atomki.hu)
  • m/z 123), formerly assumed to be a distonic ammonium ion bearing a cyclohexadienyl radical, was now identified as a conventional radical cation, ionized N,N-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-para-toluidine. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Occupancy and cation multiplicity refinements of the five octahedral sites suggest that the two-chain sheet, which is more readily flexible than the three-chain sheet, contains tin and ferric iron in one cation site, ferrous iron and magnesium in the other. (geoscienceworld.org)
  • The successful deployment of advanced energy-conversion systems depends critically on our understanding of the fundamental interactions of the key intermediates (hydrogen and hydroxyl) at electrified metal-aqueous electrolyte interfaces. (nist.gov)
  • This work provides key missing information on how spacer cations exert influence on desirable electronic properties and device performance of two-dimensional perovskites via the weak and cooperative interactions of these cations in the crystal lattice. (nature.com)
  • Among them, ionic liquids with lactam-based cation exhibited the best performance by completely removing S-components in short time. (confex.com)
  • Our results show that the co-adsorbed alkali cations along the step weaken the OH adsorption at the step sites, causing a positive shift of the potential of the step- related peak on Pt(553). (nist.gov)
  • Density functional theory calculations explain our observations on the identity and concentration of alkali cations on the non-Nernstian pH shift, and provide definite proof that cation-hydroxyl co-adsorption causes the apparent pH dependence of "hydrogen" adsorption in the step sites of platinum electrodes. (nist.gov)
  • George A. Olah has through his research on the cations from carbon compounds (carbocations) in superacidic solvents and at low temperatures opened new avenues towards new and detailed knowledge of their structure and reactivity. (nobelprize.org)
  • Hydrogen is the long-term solution to weaning the nation off the traditional carbon fuels. (jamjar.com)
  • It was only last year that the Government made plans for the first large scale low-carbon hydrogen plants! (jamjar.com)
  • What's the energy of your compound, compared to the amount of energy that was in hydrogen and carbon of graphite. (yale.edu)
  • And that doesn't surprise you, because we've talked about having more carbons as opposed to hydrogens on a double-bonded carbon makes the compound more stable. (yale.edu)
  • Here we show that single and double hydrogen migrations occurring in ethanol cations and dications take place within a few hundred fs to ps, using a 3D imaging and laser pump-probe technique. (osti.gov)
  • For double hydrogen migration, the hydrogens are not correlated, with the second hydrogen migration promoting the breakup of the C-O bond. (osti.gov)
  • The probability of double hydrogen migration is quite significant, suggesting that double hydrogen migration plays a more important role than generally assumed. (osti.gov)
  • Unidirectional double-hydrogen (2H) and triple-hydrogen (3H) rearrangement reactions occur upon electron-ionization-induced fragmentation of trans-2-(4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzyl)-1-indanol (1), trans-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1-indanol (2), 4-(4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-2-butanol (3), and related compounds, as reported some 35 years ago (Kuck, D. (uni-koeln.de)
  • While best observable in the presence of superacids at room temperature, spectroscopic evidence has suggested that hydrogen-bridged cations exist in ordinary solvents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although exact quantitative values are not available due to the low solubility of tropylium salts in apolar solvents, a rough estimation in CD2Cl2 shows that the tropylium cation affinity is several orders of magnitude higher than that of benzene, which is known to be a good guest. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Establishing the atomic structure of high-pressure phases of hydrogen is challenging because hydrogen only scatters X-rays weakly, and the energy differences between competing structures are tiny. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Use this hydrogen-form resin for gravity or low-pressure chromatography. (bio-rad.com)
  • Here we demonstrate that the selection of spacer cations (i.e., selective fluorination of phenethylammonium) affects the film properties of two-dimensional perovskites, leading to different device performance of two-dimensional perovskite solar cells (average n = 4). (nature.com)
  • Characterization and simulations indicate that the cation recognition effect of EDTA and partial dehydration effects play critical roles in cations selective sieving and increasing the local charge density within the sub-nanochannel significantly improves cation selectivity. (nature.com)
  • Hydrogen can undergo transfer, exchange and migration processes, having considerable impact on the chemical behavior of these molecules. (osti.gov)
  • Herein, inspired by K + channel of streptomyces A (KcsA K + ), we have constructed cation sieving membranes using MXene nanosheets and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) molecules as building blocks. (nature.com)
  • Loss of tubular function prevents the kidneys from excreting hydrogen cations (H+) and thereby causes metabolic acidosis. (medscape.com)
  • While the closed C-H-C bond has not been isolated or studied, it is well established that hydrogen-bridged metals prefer the closed triangular bonding pattern. (wikipedia.org)
  • the hydrogen-ion dependence has the form k obs = c+d [H + ]. The oxidation of [1, 1- 2 H 2 ] ethanol (MeCD 2 OH) exhibited a substantial primary kinetic isotope effect. (ias.ac.in)
  • The hydrogen-ion dependence has the form k obs = a + b [H + ]+ c [H + ] 2 . (ias.ac.in)
  • Whenever a hydrogen ion is excreted, a bicarbonate ion is gained in the extracellular space. (medscape.com)
  • A superacid can for example be prepared from hydrogen fluoride (HF) and antimony pentafluoride (SbF 5 ). (nobelprize.org)
  • Structural analysis reveals that different packing arrangements and orientational disorder of the spacer cations result in orientational degeneracy and different formation energies, largely explaining the difference in film properties. (nature.com)
  • A mechanism involving formation of a sulphenium cation in the rate-determining step has been proposed. (ias.ac.in)
  • b) self-assembly of sugar-decorated grid-shaped metal complexes, able to bind multiple lectins (sugar-binding proteins) with concomitant formation of hybrid biopolymers (hierarchical self-assembly where cation binding is followed by sugar-lectin interaction). (europa.eu)
  • The way it works though is that hydrogen cars are powered by electricity that they produce internally through chemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen. (jamjar.com)
  • That's the official name for this process, the splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen and is also considered to be the more eco-friendly option when we're talking about renewable electricity. (jamjar.com)
  • Batch technique was utilized to test the cation exchange efficiency of the prepared composite material toward C.I. basic violet 16 dye decolourization. (hindawi.com)
  • Relative cation stability can be understood in terms of hyperconjugation, hybridization, and solvation or polarizability. (yale.edu)
  • Congeneric behaviour linear or predictable structure and reactivity traits, an extension of the well known idea of periodicity is explored amongst the products of the hydrogen probe experiments, as discussed on the previous page . (meta-synthesis.com)
  • As an innovative cation exchange material, nanozirconium tungestovanadate prepared using homogeneous precipitation technique was immobilized into alginate matrix and evaluated for cationic dye decolourization. (hindawi.com)
  • The reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) is a promising salinity gradient energy technology, capable of producing hydrogen with an input of waste heat at temperatures below 100 °C. A salinity gradient drives water electrolysis in the reverse electrodialysis (RED) cell, and spent solutions are regenerated using waste heat in a precipitation or evaporation unit. (mdpi.com)
  • The results show that the evaporation concept requires 40 times less waste heat and produces three times more hydrogen than the precipitation concept. (mdpi.com)
  • The potential energy diagram of this model is characterized by a single energy minimum, where the structure of the cation corresponds to the transition state between the two conformers of the classical view. (wikipedia.org)
  • Under short circuit condition, the hydrogen permeability increased significantly by more than one order of magnitude indicating that the hydrogen transport is limited by electronic conduction under open circuit conditions. (sintef.no)
  • Electrostatics can help position an attacking electrophile like H + , but bonding en route to Markovnikov addition requires orbital mixing to form the more stable cation. (yale.edu)
  • The protonated lactam-based cation was proved to exist in a special enol form. (confex.com)
  • Addition to alkenes can involve free-radical, metal-catalyzed, and stepwise electrophilic mechanisms, the last via a cation intermediate. (yale.edu)