• These agents are ergot derivatives and dopamine receptor agonists. (medscape.com)
  • Homozygotes for targeted mutations show variably abnormalities that may include growth retardation, death after weaning unless given hydrated food, nonresponsiveness to dopamine D1 receptor agonists and antagonists, and normal to hyperactive locomotor activity. (jax.org)
  • Dopamine receptor antagonists are one of the most common causes of hyperprolactinemia. (scialert.net)
  • Several drugs may cause a significant increase in blood prolactin concentration ( Torre and Falorni, 2007 ) which dopamine D2 receptor antagonists are the main. (scialert.net)
  • When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor, an extracellular signal is transduced into an intracellular one, causing a functional change inside target neurons. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Within the striatum, CB1 receptors have been shown to be localized on the same neurons as G i -coupled dopamine D2 receptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • In striatal neurons in primary culture, both the CB1 receptor agonist [3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-11-hydroxy-Δ 8 tetrahydrocannabinol] (HU210) and the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation when applied separately. (jneurosci.org)
  • Pertussis toxin treatment of striatal neurons prevented the inhibition of cAMP accumulation by D2 receptors but unmasked a cannabinoid receptor-mediated stimulatory effect on cAMP accumulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • CB1 receptors have been identified on both subpopulations of medium spiny neurons ( Mailleux and Vanderhaeghen, 1992 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Johnson, S. & North, R. Opioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons. (nature.com)
  • There are a growing number of roles that midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons assume, such as, reward, aversion, alerting and vigor. (frontiersin.org)
  • Activating CB1 jump-starts a chain reaction that culminates in an excess of dopamine floating around between neurons. (discovermagazine.com)
  • We found that activation of D 4 receptors, but not D 2 receptors, induced a rapid translocation of α-CaMKII from cytosol to postsynaptic sites in cultured PFC neurons. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The use of stem cell-derived dopamine neurons or deep brain stimulation (DBS) represents two alternative approaches to treat Parkinson's Disease. (lu.se)
  • This dramatic increase coincides with the introduction of a range of new neurochemical and pharmacological tools for the study of dopamine neurons and their function in the brain, as well as the identification of the dopamine receptors, their pharmacology, and their role in mediating the antipsychotic action of neuroleptics [12,13]. (lu.se)
  • For clinicians to make effective use of the new drugs that will emerge from this active research area, they will need to understand how dopamine affects behavior and keep abreast of the developments in dopamine pharmacology. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • In the current study, we use dopamine receptor-specific pharmacology and multivoxel pattern-based functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the hypothesis that blocking D2-receptor activation enhances prefrontal representations. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Dopamine as an independent neurotransmitter in the nervous system was discovered in Lund by the pharmacologist Arvid Carlsson in 1957, working at the Department of Pharmacology at Sölvegatan 10 in Lund (the current Geocentrum building). (lu.se)
  • Also at this time researchers discovered that dopamine depletion in the striatum played a role in Parkinson's disease. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • It is thought that prolonged treatment with antipsychotics leads to chronic blockade of dopamine D 2 receptors in the striatum, potentially resulting in both dopamine hypersensitivity and oxidative stress and neuronal damage. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Organophosphates dysregulate dopamine signaling, glutamatergic neurotransmission, and induce neuronal injury markers in striatum. (cdc.gov)
  • This brings as oral dopamine therapies with the advantage that with it continued infective risks for the patients the cells can be targeted to the site where dopamine with DBS which is not so for patients with trans- is most needed, namely the striatum. (lu.se)
  • Dopamine D2-receptor blockade enhances decoding of prefrontal signals in humans. (cam.ac.uk)
  • However, it is currently unknown whether and how D2-receptor activation affects prefrontal representations in humans. (cam.ac.uk)
  • These findings are in line with a dual-state model of prefrontal dopamine, and provide new insights into the potential mechanism of action of dopaminergic drugs. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Tetanic stimuli to layer I-II afferents in rat prefrontal cortex induced long-term depression (LTD) of layer I-II to layer V pyramidal neuron glutamatergic synapses when tetani were coupled to bath application of dopamine. (jneurosci.org)
  • Immunoblot analyses with anti-active mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP-Ks) revealed that D1 receptors, D2 receptors, group I mGluRs, and group II mGluRs all contribute to MAP-K activation in prefrontal cortex, and that combined activation of dopamine receptors and mGluRs synergistically or additively activate MAP-Ks. (jneurosci.org)
  • Background: While it has recently been shown that dopamine release stimulates conscious self-monitoring through the generation of gamma oscillations in medial prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex, and that the GABAergic system is effective in producing such oscillations, interaction of the two transmitter systems has not been demonstrated in human. (researchgate.net)
  • One of the important targets of dopamine D 4 receptors in prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the multifunctional Ca 2+ /calmodulindependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). (aspetjournals.org)
  • Interaction of childhood urbanicity and variation in dopamine genes alters adult prefrontal function as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). (cdc.gov)
  • Dopamine receptor D3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene encodes the D3 subtype of the dopamine receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dopamine receptor D2 gene polymorphism, urine fluoride, and intelligence impairment of children in China: A school-based cross-sectional study. (fluoridealert.org)
  • A separate line of investigation suggests an association between a functional polymorphism in the promoter region for the human dopamine 4 receptor gene (DRD4) and sensitivity to novelty. (upm.es)
  • The effects on dopamine (DA) release and dopamine transporter (DAT) gene expression were assayed in hypothalamic HypoE22 cells. (researchgate.net)
  • In the same experimental system, IL-10 and BDNF gene expressions increased, and in HypoE22 cells, the extract decreased the extracellular dopamine level and increased the DAT gene expression due to the direct interaction of parthenolide with the DAT. (researchgate.net)
  • Widespread seasonal gene expression reveals annual differences in human immunity and physiology. (intramed.net)
  • 20. Wucher V, Sodaei R, Amador R, Irimia M, Guigó R. Day-night and seasonal variation of human gene expression across tissues. (intramed.net)
  • Association of the dopamine receptor D1 gene, DRD1, with inattention symptoms in families selected for reading problems. (cdc.gov)
  • Moderator effects of working memory on the stability of ADHD symptoms by dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms during development. (cdc.gov)
  • We demonstrate, in two independent samples, that the -521Cmayor queT DRD4 promoter polymorphism determines the magnitude of human memory enhancement for contextually novel, perceptual oddball stimuli in an allele dose-dependent manner. (upm.es)
  • Thus, a dynamic modulation of human memory enhancement for perceptually salient stimuli is associated with activation of a dopaminergic-hippocampal system, which is critically dependent on a functional polymorphism in the DRD4 promoter region. (upm.es)
  • Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of novelty seeking. (bvsalud.org)
  • We aimed to study the association of urine fluoride with intelligence quotient (IQ) in children with a careful consideration of up to 30 potential confounding factors as well as possible heterogeneity of the relation between urine fluoride levels and IQ scores across children with different dopamine receptor-2 (DRD2) Taq 1A genotypes (CC, CT, and TT). (fluoridealert.org)
  • HIV-related cognitive impairment shows bi-directional association with dopamine receptor DRD1 and DRD2 polymorphisms in substance-dependent and substance-independent populations. (cdc.gov)
  • High levels of dopamine (DA) were described in human ovary and recently evidence for DA receptors in granulosa and luteal cells has been provided, as well. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All three cell lines demonstrated similar levels of dopamine-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Zheng-Xiong Xi, a pharmacologist at the National Institute on Drug Abuse in Baltimore, explains that the main receptor in the endocannabinoid system, CB1 , interferes with brain levels of dopamine, a chemical associated with reward-seeking behavior, pleasure, and motivation. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Human subjects performed a simple reward prediction task after double-blind and placebo controlled administration of the D2-receptor antagonist amisulpride. (cam.ac.uk)
  • This augmentation was blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A or the D2 antagonist sulpride. (jneurosci.org)
  • It is a partial agonist at the D 2 and 5-HT 1A receptors and an antagonist at the 5-HT 2 receptor. (psychiatrist.com)
  • In 1963, Carlsson first postulated that the effects of neuroleptics were secondary to dopamine receptor blockade. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Using a whole-brain searchlight decoding approach we show that D2-receptor blockade enhances decoding of reward signals in the medial orbitofrontal cortex. (cam.ac.uk)
  • These results suggest that D2-receptor blockade enhances content-specific representations in frontal cortex, presumably by a dopamine-mediated increase in pattern separation. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Slower G-protein-linked receptor systems, as seen in the dopaminergic system, work through second-messenger systems, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and have a longer duration of action. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • The presence of the trophic hormone hCG (10 IU/ml) in the culture medium for several days did not alter mRNA (semiquantitative RT-PCR) or protein levels (immunocytochemistry/Western blotting) of D 1,2,4,5 DA receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among the DA receptors found in human GCs, D 2 expression was marked both at mRNA and protein levels and it was therefore further studied. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cannabinoids act at the CB1 receptor to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. (jneurosci.org)
  • Treatment of the pertussis toxin-treated cells with cholera toxin before CB1 receptor activation amplified the stimulatory pathway, suggesting that this response was mediated through a G s -type G-protein. (jneurosci.org)
  • Cannabinoids exert many of their effects through activation of G i -protein-coupled receptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • We reported previously that ethanol treatment regulates D 1 receptor phosphorylation and signaling in a protein kinase C (PKC) δ- and PKCγ-dependent fashion by a mechanism that may involve PKC isozyme-specific interacting proteins. (aspetjournals.org)
  • To investigate the role of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in the desensitization and down-regulation of the D 1 dopamine receptor, we stably expressed the rat cDNA for this receptor in mutant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines deficient in PKA activity. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The dopamine transporter (DAT), a protein located on presynaptic nerve terminals (4), plays a major role in the reuptake of released dopamine. (rti.org)
  • The protein from human and rat brains contains three and four extracellular N-glycosylation sites, respectively. (rti.org)
  • Chlorpyrifos potentiated PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the striatal protein DARPP-32 and the GluR1 subunit of AMPA receptors in mouse brain slices. (cdc.gov)
  • Two subtypes of cannabinoid receptors have been identified. (jneurosci.org)
  • Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are endogenous neurotransmitters that appear to play a major role in generating these rewards by activating cannabinoid receptors in brain reward regions during and after exercise. (biologists.com)
  • The dopamine cells of the hypothalamus project via the tuberoinfundibular tract to the infundibulum and anterior pituitary. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • They act on postsynaptic dopamine receptors while causing no effect on other anterior pituitary functions. (medscape.com)
  • In this context, sigma 1 receptor (S1R) modulators can be used as neuroprotective and antiamnesic agents. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cocaine operates by entering the transporter, blocking the "reuptake" of dopamine and leaving more of it in the space between the cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This study suggests that specific transcription factors and treatment with morphogens can restrict human adult olfactory-derived progenitors to a dopaminergic neuronal lineage. (scirp.org)
  • The results are in line with findings from animal research and human studies where methylphenidate acts by stabilizing neuronal networks and reducing background noise. (medscape.com)
  • LTD by dopamine + 1 S ,3 R -ACPD coapplication was also blocked by postsynaptic injection of synthetic MAP-K substrate peptide. (jneurosci.org)
  • Our results suggest that dopamine receptors and groups I and II mGluRs cooperate to induce LTD through converging postsynaptic activation of MAP-Ks. (jneurosci.org)
  • Activated CaMKII (Thr 286 phospho-CaMKII) was also redistributed to postsynaptic sites after D 4 receptor stimulation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Concomitant with the synaptic accumulation of α-CaMKII in response to D 4 receptor activation, a D 4 -induced increase in the CaMKII phosphorylation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) subunits and the amplitude of AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents was also observed. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Dopamine, like other neurotransmitters, moves between nerve cells in the brain to convey certain "messages. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Number of publications per year from 1945 to 2006 on the topics of Dopamine and of related classical neurotransmitters. (lu.se)
  • This suggests that the dopamine-facilitated LTD requires synaptic activation of groups I and II mGluRs during tetanus. (jneurosci.org)
  • Di Chiara, G. & Imperato, A. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. (nature.com)
  • Thus, our results show that D 4 receptor activation induces the synaptic translocation of CaMKII through a mechanism involving Ca 2+ /calmodulin and F-actin, which facilitates the regulation of synaptic targets of CaMKII, such as AMPA receptors. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Here we characterized the effects of the broadly-used insecticide chlorpyrifos on dopamine and glutamatergic neurotransmission effectors in corticostriatal motor/reward circuitry. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus consistent with recent findings in humans and animals, organophosphate exposure causes dysregulation in the motor/reward circuitry and invokes mechanisms associated with neurological disorders and neurodegeneration. (cdc.gov)
  • Nicotine stimulates preganglionic cholinergic receptors within peripheral sympathetic autonomic ganglia and at cholinergic sites within the central nervous system. (cdc.gov)
  • The cannabinoid receptor-stimulated accumulation of cAMP was blocked in a concentration-dependent manner by SR141716A, suggesting that the response was regulated through the CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • Similar augmentation of cAMP accumulation after pertussis toxin treatment was observed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with, and stably expressing, the CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • Stimulation of cAMP accumulation was not observed after pertussis toxin treatment of CHO cells expressing the human CB2 receptor, suggesting that this novel signaling pathway is unique to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • Previously, CB1 receptors have been shown to inhibit D1 receptor-mediated cAMP accumulation ( Bidaut-Russell and Howlett, 1991 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Specifically, overexpression of either RanBP9 or RanBP10 enhanced basal D 1 receptor phosphorylation, which was associated with attenuation of D 1 receptor-stimulated cAMP accumulation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Therefore, the anorexigenic effect exerted by the CBD could be the result of a multitarget mechanism, involving the whole endocannabinoid receptor system, particularly in the hypothalamus. (researchgate.net)
  • Researchers worldwide are pursuing novel drugs aimed at the exact same target: the endocannabinoid system , an elaborate network of receptors and proteins that operate within the brain, heart, gut, liver, and throughout the central nervous system. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Could THC be acting on the other receptor in the endocannabinoid system, CB2? (discovermagazine.com)
  • It is noteworthy that the D 1 receptor was also found to specifically coimmunoprecipitate with RanBP9/10 from human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells and with endogenous RanBP9 from rat kidney. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Transcription factors (nurr1, pitx3 and lmx1a) that promote embryonic mouse or chicken dopaminergic development were employed to determine if they would modulate lineage restriction of these adult human progenitors. (scirp.org)
  • 1994. Ah receptor in embryonic mouse palate and effects of TCDD on receptor expression. (cdc.gov)
  • Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, decreases the magnitude of neglect in rats with cortical lesions. (nih.gov)
  • Scientists suspected that rimonabant, which decreases CB1 activity, dampens appetite by decreasing dopamine levels and taking the rush out of eating. (discovermagazine.com)
  • DBS is a widely used FDA-approved treatment and stem cell-derived dopamine neuron replacement has now evolved to the first in-human clinical trials. (lu.se)
  • The effi- risk of infection - DBS requires battery changes cacy of dopaminergic drug treatment provides a com- with a clear physical and somewhat unsightly pelling rationale for the use of dopamine cell thera- reminder of an intervention, as is evident by pies to restore striatal dopamine neurotransmission. (lu.se)
  • Moreover, treatment of cells with select PKC inhibitors blocked the RanBP9/10-dependent increase in basal receptor phosphorylation, suggesting that phosphorylation of the receptor by PKC is regulated by RanBP9/10. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Hornykiewicz, O. (1973) Dopamine in the basal ganglia. (scirp.org)
  • The precise mechanism of action is unknown but is believed to involve interaction with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors at binding domains close to, or allosterically coupled to, benzodiazepine receptors. (medscape.com)
  • However, an interaction between D2 and CB1 receptors has not been established. (jneurosci.org)
  • The epistatic interaction between the dopamine D3 receptor and dysbindin-1 modulates higher-order cognitive functions in mice and humans. (iit.it)
  • Moreover, D 4 receptors failed to induce CaMKII translocation in the presence of an actin stabilizer, and D 4 activation reduced the binding of CaMKII to F-actin. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Nucleus accumbens subnuclei regulate motivated behavior via direct inhibition and disinhibition of VTA dopamine subpopulations. (nature.com)
  • Both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors also couple to adenylate cyclase via G-proteins. (jneurosci.org)
  • whereas dopamine D2 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase via G i -proteins ( Sibley and Monsma, 1992 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Although overexpression of RanBP9 or RanBP10 in HEK293T cells did not seem to alter the kinase activities of either PKCδ or PKCγ, both RanBP proteins regulated D 1 receptor phosphorylation, signaling, and, in the case of RanBP9, expression. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 1994. Polychlorinated biphenyls, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2 bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE) in human plasma related to fish consumption. (cdc.gov)
  • Among several causes responsible for the most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), cholinergic/dopaminergic pathways, but also some endogenous receptors, are often involved. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dopamine D3 receptor: A neglected participant in Parkinson Disease pathogenesis and treatment? (wikipedia.org)
  • Pretreatment of all three CHO cells with dopamine resulted in desensitization of the adenylyl cyclase response, although the maximum desensitization was attenuated by 20 and 40% in the 10260 and 10248 cell lines, respectively. (aspetjournals.org)
  • There has been an explosion of interest and information regarding dopamine receptors in the human brain. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • This receptor is expressed in phylogenetically older regions of the brain, suggesting that this receptor plays a role in cognitive and emotional functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The regulation of α-Syn aggregation and clearance enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) secretion, which ultimately ameliorates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress while promoting neurogenesis and interacting with other DA receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brain-scanning study in people sees link between personality, dopamine system. (sciencenews.org)
  • RanBP9 and RanBP10 were also found to colocalize at the cellular level with the D 1 receptor in both kidney and brain tissue. (aspetjournals.org)
  • the scientific community has gathered an enormous amount of data about dopamine (DA) and its actions in the brain and on behavior. (frontiersin.org)
  • The research, in animals, shows a significant correlation between the number of receptors in part of the brain for the neurotransmitter dopamine - measured before cocaine use begins - and the rate at which the animal will later self-administer the drug. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This kind of comparison is not possible with human subjects, and in previous monkey research, the brain chemistry of animals exposed to cocaine was compared only with non-using "controls. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It was an odd question, since CB2 receptors were not thought to reside in the brain. (discovermagazine.com)
  • If CB2 receptors were truly absent in the brain, the drug should have no effect on dopamine levels there. (discovermagazine.com)
  • While I started my career as a developmental neurobiologist and pediatric neurologist interested in how dopamine was affected during early brain injury, I shifted my research focus radically nearly 25 years ago in an attempt to repurpose already FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of neurologic disease associated with HIV-1 infection. (rochester.edu)
  • Nicotine also indirectly causes a release of dopamine in the brain regions that control pleasure and motivation, a process involved in the development of addiction. (cdc.gov)
  • The functional effect was correlated to a recovery of dopamine, but not noradrenaline, content in the brain, suggesting that depletion of dopamine, rather than noradrenaline or serotonin, was the cause of the akinetic state in reserpine-treated animals. (lu.se)
  • The discovery of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the brain was one of the seminal events in the development of modern neuroscience. (lu.se)
  • Recent advances in molecular genetics have revealed the two-receptor model to be a gross oversimplification. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Human Genetics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Robin Williamson is Deputy Editor, American Journal of Human Genetics . (cdc.gov)
  • Human behavioural discrimination of human, chimpanzee and macaque affective vocalisations is reflected by the neural response in the superior temporal sulcus. (mpg.de)
  • Human adult olfactory epithelium contains neural progenitors (hONPs) which replace damaged cellular components throughout life. (scirp.org)
  • Anderson, L. and Caldwell, M.A. (2007) Human neural progenitor cell transplants into the subthalamic nucleus lead to functional recovery in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. (scirp.org)
  • The insula, a key area in the neural control of intrinsic homeostatic processes, serves as the primary gustatory and interoceptive region in the human cortex ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Generally the lower the initial number of dopamine receptors, the higher the rate of cocaine use, the researchers found. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It was already known that cocaine abusers had lower levels of a particular dopamine receptor known as D2, in both human and animal subjects, compared to non-users. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The present findings also suggest that more vulnerable individuals are even more likely to continue using cocaine because of the cocaine-induced reductions in D2 receptor levels. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This was the first study ever to measure the baseline D2 levels of animals that had never used cocaine and compare those levels to changes in D2 receptors after the animals had started using. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Overall, these findings provide unequivocal evidence for a role of [dopamine] D2 receptors in cocaine abuse and suggest that treatments aimed at increasing levels of D2 receptors may have promise for alleviating drug addition," the researchers write. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It is thought that this overload of dopamine gives the user the cocaine "high. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Drug researchers hypothesize that it is this change that creates a craving for cocaine: once the receptor level drops, more dopamine is needed for the user even to feel "normal. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Like cocaine use, stress can also increase the dopamine levels and apparently cause a reduction in the D2 receptors. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The current study also observed differences in the time it took for the D2 receptors to return to normal levels once cocaine use ended. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A few years ago, Xi was studying this phenomenon in mice, hoping to find a pill to treat addiction to dopamine-boosting drugs such as cocaine. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Meanwhile, when he and his team tested JWH-133 on mice without CB2 receptors, the rodents kept going for the cocaine, and their dopamine levels were higher. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Thus, the DAT has been called a cocaine receptor (21) and may be the initial site responsible for producing cocaine's drug reinforcement. (rti.org)
  • It has been reported that monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) oocytes are able to take up DA and use it as precursor for the synthesis of noradrenaline (NE) [ 3 ], with the help of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), expressed by oocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transcription factor expression and the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were detected in the transfected cells after 4 month-selection with G418, indicating transfected hONPs were stably restricted towards a dopaminergic lineage. (scirp.org)
  • Furthermore, a dopamine enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was employed to detect the synthesis and release of dopamine. (scirp.org)
  • The amine 3-hydroxytyramine (`dopamine') had earlier been identified as an intermediary in the synthesis of noradrenaline and adrenaline from tyrosine. (lu.se)
  • Lindqvist, Tor Magnusson and Bertil Waldeck, made the seminal observations that during the subsequent years would lead to the unravelling of dopamine as a transmitter in the central nervous system, independent of its role as a precursor in noradrenaline and adrenaline synthesis. (lu.se)
  • Semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative with strong dopamine D2-receptor agonist and partial dopamine D1-receptor effects. (medscape.com)
  • Boudreau SA, Hennings K, Svensson P, Sessle BJ, Arendt-Nielsen L. The effects of training time, sensory loss and pain on human motor learning. (springer.com)
  • 1991. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls with Ah receptor affinity on lymphoid development in the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius on chick embryos in ovo and in mouse thymus anlagen in vitro . (cdc.gov)
  • Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on dopamine release from PC12 cells. (cdc.gov)
  • LOAELs or NOAELs should also help in determining whether or not the effects vary with dose and/or duration, and place into perspective the possible significance of these effects to human health. (cdc.gov)
  • Public health officials and others concerned with appropriate actions to take at hazardous waste sites may want information on levels of exposure associated with more subtle effects in humans or animals (LOAELs) or exposure levels below which no adverse effects (NOAELs) have been observed. (cdc.gov)
  • In their 1957 and 1958 papers [1.2], (Carlsson et al 1957) (Carlsson et al 1958) Carlsson and co-workers made the intriguing observation that the akinetic effects of reserpine could be reversed by an intravenous injection of the dopamine (and noradrenaline) precursor, 3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). (lu.se)
  • But Xi's work, published in Nature Neuroscience , suggests that targeting a different receptor, CB2, makes all the difference. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (cdc.gov)
  • Our first scientific effort is to develop effective preclinical tools to study higher-order cognitive abilities with high translational validity from/to humans, while taking advantage of the outstanding advanced molecular and mechanistic tools available for mice. (iit.it)
  • These data support the idea that RanBP9 and RanBP10 may function as signaling integrators and dictate the efficient regulation of D 1 receptor signaling by PKCδ and PKCγ. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 90% down-regulation of D 1 receptors in the parental cell line but only a 50 and 30% decrease in the 10260 and 10248 cells, respectively. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Similarly, treatment of the cells with the membrane-permeable cAMP analog 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP induced functional desensitization and down-regulation of the D 1 receptor, although it was not as great as that observed with agonist pretreatment. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Our results suggest that PKA significantly contributes to the desensitization and down-regulation of D 1 receptors in CHO cells and that type II PKA may be the more relevant isoform with respect to regulating D 1 receptor function. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Aripiprazole has a unique receptor profile compared to all other antipsychotics. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Animal models and human functional imaging data implicate the dopamine system in mediating enhanced encoding of novel stimuli into human memory. (upm.es)