• The introduction of FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) marked the beginning of a new era for the study of chromosome structure and function. (biosyn.com)
  • [ 101 ] It is based on overlapping microdissection libraries (partial chromosome paints [PCPs]) producing fluorescence profiles along the human chromosomes, which was first described using the example of chromosome 5 in 1999. (medscape.com)
  • The synapsis of homologous chromosomes and the frequency and distribution of meiotic recombination events were studied in pachytene spermatocytes of captive bred male impalas ( Aepyceros melampus ) polymorphic for der(14;20) by immunofluorescent analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization. (springer.com)
  • Bonnet-Garnier A, Pinton A, Berland HM, Khireddine B, Eggen A, Yerle M, Darré R, Ducos A (2006) Sperm nuclei analysis of 1/29 Robertsonian translocation carrier bulls using fluorescence in situ hybridization. (springer.com)
  • 1. Complete cytogenetic characterization of the human breast cancer cell line MA11 combining G-banding, comparative genomic hybridization, multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization, RxFISH, and chromosome-specific painting. (nih.gov)
  • 2. Cytogenetics of the chronic myeloid leukemia-derived cell line K562: karyotype clarification by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization, and locus-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Characterization of the human myeloid leukemia-derived cell line GF-D8 by multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization, subtelomeric probes, and comparative genomic hybridization. (nih.gov)
  • 10. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of a nontumorigenic human breast epithelial cell line that eventually turns tumorigenic: validation of an analytical approach combining karyotyping, comparative genomic hybridization, chromosome painting, and single-locus fluorescence in situ hybridization. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Genomic alterations in lung adenocarcinomas detected by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of two primary squamous cell carcinomas of the lung using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Evaluation of 24-color multifluor-fluorescence in-situ hybridization (M-FISH) karyotyping by comparison with reverse chromosome painting of the human breast cancer cell line T-47D. (nih.gov)
  • fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), technique that employs fluorescent probes for the detection of specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences in chromosomes. (britannica.com)
  • Detection of hybridisation sites in situ was based on fluorescence from streptavidin-linked inorganic crystals of cadmium selenide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • karyotype clarification by G-banding, whole chromosome painting, microdissection and reverse painting, and comparative genomic hybridization. (nih.gov)
  • Previously proposed protocols suggested G-banding staining or preliminary FISH with whole chromosome paints (WCP) as methods to identify the chromosome of interest. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Besides whole chromosome painting probes (WCP), partial chromosome painting (PCP) probes can also be extremely helpful for the characterization of chromosomes of closely related species and their evolutionary relations to each other. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed distributions of the tandemly repeated sequences (macrosatellites, telomeric repeats, and ribosomal DNA). (bvsalud.org)
  • [ 103-108 ] Some of the abovementioned chromosome bar codes were based on such locus-specific probes. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] At present, mainly bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes are used, as the necessary BACs can easily be tracked in genome browsers [ 109-111 ] and are offered commercially. (medscape.com)
  • The euchromatin conservatism was shown by comparative chromosome painting with stone marten probes in newly built maps of the sable and pine marten. (bvsalud.org)
  • According to the literature, studies performed with BAC-FISH using probes from Gallus gallus and Taeniopygia guttata (TGU) libraries have shown interactions between macro and microchromosomes and micro inversions in chromosomes previously considered conserved. (nih.gov)
  • A technique for visualizing CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA . (nih.gov)
  • This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species. (nih.gov)
  • Until recently, MCB probes have only been available for human and some murine chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Generation of MCB probes for chromosomes of other species, useful and required in many cytogenetics research fields, was limited by technical difficulties. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MCB probes are established by chromosome microdissection followed by whole genomic DNA amplification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we present a complete workflow for MCB probe generation for those cases and species where chromosome morphology is too challenging to recognize target chromosomes by conventional methods and where WCP probes are not available. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present method can be applied for generation of whole or region-specific DNA probes for species, where karyotyping of G-banded chromosomes is challenging due to similar chromosome morphology and/or chromosome banding patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • however, for many species there is a lack of available DNA probes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, application of human MCB probes on chromosomes of evolutionarily distant species is challenging, and often not feasible. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This created the necessity of generating MCB probes for the chromosomes of other species, potentially interesting from the cytogenetic point of view. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In situ hybridisation probes were labelled by nick translation with digoxigenin-11-dUTP or biotin-16-dUTP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hybridisation sites of the digoxigenin- or biotin-labelled probes were detected using the conventional detection systems, anti-digoxigenin-rhodamine antibody, or streptavidin-Alexa 488 respectively, each at a concentration of 2 μg/ml. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. (lookformedical.com)
  • Furthermore, we show that the multiple sex-chromosome system of the Pyrenean species of Iberolacerta originated from the fusion of the ancestral W chromosome with one of the shortest autosomes, and provide additional evidence of the fast evolution of DNA sequences linked to the W chromosome in Lacertini. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sex chromosomes evolve from autosomes and are typically extremely conserved, not only among species but entire classes of organisms. (nature.com)
  • 2012]. Current models of sex chromosome evolution propose that sex chromosomes originate from autosomes [Charlesworth and Charlesworth, 2000] and have done so multiple times independently in diverse lineages across the tree of life [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
  • A second milestone can be considered the findings, in 1956 by Tjio and Levan , that the typical human chromosomal complement contained 46 chromosomes: 44 autosomes and the sex chromosomes, XX for females and XY for males. (hawaii.edu)
  • In diploid cells, homologous chromosomes occupy separate territories, but expression from genes located on either the paternal or maternal homolog is usually similar. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The absolutely necessary condition for chromosome microdissection is the possibility to identify the target chromosome unambiguously. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The fused chromosome and the normal acrocentric chromosomes 14 and 20 formed trivalent in pachynema which showed either protruding proximal ends of the acrocentric chromosomes or single axis with synaptic adjustment in the pericentromeric region. (springer.com)
  • Most species of Lacertini possess a diplod number of 2n = 38, with 36 acrocentric macrochromosomes and 2 microchromosomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • We detected two types of cervine X chromosome-acrocentric and submetacentric. (bvsalud.org)
  • The family Cervidae is the second most diverse in the infraorder Pecora and is characterized by variability in the diploid chromosome numbers among species. (bvsalud.org)
  • [ 14 ] MCB/m-banding allows for differentiation of chromosome region-specific areas at the band and sub-band level at a resolution of 550 bands per haploid karyotype. (medscape.com)
  • This number, along with the visual appearance of the chromosome, is known as the karyotype, and can be found by looking at the chromosomes through a microscope. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gallagher DS Jr, Derr JN, Womack JE (1994) Chromosome conservation among the advanced pecorans and determination of the primitive bovid karyotype. (springer.com)
  • Furthermore, very conspicuous differences from the standard Lacertini karyotype were observed in the three Pyrenean species of this genus, which included several biarmed metacentrics and a Z1Z2W multiple sex-chromosome system. (bvsalud.org)
  • Among these species, only Charadrius collaris had the karyotype studied by chromosome painting, which allowed the identification of chromosomal homeologies with the karyotypes of Gallus gallus (GGA) and Burhinus oedicnemus (BOE). (nih.gov)
  • Chaves R, Guedes-Pinto H, Heslop-Harrison J, Schwarzacher T (2000) The species and chromosomal distribution of the centromeric alpha-satellite I sequence from sheep in the tribe Caprini and other Bovidae. (springer.com)
  • It shows 22 homologous autosomal chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two sex chromosomes, as well as the mitochondrial genome (at bottom left). (wikipedia.org)
  • Constitutive-heterochromatin placement in the genome affects chromosome structure by occupying centromeric areas and forming large blocks. (bvsalud.org)
  • As in EMA, comparative genome hybridization revealed putative macro XX/XY chromosomes in ESU (the 4th largest pair). (karger.com)
  • The terms are best thought of as describing elements of a continuum that ranges from the doubling of a single genome (autopolyploidy), to the incorporation of differentiated genomes in a single nucleus by hybridization of different species (allopolyploidy). (peerj.com)
  • Reference deer genome is the basis for systematically illustrating deer evolution, deciphering unique biological attributes of deer species, and is significant in protection and utilization of deer genetic resources. (chinagene.cn)
  • The list of organisms by chromosome count describes ploidy or numbers of chromosomes in the cells of various plants, animals, protists, and other living organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The discovery of sex chromosome systems in non-model organisms has elicited growing recognition that sex chromosomes evolved via diverse paths that are not fully elucidated. (karger.com)
  • Growing data from non-model organisms are changing our understanding of sex chromosome evolution by challenging theoretical paradigms derived mostly from comparative karyotypic research on organisms with well-differentiated sex chromosomes, such as insects, mammals, and birds [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
  • We carried out comparative analyses of chromosome evolution in the congeneric species I. galani and I. bonnali, as well as in two other species of Lacertini (Lacerta schreiberi and Timon lepidus) whose sex chromosomes were also studied through comparative genomic hybridization. (bvsalud.org)
  • Phylogenetic analyses of 27 selected transcripts using a coalescent approach also are consistent with multiple origins for these allopolyploid species, and suggest that origins occurred within the last several hundred thousand years. (peerj.com)
  • An optically stable, novel class of fluorophores (quantum dots) for in situ hybridisation analysis was tested to investigate their signal stability and intensity in plant chromosome analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fusion of ancestral chromosomes left distinctive remnants of telomeres, and a vestigial centromere. (wikipedia.org)
  • either there was no chromosomal sex determination in the last common ancestor and both systems developed independently, or one lineage retained the ancestral sex chromosomes while in the other lineage a transition to the alternate system occurred. (nature.com)
  • Hybrids between different species might be expected to suffer deleterious incompatibilities because alleles from orthologous genes from different species may not interact well in hybrids, and if these genes are on the sex chromosomes and are recessive, the heterogametic sex is likely to suffer the most. (nature.com)
  • In mammals, one of the female X chromosomes and all imprinted genes are expressed exclusively from a single allele in somatic cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, X-linked genes are subject to silencing by X chromosome inactivation (XCI) on one of the two homologs in female somatic cells [ 2 ], and a subset of autosomal genes are subject to imprinting and expressed from either the paternal or maternal allele [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Research has established the broad mammalian developmental plan that genes on the sex chromosomes influence gonad development which determines gonadal hormone production (or its absence) leading to modification of the genitalia and simultaneously biasing the nervous system to organize adult sexual behavior. (hawaii.edu)
  • These now-classic papers, along with many others, established the broad developmental plan that, at least for mammals, the following pathway occurs: genes on the sex chromosomes influence gonad development which determines gonadal hormone production (or its absence) leading to modification of the internal and external genitalia and simultaneously biasing the nervous system to organize adult sexual behavior (see e.g. (hawaii.edu)
  • HR-HPV DNA integration into host cells chromosome, predominately for HPV 16/18/31/33/45/53 subtypes , altered epithelial cells DNA by inhibiting tumor suppressor genes p53 and Rb, resulting in increased viral replication and tumor progression ( 7,8). (pdfplayer.org)
  • Ferguson KA, Chow V, Ma S (2008) Silencing of unpaired meiotic chromosomes and altered recombination patterns in an azoospermic carrier of a t(8;13) reciprocal translocation. (springer.com)
  • Previous studies in hybrids detected multiple abnormalities of spermatogenesis and a high frequency of dissociation between the X and Y chromosomes at the meiotic prophase. (mdpi.com)
  • 4. Chromosomal aberrations in neuroblastoma cell lines identified by cross species color banding and chromosome painting. (nih.gov)
  • Preliminary results on a broad series of compounds belonging to different biological classes (herbicide, insecticide, fungicide) seem to indicate that pesticides are toxic but are poor initiating agents, as shown by negative or weak positive results on different genetic end points (gene mutations, DNA effects, and chromosome aberrations in vitro and in vivo). (nih.gov)
  • However, the nine species included in the genus Iberolacerta do not possess microchromosomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Among the perennial species of Glycine , the plant genus that includes the cultivated soybean ( G. max ), are eight allopolyploid species, three of which are studied here. (peerj.com)
  • Thomas (1911) considered that this species was more closely allied to the New World genus Blarina rather than to any Old World genus of shrews and assigned the Asian short-tailed shrews to a separate genus, Blarinella . (pensoft.net)
  • A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. (lookformedical.com)
  • A significant reduction in the number of recombination events was observed in the trivalent chromosomes compared to the normal chromosomes 14 and 20. (springer.com)
  • Davisson MT, Akeson EC (1993) Recombination suppression by heterozygous Robertsonian chromosomes in the mouse. (springer.com)
  • 2011]. Sex chromosomes are defined by the presence of a sex-determining region containing a sex-determining factor, and strong selection favors the reduction of recombination in the heterogametic sex between the sex-determining region and nearby sexually antagonistic alleles that have differential fitness effects on males versus females [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
  • 5. Evaluation of breast cancer polyclonality by combined chromosome banding and comparative genomic hybridization analysis. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of non-small cell lung carcinoma by spectral karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization. (nih.gov)
  • Here we report on an over 30-year evolutionary experiment in which we tested the genomic consequences of hybridisation and selection between two Xiphophorus fish species with different sex chromosome systems. (nature.com)
  • Comparison with the recently reported two-superdomain structure of the human inactive X shows that the genomic content of the superdomains differs between species, but part of the boundary region is conserved and located near the Dxz4 / DXZ4 locus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cernohorska H, Kubickova S, Vahala J, Rubes J (2012) Molecular insights into X;BTA5 chromosome rearrangements in the tribe Antilopini (Bovidae). (springer.com)
  • Previous crossing studies and molecular systematic results from two nuclear gene sequences led to hypotheses of origin for these species from among extant diploid species. (peerj.com)
  • Molecular prevalence of Bartonella, Babesia, and hemotropic Mycoplasma species in dogs with hemangiosarcoma from across the United States. (academictree.org)
  • Molecular detection and genotyping of high risk HPV 16 and 18 were conducted by Chromogenic in site hybridization (CISH). (pdfplayer.org)
  • The molecular clock is a technique in molecular evolution that uses fossil constraints and rates of molecular change to deduce the time in geologic history when two species or other taxa diverged. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Little is known about the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the X chromosomes and of alleles at the imprinted regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • X chromosomes in Cervidae evolved through complex chromosomal rearrangements of conserved segments within the chromosome, changes in centromere position, heterochromatic variation, and X-autosomal translocations. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, the simultaneous use of all MCB PCPs in one hybridization step for the characterization of complex karyotypes is possible. (medscape.com)
  • [ 21 ] This probe set is especially useful for the characterization of the chromosomal origin of small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC). (medscape.com)
  • The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Chromosomes occupy specific territories within the nucleus [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The inactive X chromosome (Xi) becomes highly condensed compared with the active X (Xa) and forms the Barr body, often visible as a dense region within the nucleus [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Approaches to visualize the 3D configuration of the whole nucleus and of entire chromosomes include Hi-C, a method to identify chromatin contacts within chromosomes (intrachromosomal) or between chromosomes (interchromosomal). (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the high incidence of the chromosomal polymorphism within the captive bred population shows the importance of cytogenetic examinations in captive breeding and wildlife conservation programs, especially in the case of reintroduction of the endangered species. (springer.com)
  • This paper describes the preparation of flow-sorted chromosome paints from the Iberian Rock lizard Iberolacerta monticola, exemplifying their subsequent use in cross-species comparisons of chromosome painting. (bvsalud.org)
  • Charadriidae comprise 142 valid species and the most recent checklist for the occurrence of this family in Brazil describes 11 species. (nih.gov)
  • We provide conclusive evidence that L. schreiberi should no longer be considered an exception to this rule, and demonstrate that the loss of microchromosomes in Iberolacerta was produced by their fusion to a middle-sized chromosome. (bvsalud.org)
  • As intriguing as these concepts are, empirical evidence for the evolution of new sex chromosome systems following hybridization is very scant because these events have happened in the evolutionary past and would be expected to take long time periods to complete. (nature.com)
  • In order to test whether the application of nanoparticle techniques could improve the sensitivity of in situ hybridisation on plant chromosomes, we conducted a range of comparative test experiments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The SIT reduces a pest population by mass release of reproductively sterile male insects into a wildtype (WT) population of the same species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Charadrius, only five species had their karyotypes described by classical cytogenetics, of which four have 2n = 76 (C. hiaticula, C. dubius, C. vociferou and C. collaris) and one 2n = 78 (C. alexandrinus alexandrinus). (nih.gov)
  • Sex chromosomes are fundamental in many species for the development of males or females, including vertebrates, and are known to play an important role in the evolution of sex ratios, sexual selection, sexual dimorphism, and sexual conflict in species with genotypic sex determination (GSD) [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
  • Theoretically, such transitions can happen on the same pair of sex chromosomes (homologous transition) or involve an autosome, which then becomes a new sex chromosome (heterologous transition). (nature.com)
  • Similarities were found between ESU and E. macquarii (EMA), such as identical chromosome number (2n = 50), a single and dimorphic nucleolus organizer region (NOR) localized in a microchromosome pair (ESU14) of both sexes (detected via FISH of 18S rDNA). (karger.com)
  • The chromosomes 14 and 20 involved in the centric fusion were significantly shorter due to the loss of sat I repeats indicating ancient origin of the rearrangement. (springer.com)
  • During the hybridisation process, the sex-determining region of the X chromosome from one parental species was translocated to an autosome in the hybrids leading to the evolution of a new sex chromosome. (nature.com)
  • The results support the hypothesis that all three polyploid species are fixed hybrids combining the genomes of the two putative parents hypothesized on the basis of previous work. (peerj.com)
  • To track chromosomal rearrangements during Cervidae evolution, we summarized new data, and compared them with available X chromosomal maps and chromosome level assemblies of other species. (bvsalud.org)
  • We demonstrate the types of rearrangements that may have underlined the variability of Cervidae X chromosomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • We show that chromosomal rearrangements on the X-chromosome in Cervidae occur at a higher frequency than in the entire Ruminantia lineage: the rate of rearrangements is 2 per 10 million years. (bvsalud.org)
  • The asymmetrical connection between an archaic hominin species and a modern human population is further found in the case of Denisovans, whose remains are geographically located in East Asia but who show greater similarity to modern Melanesians than to East Asians. (kinshipstudies.org)
  • Supers and humans can easily interbreed and the result will either be a super or a human, (and they have the same number of chromosomes if anyone was wondering) so by that measure they're the same species. (grrlpowercomic.com)
  • But then things get problematic - Succubi can interbreed with humans and many other species, and the result is always a succubus, but they're certainly not human. (grrlpowercomic.com)
  • Dabbler will explain this in some detail eventually) Taking that in to account, someone could argue that Supers are a non-human species that happens to be capable of producing fertile offspring with humans. (grrlpowercomic.com)
  • There has been considerable hybridisation with wild species and there is much genetic variation. (northwest-gardening.com)
  • Our results highlight the complexity of factors contributing to patterns observed in hybrid genomes, and we experimentally demonstrate that hybridisation can catalyze rapid evolution of a new sex chromosome. (nature.com)
  • the hsr on chromosome 1 of the house mouse, mus domesticus: distribution and frequency in switzerland. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The remarkable diversity of sex determination mechanisms known in fish may be fuelled by exceptionally high rates of sex chromosome turnovers or transitions. (nature.com)
  • 2014]. Sex chromosomes and sex determination in lower vertebrates such as reptiles remain poorly known. (karger.com)
  • fish, any of approximately 34,000 species of vertebrate animals (phylum Chordata) found in the fresh and salt waters of the world. (britannica.com)
  • Henking was studying the testicles of Pyrrhocoris and noticed that one chromosome did not take part in meiosis. (bazancorp.com)
  • Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dyrendahl I, Gustavsson I (1979) Sexual functions, semen characteristics and fertility of bulls carrying the 1/29 chromosome translocation. (springer.com)