• In this paper, we review the thermodynamic theory governing solid-liquid phase equilibria for the multicomponent NAPLs, and we present experimental observations of such phase equilibria for binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). (stthomas.edu)
  • Moreover, the obtained MNPs showed the specific extraction efficiency to organic pollutant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, while superparamagnetic property of the MNPs facilitated the convenient separation of MNPs from the bulks water samples. (hindawi.com)
  • MNPs coated with ionic liquid were applied to preconcentrate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples through forming mixed hemimicelles on the surface of MNPs. (hindawi.com)
  • Phenolic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and drugs have also been reported in e-cigarette refill solutions, cartridges and aerosols. (bmj.com)
  • 1397). 'Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Chemometrics Methods after Their Preconcentration by Salting-Out Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction', فصلنامه علمی زیست فناوری گیاهان زراعی , 6(1), pp. 10-18. (ac.ir)
  • Food can be contaminated by PAHs because of the contamination of air, water or soil, and during industrial process, as heating, drying and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over 200 smoking process. (bvsalud.org)
  • NIOSH's response focused primarily on industrial hygiene assessment of potential occupational exposures [benzene and other volatile organic compounds, oil mist, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNA's), diesel fumes, and noise] during typical tasks performed by the majority of the 11,000 workers involved in the 1989 cleanup activities. (cdc.gov)
  • A study of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons on an amino bonded phase " by Dori Karlesky, Dennis C. Shelly et al. (lsu.edu)
  • 1,3-Dialkylimidazolium-based ionic liquids were chemically synthesized and bonded on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with easy one-step reaction. (hindawi.com)
  • The obtained six kinds of ionic liquid modified MNPs were characterized with transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, magnetization, and FTIR, which owned the high adsorption capacity due to the nanometer size and high-density modification with ionic liquids. (hindawi.com)
  • Functionality of MNPs with ionic liquids greatly influenced the solubility of the MNPs with organic solvents depending on the alkyl chain length and the anions of the ionic liquids. (hindawi.com)
  • Ionic liquids, which can be tuned by choosing of the cations and anions independently, exhibited unique physicochemical properties, such as tunable miscibility with water and organic solvents, and have potential applications as electrolyte materials, green solvents, catalysts, and separation mediums [ 9 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • N,N′-diallylimidazolium-based ionic liquids have also been used as extractant to highly enrich organic pollutants from aqueous samples in microextraction techniques, such as dispersed liquid-liquid microextraction and single drop microextraction, or to functionalize the stationary phase of chromatographic column and solid fiber membranes [ 15 - 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In this work, a novel kind of modified MNPs with N,N′-dialkylimidazolium-based ionic liquids containing different alkyl chain lengths and inorganic anions were synthesized by covalent bonding. (hindawi.com)
  • Six kinds of (3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazolium (TIM) ionic liquids, (1-hexyl-3-TIM chloride (HTIMCl), 1-octyl-3-TIM chloride (OTIMCl), 1-decyl-3-TIM chloride (DTIMCl), 1-hexyl-3-TIM hexafluorophosphate (HTIMPF 6 ), 1-octyl-3-TIM hexafluorophosphate (OTIMPF 6 ), and 1-decyl-3-TIM hexafluorophosphate (DTIMPF 6 )) were synthesized (Table 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • ACS Appl Mater Interfaces , 2017, 9 , 6014) inheriting many useful characteristics of conventional ionic liquids (reduced vapour pressure, high thermal stability, wide electrochemical potentials). (qub.ac.uk)
  • The research will include optimisation of an ionic liquid catalysed procedure for synthesis of new glycerol-glymes, and investigation of their phase behaviour in mixtures with lithium bistrifylimide to examine the potential formation of highly conductive concentrated electrolyte solutions and new solvate ionic liquids using DSC, rheometry, conductivity and linear sweep voltametry. (qub.ac.uk)
  • This project aims to determine the potential of NMR to sense the environment felt by CO 2 and small hydrocarbons in ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DES). (qub.ac.uk)
  • Capítulos em Livros J. F. Ely and I. M. J. Marrucho, "The Corresponding-States Principle", Chapter in Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures, J.V. Sengers, R.F. Kayser, C.J.Peters and H.J. White, Jr. Eds. (ua.pt)
  • 3. I.M.J. Marrucho and J. F. Ely, "An Extended Corresponding States Model for Pure Polar and Non-Polar Fluids: An Improved Method for Component Shape Factor Prediction", Fluid Phase Equilib. (ua.pt)
  • Interfacial tension of oil against water: This standard is used to evaluate hydrocarbon fluids and possible contamination levels. (scientificgear.com)
  • Z. Luo, J. Pei, L. Wang, P. Yu and Z. Chen, Influence of an ionic liquid on rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling fluids at high temperatures, Applied Clay Science , 136 (2017), 96-102. (ucalgaryreservoirsimulation.ca)
  • To compare the separation efficiency a two-step approach of adsorption on activated charcoal followed by liquid-solid extraction using 1-butene and percent recovery of each of the components, mole and mass based distribution coefficients were calculated and it was observed that other than for n-butanol, the distribution coefficients for other components increased compared to that of the direct liquid-liquid extraction process. (auburn.edu)
  • In this project, we applied the NMR relaxometry techniques combined with NMR measurements of molecular diffusion to study the adsorption and vapor-liquid-equilibria of molecular species relevant to FT catalysis. (carefuel-lab.net)
  • Adsorption by the AC is designed to provide rapid initial removal of COCs from the aqueous phase. (frtr.gov)
  • The viscosity of pure nitrogen and of three (nitrogen + carbon dioxide) mixtures was measured over the temperature range from (253.15 to 473.15) K with pressures up to 2 MPa utilizing a rotating-body viscometer. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The experimental data were correlated using the modified Enskog theory for hard sphere mixtures correct to the second viscosity virial coefficient. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Measurements and Modeling of Phase Behavior, Density, and Viscosity of Oil + Carbon Dioxide: Squalane + CO2 at Temperatures (313 to 363) K and Pressures up to 77 MPa. (acs.org)
  • It has a gas-like viscosity and low surface tension, so it penetrates porous solids more easily than a liquid. (cbdsvet.cz)
  • Vaseline is a semisolid mixture of mostly highly branched, high molecular weight aliphatic hydrocarbons having high viscosity and some degree of thyxotropy. (yarchive.net)
  • Gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are both staple techniques for separations used in our small molecule analysis lab. (brewerscience.com)
  • HPLC uses a liquid solvent , which is determined by the complexity of the compounds in the sample alongside their polarity and solubility. (brewerscience.com)
  • Organic solvents are HPLC grade. (hindawi.com)
  • High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most commonly used analytical techniques in pharma today10. (ddw-online.com)
  • Despite the relatively small amount of solvent used for a typical analytical HPLC instrument (~1mL/min) the fact that there may be hundreds or even thousands of these instruments operating within a single pharmaceutical company makes the cumulative use of solvent for analytical HPLC a significant green chemistry concern. (ddw-online.com)
  • Phase equilibrium, isotopic separation, and mass transfer data were taken between 77.4 and 114.3 K for the following solvents: propane, propylene, 1:1 propane-propylene, 1-butene, isobutane and nitrogen. (iaea.org)
  • Isotopic separation between CO in the gas and liquid phases using hydrocarbon solvents was several times that for pure CO vapor-liquid equilibrium. (iaea.org)
  • The maximum observed isotopic separation factor was 1.029 at 77.4 K with the propane-propylene solvent mixture. (iaea.org)
  • A phase separation kinetic model was applied to the experimental results in order to evaluate rate constants of maltene degradation ( k M ) and coke formation ( k C ). The addition of toluene decreased k M . This means that maltene in the oil-rich liquid phase was extracted by toluene and its concentration was lower compared with neat pyrolysis. (steelscienceportal.jp)
  • Since the textile processing of HFs can damage the wall of the fiber or close the fiber bore, the membrane properties of the obtained structures are tested with a CO 2 /CH 4 mixture in the temperature range of 0 to 40 °C. It is shown that HFs within the textile structure keep the same transport and separation characteristics compared to initial HFs. (mdpi.com)
  • Opportunities for reducing solvent consumption and waste generation in separation sciences used to support industrial pharmaceutical discovery and development are presented and discussed in this article. (ddw-online.com)
  • Water-miscible extraction solvent (1.0 mL of acetonitrile) and a suitable amount of salt (1.0 g of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) are added into the aqueous solution (4.0 mL) and dissolved using a vortex leading to the occurrence of phase separation. (ac.ir)
  • This project is part of the Moura's group focus of developing Liquid Engineering for Gas Separation (LEGS). (qub.ac.uk)
  • By definition, fractional distillation is the separation of components in a liquid mixture based on their boiling points. (physicsinmyview.com)
  • Experiments were run at different operating temperatures and feed flow rates to investigate the effect on the dehydration products, which are mixtures of three phases: (1) a gas phase consisting of light hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, (2) an organic liquid phase consisting of heavy hydrocarbons, and (3) an aqueous phase with dissolved oxygenated hydrocarbons. (auburn.edu)
  • We demonstrate that the presence of the amphiphilic replicator, by lowering the interfacial tension between droplets of the reaction mixture and the aqueous phase, causes them to divide. (nature.com)
  • en] The feasibility of separating carbon isotopes by absorptive distillation has been studied for CO absorption by cryogenic solvents. (iaea.org)
  • Liquid carbon dioxide is the safest because it uses a naturally occurring gas and recyclable cleaning agents. (ewg.org)
  • Patronize cleaners that use liquid carbon dioxide or the wetcleaning method. (ewg.org)
  • After incubation of these vesicles under a nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of NADPH with carbon-14 (C-14) labeled CCl4, the phospholipids were extracted and then separated by high performance liquid chromatography. (cdc.gov)
  • Measurements and Modeling of Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Carbon Dioxide + Higher Alkanes: CO2 + n-Pentadecane at Temperatures 313 to 410 K and Pressures up to 77 MPa. (acs.org)
  • The focus is on the phase equilibria of systems which are of industrial relevance, e. g., mixtures containing hydrogen fluoride (production of refrigerants), aqueous solutions of surfactants (enhanced oil recovery), carbon dioxide capture (CCS from flue gases), and hydrogen bonded liquid crystals (optical devices). (thomasyoungcentre.org)
  • In addition, replacement of petrochemical-derived hydrocarbon chromatography solvents with supercritical carbon dioxide, and the use of selective adsorbents and reactive resins, are presented as examples of greener approaches to the removal of impurities from pharmaceutical intermediates. (ddw-online.com)
  • Each AC amendment mixture contains a specific form and particle size of carbon and may also incorporate biological or chemical amendments capable of degrading target COCs. (frtr.gov)
  • Native microorganisms biodegrade hydrocarbon compounds under aerobic conditions, using them as a source of carbon and energy. (eni.com)
  • The former was known to improve the in situ extraction of the hydrocarbons from the catalysts and to better manage the heat and mass transfer limitations in a packed bed reactor. (carefuel-lab.net)
  • For extraction of ABE as a mixture, a preferential extraction of n-butanol was observed over the other components in the mixture due to its least polar characteristic among the components and thus higher solubility in the organic phase. (auburn.edu)
  • If the NAPL phase behaves as an ideal solution and if the solid precipitate is pure, then a compound's mole fraction solubility limit in the NAPL phase equals its solid-liquid reference fugacity ratio. (stthomas.edu)
  • Experimental results indicate that for compounds such as naphthalene and acenaphthene, the solid-liquid reference fugacity ratio serves as a good indicator of the solubility limits in the NAPL phase. (stthomas.edu)
  • Although the naked and modified MNPs had similar saturation magnetizations, the obvious differences of solubility in water and organic solvents were observed. (hindawi.com)
  • Typically lipid solutions are prepared at 10-20mg lipid/ml organic solvent, although higher concentrations may be used if the lipid solubility and mixing are acceptable. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The gaseous product contained mostly 1-butene and its isomers and some other lighter unsaturated hydrocarbon gases. (auburn.edu)
  • The first aim of this project is to perform 1 H, 13 C and 2D NMR of solutes such as CO 2 and small hydrocarbons (gases and liquids such as CH 4 , ethane, ethene, hexane, hexene) in a variety of common laboratory solvents. (qub.ac.uk)
  • When preparing liposomes with mixed lipid composition, the lipids must first be dissolved and mixed in an organic solvent to assure a homogeneous mixture of lipids. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Once the lipids are thoroughly mixed in the organic solvent, the solvent is removed to yield a lipid film. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • For larger volumes, the organic solvent should be removed by rotary evaporation yielding a thin lipid film on the sides of a round bottom flask. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The lipid film is thoroughly dried to remove residual organic solvent by placing the vial or flask on a vacuum pump overnight. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The formation of a double-solvent supramolecular system was generated by in situ formation and used as an extraction solvent for the coacervative extraction method. (bvsalud.org)
  • The target analytes in the sample was extracted into the water-miscible extraction solvent. (ac.ir)
  • The influence of various parameters, such as extraction solvent and volume, type and amount of salt, vortex time and sample pH were studied and optimized. (ac.ir)
  • citation needed] Fluoroantimonic acid solutions decompose when heated, generating free hydrogen fluoride gas and liquid antimony pentafluoride at a temperature of 40 °C. As a superacid, fluoroantimonic acid solutions protonate nearly all organic compounds, often causing dehydrogenation, or dehydration. (wikipedia.org)
  • In all the cases, gas (water-rich) and liquid (oil-rich) phases were observed at the final temperature. (steelscienceportal.jp)
  • High-performance liquid chromatography can be performed at room temperature. (brewerscience.com)
  • Small changes in solvent composition and temperature can lead to a different product. (cbdsvet.cz)
  • In supercritical CO2 extraction, temperature and pressure are used to create phase changes in CO2. (cbdsvet.cz)
  • At room temperature, gasoline is a colorless to pale brown or pink liquid with a wide range of boiling points: 90°F to 399°F (39°C to 204°C). Many of the hydrocarbons found in gasoline vaporize readily at room temperature. (cdc.gov)
  • Liquid coordination complexes (LCCs) are - as the name suggests - coordination complexes with melting points below room temperature, also known as ionic liquid analogues. (qub.ac.uk)
  • The conditions that they report (dichloromethane as solvent, -78 degree C temperature, BCl3 as a Lewis acid, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine as a bulky, more selective base), might not be directly scalable, especially for those with limited experience in synthetic chemistry. (hemphacker.com)
  • Then, the reaction conditions can be altered (time, temperature, equivalents) to increase yield, and a different solvent, Lewis acid, or base can be swapped to reduce toxicity and cost. (hemphacker.com)
  • As the temperature increases, different hydrocarbon components vaporize at specific temperature ranges. (physicsinmyview.com)
  • The temperature of the hydrating medium should be above the gel-liquid crystal transition temperature (Tc or Tm) of the lipid with the highest Tc before adding to the dry lipid. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Spinning the round bottom flask in the warm water bath maintained at a temperature above the Tc of the lipid suspension allows the lipid to hydrate in its fluid phase with adequate agitation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Phase observation of bitumen in toluene, or water-toluene mixture was conducted during heating up to 380 °C or 400 °C by a view cell. (steelscienceportal.jp)
  • Bitumen pyrolysis in toluene or water-toluene mixture was also performed at 430 °C. For comparison, bitumen pyrolysis in the absence of solvent (so-called neat pyrolysis) was also conducted. (steelscienceportal.jp)
  • The coke yield at a reaction time of 30 min in toluene was lower than that of neat pyrolysis, while that in water-toluene mixture was the highest among all the reaction atmospheres (neat pyrolysis, in toluene, and in water-toluene mixture). (steelscienceportal.jp)
  • At 60 min, the coke formation was suppressed in the presence of solvents (toluene and water-toluene mixtures). (steelscienceportal.jp)
  • In toluene, k C was higher than that in neat pyrolysis and it is the same reason as the decrease of k M , that is, the extraction concentrated asphaltene in oil-rich liquid phase and the rate of coke formation was enhanced. (steelscienceportal.jp)
  • The k M in water-toluene mixture was higher than that in toluene alone. (steelscienceportal.jp)
  • In water-toluene mixture, some part of lighter maltene probably remains in oil-rich liquid phase because of high pressure of water. (steelscienceportal.jp)
  • This can be explained the reason of higher value of k M . The addition of water-toluene mixture increased k C more than that in toluene. (steelscienceportal.jp)
  • The doleoyl- phosphatidylcholine fraction was transesterified and the resulting single C-14 labeled fatty acid methyl ester was purified by reverse phase chromatography. (cdc.gov)
  • The fabricated sensor was successfully applied to assess the presence and amount of MP in vegetables and fruits (recoveries of 82.0-106.8%), with results comparable to high-performance liquid chromatography. (bvsalud.org)
  • An eco-friendly sample preparation method that is based on the use of a modified peanut shell as an efficient biosorbent for the extraction of triazole residues before their analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography was reported. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chromatography is a process for separating components of a mixture for analysis. (brewerscience.com)
  • The actual process involves separating different components through the chromatography method most appropriate to the mixture, as explained further in the method section. (brewerscience.com)
  • We can then use analytical chromatography to conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis of the components of a mixture. (brewerscience.com)
  • Brewer Science offers many different analytical and application testing services, however, understanding the difference between liquid chromatography and gas chromatography will allow you to visualize the opportunity that exists in analytical testing. (brewerscience.com)
  • The main difference between gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography is the mobile phase used. (brewerscience.com)
  • Several approaches are considered for 'greening' analytical chromatography, where small solvent savings multiplied across the hundreds or thousands of users found in a typical pharma company can add up to significant waste reduction. (ddw-online.com)
  • Chromatography relies on the selective partition of different molecules between a stationary phase and a mobile phase, as depicted in Figure 1. (ddw-online.com)
  • Liquid chromatography, most commonly used for purification in the pharmaceutical industry (10), typically employs modified silica or polymer particles as a solid phase, with water, organic solvents, or a mixture of the two as a mobile phase. (ddw-online.com)
  • Solvent reduction, substitution or elimination has long been a major focus for many areas of green chemistry research (11), including dry cleaning, extractions and organic reactions and processing (12,13), and many of the approaches used in those areas are also useful in reducing solvent waste from chromatography. (ddw-online.com)
  • Analytical chromatography is typically performed using a stationary phase column of 4.6mm diameter and 25cm length at a mobile phase flow rate of about 1mL/min. (ddw-online.com)
  • In contrast, preparative chromatography is carried out using much larger columns, sometimes in excess of 1 metre diameter, with mobile phase flow rates of many litres per minute. (ddw-online.com)
  • Given this huge amount of solvent, preparative chromatography must clearly be a major focus for green chemistry efforts. (ddw-online.com)
  • Journal of Liquid Chromatography , 6 (3), 471-495. (lsu.edu)
  • Results The levels of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), aldehydes, metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), flavours, solvent carriers and tobacco alkaloids in e-cigarette refill solutions, cartridges, aerosols and environmental emissions vary considerably. (bmj.com)
  • This source of information is not available for LCCs, therefore the liquid-phase speciation is elucidated by combining several spectroscopic techniques, such as Raman and NMR spectroscopies (Figure 1), but also more advanced techniques, such as EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure). (qub.ac.uk)
  • The experimental data for the binary mixtures were compared with an Extended Corresponding States (ECS) model as implemented in the NIST REFPROP 9.1 database. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Experimental liquid densities of decane and of CO 2 (1) + decane (2) binary mixtures (at five different compositions, x 1 = 0.0551, 0.2369, 0.4536, 0.8114, and 0.9663) were measured from (313 to 363) K and at pressures up to 25 MPa. (acs.org)
  • Thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures containing ketones. (nist.gov)
  • If you dilute the aromatic solution with an aliphatic >hydrocarbon, the polystyrene precipitates partly and forms a gel like >mass of the whole. (yarchive.net)
  • The H0 value measures the protonating ability of the bulk, liquid acid, and this value has been directly determined or estimated for various compositions of the mixture. (wikipedia.org)
  • 13C DEPT spectra of the liquid mixtures corresponding to the 9 calibration compositions. (carefuel-lab.net)
  • Acetaldehyde is used as a fruit and fish preservative, a flavouring agent, a denaturant for alcohol, in fuel compositions, for hardening gelatine, and as a solvent in the rubber and tanning industries. (toronto.ca)
  • Gasoline is a volatile, flammable liquid. (cdc.gov)
  • Gasoline is flammable at temperatures above -51°F (-46°C). Most of the hydrocarbons in gasoline are insoluble in water and soluble in some organic solvents. (cdc.gov)
  • Petroleum ether is a highly volatile and flammable hydrocarbon solvent, widely used for cleaning, degreasing, and as a laboratory solvent. (physicsinmyview.com)
  • Also, we have systemically developed a kinetic model for the FT reaction both in the conventional gas phase and in the supercritical solvent phase. (carefuel-lab.net)
  • In order to capture the non-ideal behavior of the supercritical phase FT reaction medium, we have developed a modified equation of state that is capable of simulating the thermodynamic behavior of the reaction mixture in the bulk phase and in the confined catalyst porous structure. (carefuel-lab.net)
  • Evaluating hydrocarbon fluid contamination levels is important in numerous industries including transformer oil testing and most Fuels. (scientificgear.com)
  • Our heavy use of petroleum products and the effects of hydrocarbon fluid contamination makes for an almost limitless list of applications that require testing. (scientificgear.com)
  • however, persons whose clothing or skin is contaminated with liquid gasoline can cause secondary contamination by direct contact or through off-gassing vapors. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study biomass fermentation products such as alcohol ketone and carboxylic acid mixtures and also bio-methane or shale gas are catalytically upgraded in a thermochemical conversion process to produce energy dense higher hydrocarbon molecules that can be used as liquid fuel or energy sources. (auburn.edu)
  • Solvents like mineral spirits are made up of molecules that are more volatile, or prone to vaporizing, than the substances they dissolve. (wxresearch.org)
  • This means that the mineral spirits will continue to evaporate until there is no longer enough energy left for the molecules to remain in the gas phase. (wxresearch.org)
  • while the MRD method lacks the intrinsic spatial resolution been taken to indicate that the D state induced by strong denatu- of the NOE method, it provides more direct information about rants (and disulfide reduction) approaches a random coil1, imply- the extent (number of water molecules), order (orientational ing that the polypeptide chain is exposed to bulk solvent. (lu.se)
  • Kinetics and mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions of the hydroxyl radical with organic compounds under atmospheric conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, trichloroethylene and dichloromethane are common cleaning solvents that may be used in sectors such as manufacturing. (toronto.ca)
  • Nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contaminants that are chemical mixtures often contain compounds that are solids in their pure states. (stthomas.edu)
  • It can be applied in combination (alternating phases) with a Soil Vapour Extraction (SVE) process to ensure the removal of both volatile/semi-volatile and non-volatile hydrocarbon fractions. (eni.com)
  • Bio-oil is a mixture of over 200 different types of major and minor organic compounds, and is a source of some pure chemicals including phenol, organic acids, alcohol, and aldehyde, among others [12]. (researchgate.net)
  • In the United States, organic lead compounds were phased out as anti-knock additives in 1997 and are no longer used in commercial gasoline. (cdc.gov)
  • The main feature of this new reactor is its capabilities in selecting the product distribution of the FT reaction either toward the low hydrocarbon distribution range (gasoline and jet fuels) or toward the medium and light hydrocarbon distortion range (diesel fuel and lubricant). (carefuel-lab.net)
  • A high percentage of the liquid is composed of carrier solvents, such as glycerol and/or propylene glycol. (bmj.com)
  • Mono- and Di-glycerides is a mixture of glycerol mono- and di-esters, with minor amounts of tri-esters, of fatty acids from edible oils. (mubychem.com)
  • Mineral spirits are odorless and colorless liquids that have a similar consistency to water. (wxresearch.org)
  • Hydrogen fluoride, a weak acid in aqueous solution that is normally not thought to have any appreciable Brønsted basicity at all, is in fact the strongest Brønsted base in the mixture, protonating to H2F+ in the same way water protonates to H3O+ in aqueous acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the hot water process was performed after the melt process so that the chlorine contained in the chlorinated hydrocarbons and the iron chloride can be removed. (steelscienceportal.jp)
  • Using TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 in slurry form, the photocatalytic degradation was studied by measuring the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) parameter, qualitative analysis, and GC-MS. At first, optimization of the parameters on photocatalytic degradation of hydrocarbon pollutants in real produced water, using TiO2 nanoparticles as photocatalysts under UV light, was carried out applying response surface methodology. (waset.org)
  • No. 8,815,050 relates to processes and systems for drying liquid bromine utilizing two fractionators to produce a substantially dry liquid bromine stream and a substantially bromine-free water stream. (justia.com)
  • Wet bromine liquid may be conveyed to a first fractionator wherein a substantially dry bromine liquid is produced, while a vapor stream from the first fractionator may be condensed into a first liquid phase comprising bromine saturated with water and a second liquid phase comprising water saturated with bromine. (justia.com)
  • To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work about application of the chemically bonded ionic liquid modified MNPs for detecting carcinogenic organic pollutants in environmental water samples. (hindawi.com)
  • Water is the solvent of choice for liquid pharmaceutical formulations. (scialert.net)
  • Addition of a phase splitter/ Decanter allows complete drying of solvent mixtures forming Azeotropes like water-Ethanol/IPA etc. (synergypune.com)
  • The starting point is a fermented liquid, such as beer or wine, which contains a mixture of alcohol, water, and various impurities. (physicsinmyview.com)
  • The hydrated lipid sheets detach during agitation and self-close to form large, multilamellar vesicles (LMV) which prevents interaction of water with the hydrocarbon core of the bilayer at the edges. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Proteins denatured by guanidinium chloride are not fully solvent exposed but contain strongly perturbed occluded water. (lu.se)
  • Examples include the physical blends of thermoplastic olefins ("TPO") such as polypropylene with ethylene-propylene copolymers, and similar blends wherein the ethylene-propylene, or ethylene-propylene-diolefin phase is dynamically vulcanized so as to maintain well dispersed, discrete soft phase particles in a polypropylene matrix. (allindianpatents.com)
  • However, it has been noted that the coating of ionic liquid is noncovalent, which means that ionic liquid is more easily desorbed from surface and preconcentration of organic pollutants is strongly affected by the extraction parameters. (hindawi.com)
  • Both of these processes use additional solvents and low temperatures to remove wax and lipids from the final product. (cbdsvet.cz)
  • In WO 2005/083814 A1, solutions of at least one organic semiconductor containing at least one high-molecular weight constituent in a solvent mixture of at least three different solvents A, B and C are disclosed. (justia.com)
  • Fluoroantimonic acid is a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and antimony penta-fluoride, containing various cations and anions (the simplest being H 2F+ and Sb F− 6). (wikipedia.org)
  • An in situ coacervative extraction (IS-CAE) based on a double-solvent supramolecular system coupled to liquid-liquid microextraction is investigated for extraction and enrichment of triazole fungicides. (bvsalud.org)
  • This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project addresses the critical need for long-life neutron generator s for use in nondestructive evaluation and in situ testing. (nsf.gov)
  • Degradation of the COCs can be implemented by the delivery of typical in situ biological or chemical treatment amendments, which are either directly incorporated into the AC amendment mixture or delivered separately in a treatment train approach. (frtr.gov)
  • Desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry with ammonia as reagent gas as well as desorption electron impact mass spectrometry permitted identification of the molecular structure as a mixture of 9 and 10 (trichloromethyl)stearate methyl esters. (cdc.gov)
  • and recovering molecular halogen from the mixture comprising one or more of a molecular halogen, a trihalide, and a halide. (justia.com)
  • The objectives of Phase I are (1) to construct a proof-of-principle generator for operation at 125 kV, (2) to experimentally demonstrate that a uniform, high energy ion beam can be generated, and (3) to develop the conceptual design for a Phase II laboratory prototype DNG system. (nsf.gov)
  • citation needed] The gas-phase acidity (GPA) of individual species present in the mixture have been calculated using density functional theory methods. (wikipedia.org)
  • No. 10,011,485, the disclosure of which is likewise incorporated herein by reference, relates to methods for the manufacture of cyclododecasulfur, that include reacting a metallasulfur derivative with an oxidizing agent in a reaction zone to form a cyclododecasulfur-containing reaction mixture. (justia.com)
  • The substance which is to be dissolved is known as solute and the fluid (medium) in which the solute to be dissolve is known as solvent and the process of dissolving solute into solvent is called as solution. (scialert.net)
  • They are a type of solvent , which means they are a liquid that can dissolve other substances. (wxresearch.org)
  • They are made from a mixture of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum and are known for their ability to dissolve oil-based paints, varnishes, and other substances. (wxresearch.org)
  • This is why mineral spirits are often preferred as a solvent, as they can effectively dissolve a wide range of substances without leaving behind any residue. (wxresearch.org)
  • They evaporate in contact with air, meaning that they will not dry on your skin or clothes as solvent-based cleaners do. (wxresearch.org)
  • When you use mineral spirits as a solvent, the liquid will evaporate as it comes into contact with the air, leaving behind any dissolved substances. (wxresearch.org)
  • The liquid air is then allowed to evaporate, leading to the creation of a gas mixture. (physicsinmyview.com)
  • 1,2 As liquids with very high metal concentrations, they are used primarily for electrodepositions and in catalysis, especially in Lewis acid catalysis, but have the potential to be used as precursors for the synthesis of inorganic materials. (qub.ac.uk)
  • Liquids and fluidic metals? (scientificgear.com)
  • In general, except for fluidic metals there are no known liquids that will indicate a surface or interfacial tension above 90/100 dynes per centimeter. (scientificgear.com)
  • Considering the widely acknowledged Accordingly, theoretical models of the MG state invariably invoke importance of protein-solvent interactions for stability and fold- a substantial internal hydration20-22. (lu.se)
  • Mineral spirits, also known as white spirits or mineral turpentine, are a type of solvent that is commonly used as a paint thinner. (wxresearch.org)
  • The results show that nonnative proteins are more structured and less solvent exposed than commonly believed. (lu.se)
  • By flowing AC into the flux zones of an aquifer, COC mass flux due to groundwater advection moving through the treatment area, as well as longer-term COC matrix diffusion mass flux from lower permeability soil units, is adsorbed onto the AC surface and removed from the dissolved phase. (frtr.gov)
  • 1mL), the solvent may be evaporated using a dry nitrogen or argon stream in a fume hood. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The four triazole fungicides were separated on a Purospher STAR RP-18 endcapped (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 µm) column with a mobile phase of 50% (v/v) acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 and detection wavelength set at 220 nm. (bvsalud.org)
  • HHV of the liquid product increased with a decrease in the feed flow rate, and γ-Al2O3 catalyst was found to perform better than ZSM-5 for getting a good conversion of ABE in terms of liquid product energy content at a moderate reaction time. (auburn.edu)
  • A novel hydrocarbon conversion catalyst is disclosed. (northwestern.edu)
  • Surface tension is a measurement taken on a liquid and Interfacial tension is a measurement taken between/among liquids. (scientificgear.com)
  • In summary then, we can conclude that all of the liquids we will encounter while measuring surface tension or interfacial tension with a traditional tenstiometer will fall in the range not to exceed 100 dynes per centimeter. (scientificgear.com)
  • However, the number of important parameters playing a role during deposition and drying process makes the choice of the solvent very challenging. (justia.com)
  • The pKa on the other hand, measures the equilibrium of proton dissociation of a discrete chemical species when dissolved in a particular solvent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, in contrast to solid phase, in the liquid there are often not one, but several species in a dynamic equilibrium with each other, which further complicates the characterisation. (qub.ac.uk)