• In the chair conformation, the reference plane is chosen such that the lowest-numbered atom (usually C-1) is exoplanar. (wikipedia.org)
  • Instead, the ends of the ring are bent up or down, most frequently in the 'chair' conformation. (rincondelvago.com)
  • gives an alternative view of the cation, indicating the distinctive chair conformation of the gluco-pyran-oside as well as the overall stereochemistry of the compound. (iucr.org)
  • The DMF was removed for a clear view of the chair conformation. (iucr.org)
  • As per the chair conformation, alpha glucose has a cyclic structure with four -OH groups attached to the carbon chain. (vivadifferences.com)
  • In the catalytic reaction, Glu35 is thought to act as a general acid catalyst to protonate the glycosidic oxygen, while Asp52 acts as a conjugate base and stabilizes the carbonium ion intermediate that adopts a half-chair conformation with C1 carbon displaying sp 2 hybridization. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the title compound, C(18)H(13)BrN(4)O(3)S(3), the tetra-hydro-pyridine ring adopts a half-chair conformation with the central methyl-ene-C atom of the NCH(2)CH(2) unit at the flap. (who.int)
  • Many internal carbon atoms of monosaccharides and other organic molecules are asymmetric-each of their four covalent bonds links to a different atom or chemical group. (rincondelvago.com)
  • Number of disulfides: simple=0, symmetry=0 Automatic linking Parameters for automatic linking Linking & cutoffs Metal : Auto - 3.50 Amino acid : False - 1.90 Carbohydrate : True - 1.99 Ligands : True - 1.99 Small molecules : False - 1.98 Amino acid - RNA/DNA : False Number of custom bonds: simple=0, symmetry=0 Time building additional restraints: 5.79 Conformation dependent library (CDL) restraints added in 2.6 seconds 4348 Ramachandran restraints generated. (lbl.gov)
  • Hydrogen bond directionality was further established via comparisons of fluorinated levoglucosan molecules. (lu.se)
  • Carbohydrates are one of the most important components of the biological world in addition to being one of the most abundant classes of biological molecules. (studiousguy.com)
  • Carbohydrates are extensively linked protein and lipid molecules. (studiousguy.com)
  • Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • That is, the combination of the different atoms of the molecules. (exampleslab.com)
  • The intramolecular associations, (hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces of attraction), of S-198 gum molecules in aqueous solutions were proposed. (scirp.org)
  • The short side-chains of rice, potato and wheat amylopectin molecules may participate in the intermolecular hydrogen bonding with amylose molecules. (scirp.org)
  • Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them. (ivy-way.com)
  • Knowledge of the three-dimensional structures of the carbo-hydrate molecules is indispensable for a full understanding of the molecular processes in which carbohydrates are involved, such as protein glycosylation or protein-carbohydrate interactions. (iucr.org)
  • Oxygen atoms in the structure are, in general, referred to by the carbon atom they are attached to in the acyclic form, and designated O. Then: Position the ring so that, if looking at the top face, the atoms are numbered clockwise. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glucose, which is oftentimes referred to as dextrose , is made up of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. (vivadifferences.com)
  • In a second step, addition of a Lewis base generates a tetracoordinate adduct, which serves as an activating group, enabling functionalization of one of the boron-bound oxygen atoms by a second electrophile. (acs.org)
  • The alternative forms of a molecule in which atoms or groups attached to the carbon chain point in different direction are termed steroisomers. (rincondelvago.com)
  • Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of mannose from a nucleoside diphosphate mannose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. (lookformedical.com)
  • The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule. (lookformedical.com)
  • allosteric protein - A protein that changes among two or more structural conformations upon binding to a small molecule called an effector. (rcsb.org)
  • amine - A molecule containing nitrogen with a single bond to a carbon chain and two other single bonds to hydrogen or carbon. (rcsb.org)
  • When a chemical reaction occurs, the energy content of the reacting molecule or atom increases. (golifescience.com)
  • In Fischer projections, atoms which are linked to an asymmetric carbon atom by horizontal bonds are present in front of the plane of the page whereas those linked to asymmetric carbon by vertical bonds are present behind. (studiousguy.com)
  • Furthermore, the crystal structure contains one mol-ecule of DMF, which accepts two O-H⋯H hydrogen bonds from the OH groups of the gluco-pyran-oside. (iucr.org)
  • Two additional hydrogen bonds exists between the [MeGluVIm] cation and the iodide anion, which are O4-H4 A ⋯I1 with 2.71 (5) Å and O5-H5 A ⋯I1 with 2.75 (5) Å. (iucr.org)
  • Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist. (ivy-way.com)
  • If two or more individual substances have the same quantity structure (molecular formula) but are different from each other by the succession of atom bonds or their place in the space, then they are called isomers. (ppt-online.org)
  • Chiral carbon atom is atoms which has bonds with four different atoms or groups. (ppt-online.org)
  • Hydrogenation is a reaction between hydrogen and the carbon-carbon double bonds in an unsaturated fatty acid. (ifst.org)
  • adenine (A) - A nitrogenous base that occurs in DNA and RNA nucleotides and pairs with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA) through two hydrogen bonds. (rcsb.org)
  • It is characterized by hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl group (-C=O) of one amino acid and the amino (N-H) group of the amino acid 4 residues below it along the helix. (rcsb.org)
  • This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. (libretexts.org)
  • Number of hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine? (dapzoi.com)
  • In the crystal, adjacent mol-ecules are connected via bifurcated C-Hcdots, three dots, centered(N,O) hydrogen bonds, forming a chain along the b axis. (who.int)
  • After obtaining his degree in 1997, he worked as a Wellcome Trust and BBSRC Research Fellow, designing joint theoretical and experimental approaches to study the dynamic conformation of hyaluronan, both free and in the presence of protein, and expanding his research into other polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. (gr.jp)
  • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units, with important functions in the body including energy storage, structural support, and immune response. (lookformedical.com)
  • The gelation occurs in the formation of intra- and intermolecular associations, where hemiacetal oxygen, hydroxyl and/or methyl groups of the sugar residues of the polysaccharides contribute hydrogen bonding and/or van der Waals interactions in aqueous solutions. (scirp.org)
  • It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION. (lookformedical.com)
  • Various interior dynamics including self organization of macromolecules, protein conformation, movement of human thoracic diaphragm, formation of logarithmic spiral in nature were discussed in the light of potential energy of self gravity and kinetic energy of metabolic energy. (webmedcentral.com)
  • 3-10 helix - A type of protein secondary structural element that is more tightly coiled than the alpha helix (3 amino acids per turn with 10 atoms in the ring completed by each intra-helical hydrogen bond). (rcsb.org)
  • The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a valuable resource for three-dimensional structural information on glycoproteins and protein-carbohydrate complexes. (iucr.org)
  • Glycosylation is classified by the way the carbohydrate chain is linked to the protein. (iucr.org)
  • Each protein performs a specific function in a living cell because of its distinct structure, conformation, or shape. (easy4learning.com)
  • Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry. (wikipedia.org)
  • This Lewis base-triggered switching of behavior from "latent" to "active" nucleophile is a unique feature of boronic esters relative to other protective groups for diol moieties in carbohydrate chemistry. (acs.org)
  • For example, the backbone carbon atom linked to the carbonyl group in an alpha amino acid, to which the side chain is attached. (rcsb.org)
  • The backbone atoms of the peptide in this region forms a right handed helical structure, hence the name. (rcsb.org)
  • Xylans are defined as carbohydrate polymers consisting of a β-1,4-xylosyl (Xyl p ) backbone, although xylans containing a β-1,3 and mixed linkage β-1,4-1,3 backbone structure have been found in algal species [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Simplified representation illustrating the backbone conformation, colored by secondary structure. (transectscience.org)
  • In enzyme catalysis, enzymes bind their substrate(s), change conformation, and force the substrates into a strained or distorted structure that resembles the T-State. (golifescience.com)
  • These bioelements can be classified into primary, secondary and tertiary elements or trace elements according to the conformation of the biomolecules. (exampleslab.com)
  • Atoms above the plane are written before the conformer label, as a superscript Atoms below the plane are written following the conformer label, as a subscript As shown by the relative structure energies in the diagram above, the chair structures are the most stable carbohydrate form. (wikipedia.org)
  • STRUCTURAL FUNCTION: You sweeten them have an important paper in the conformation and structures of the cells. (rincondelvago.com)
  • This article gives an overview of the information that can be obtained from individual PDB entries and from statistical analyses of sets of three-dimensional structures, of typical problems that arise during the analysis of carbohydrate three-dimensional structures and of the validation tools that are currently available to scientists to evaluate the quality of these structures. (iucr.org)
  • Monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and monocyclic compounds with one hetero atom: synthesis, reactivity and properties. (mahasarkar.co.in)
  • Carbohydrate NMR takes advantage of these dihedral angles to determine the configuration of each of the hydroxyl groups around the ring. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carbohydrates are nothing but aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups. (studiousguy.com)
  • All aliphatic hydrogens where summed into their adjoined carbon atom (also set in the resp.in file). (ambermd.org)
  • Thus, CnH2n+2 - formula of alkanes, CnH2n+1OH - is a formula of aliphatic single atom alcohols. (ppt-online.org)
  • Studies of fluorinated analogues revealed a direct hydrogen bond from the hydroxyl group at C2 to the fluorine atom at C4 by a (1h)J(F4,HO2) coupling. (lu.se)
  • It has been found that replacement of any single hydroxyl group in the determinant by a hydrogen atom, or replacement of any single hydroxyl group in the Gal residue by a fluorine atom has little if any influence on the conformation of the resulting derivatives. (pasteur.fr)
  • Carbohydrate metabolism, inborn errors refer to genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to properly process carbohydrates, leading to various metabolic disorders. (lookformedical.com)
  • Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)
  • Basic principle involved in Biogenic amines biosensor is the action of diamine oxidase (DAO) that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary amines to the corresponding aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. (ijpsr.com)
  • Biogenic amines concentration can be measured by monitoring either the decrease in oxygen or the increase of hydrogen peroxide concentration. (ijpsr.com)
  • Indeed, given that four guanine residues can self-associate in a planar arrangement through a Hoogsteen-type hydrogen-bonding network [ 4 ] to form a structure called G-quartet, G-rich strands can adopt a peculiar three-dimensional arrangement called G-quadruplex DNA [ 5 - 9 ] resulting from the stacking of several contiguous G-quartets (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • conformation of acyclic systems (substituted ethane/n-propane/n-butane) and cyclic systems (mono- and di-substituted cyclohexanes). (mahasarkar.co.in)
  • These mol-ecules are defined as ionic organic compounds in which either the cation or the anion consists of an intact carbohydrate moiety. (iucr.org)
  • Pyranose is a collective term for saccharides that have a chemical structure that includes a six-membered ring consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. (wikipedia.org)
  • A further refinement to the conformation of pyranose rings came when Sponsler and Dore (1926) realized that Sachse's mathematical treatment of six-membered rings could be applied to their X-ray structure of cellulose. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glyceraldehyde with C-2 atom is chiral or asymmetric in nature, henceforth, there are two stereoisomers of this sugar. (studiousguy.com)
  • The groups attached to asymmetric carbon atoms can take up either of two fixed position with respect to other carbon atoms in a chain. (rincondelvago.com)
  • Tumors express embryonic carbohydrate antigens called tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA). (silverchair.com)
  • Between which carbon atoms of pentose sugars of nucleotides are these linkages present? (vedantu.com)
  • His Ph.D. thesis centered on the interaction of carbohydrates (especially hyaluronan) with water, both experimentally and theoretically. (gr.jp)
  • hydrogen atom of alpha-D-Glucose. (ambermd.org)
  • Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. (vivadifferences.com)
  • Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight, where it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, the most abundant carbohydrate in the world. (vivadifferences.com)
  • These two forms of glucose are (stereo)isomers, because they contain the same atoms, but they differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space. (vivadifferences.com)
  • Alpha glucose is an isomer of D-glucose in which the -OH group present on the first carbon atom is on the same side of the CH2OH group. (vivadifferences.com)
  • These data suggest that small carbohydrate moieties may "fit" in the variable region of the TcR. (silverchair.com)
  • Unfortunately, many carbohydrate moieties in the PDB contain inconsistencies or errors. (iucr.org)
  • It is a scientific method used to determine the arrangement of atoms of a crystalline solid in a three dimensional space. (dapzoi.com)
  • Processes for site-selective, sequential functionalizations of carbohydrate derivatives are described. (acs.org)
  • The best understood subclass is N -glycosylation, in which the glycans are linked to the N δ 2 atom of an Asn side chain. (iucr.org)
  • Therefore, carbohydrate chains are usually displayed as a tree-like two-dimensional graph. (iucr.org)
  • In most cases this is the D-form of the monosaccharide, which accounts for the fact that D-forms are much more common than L- forms among cellular carbohydrates. (rincondelvago.com)
  • This puckering leads to a total of 38 distinct basic pyranose conformations: 2 chairs, 6 boats, 6 skew-boats, 12 half-chairs, and 12 envelopes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Equilibria comprising the conformations C-4(1), S-2(0) and C-1(4) were found, with a strong dependence on the hydrogen bonding ability of the solvent. (lu.se)
  • Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. (ivy-way.com)
  • They can also be called epimers because they represent different configurations of atoms about a single stereogenic centre - in this case carbon 1. (vivadifferences.com)
  • However, it still appeared to leave the door open to various interpretations of what was the molecular detail of the conformation that caused the non-ideality. (gr.jp)
  • This work provides new insights into gas-phase ion-neutral reactions of the model peptides (i.e., angiotensin II and bradykinin) on a per-residue basis by integrating hydrogen/deuterium exchange, ion mobility, tandem mass spectrometry, selective vapor binding, and molecular dynamics simulations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thus, each carbohydrate has has an ensemble- averaged charge set, which does not 'favor' a particular conformation for the hydroxy groups orientations. (ambermd.org)
  • in the direction of their -OH (hydroxyl) and -H (hydrogen) groups on carbon 1. (vivadifferences.com)