Humans influenza a virus h1n1 subtype. Medical search. Frequent questions

Influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in humans are H3N2 and H1N1 viruses. (cdc.gov)
Examples of different influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in animals include H1N1 and H3N2 in pigs (different strains than those found in humans), H3N8 in horses, H3N2 in dogs, and H5N1 in wild water birds and domestic poultry. (cdc.gov)
However, in 1998, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. (cdc.gov)
So a flu from a virus similar to the isolate A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2) is called Fujian flu, human flu, and H3N2 flu. (wikipedia.org)
For example, the annual flu subtype H3N2 no longer contains the strain that caused the Hong Kong flu. (wikipedia.org)
The annually updated, trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] "Contemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host. (wikipedia.org)
however, only H1N1 and H3N2 circulate among humans seasonally. (medscape.com)
The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
samples positive for influenza A are then subtyped as H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, or H7N9. (flutrackers.com)
The most important strains of human influenza virus are A and B. Influenzavirus A has several subtypes, of which two, H1N1 and H3N2, are currently of epidemiological significance. (who.int)
The strains of Influenzavirus A implicated in those pandemics have been identified as H1N1, H2N2 and H3N2, respectively. (who.int)
The NA genes of H3N2 viruses used for primary infection or vaccination. (wikigenes.org)
Among 144 combinatorial possibilities from 16 subtypes of HA and 9 subtypes of NA, only H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 are human adapted viruses [ 9 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
Most commonly, Swine Flu is of the H1N1 Influenza subtype, although they can sometimes come from H1N2, H3N1, and H3N2. (projectswole.com)
Mostly, this sickness is rooted into Influenza -A category and its subtypes - H1N1, H1N2, H2N3 and H3N2. (healthstatus.com)
The subtypes that infect pigs are H3N2, H1N1 and H1N2. (healthstatus.com)
AFLURIA- influenza a virus a/california/7/2009 x-181 (h1n1) antigen (propiolactone inactivated), influenza a virus a/texas/50/2012 x-223 (h3n2) antigen (propiolactone inactivated), and influenza b virus b/massachusetts/2/2012 bx-51b antigen (propiolactone inactivated) injection, suspension bioCSL Pty Ltd. (nih.gov)
Results for A(H3N2) and B/Yamagata viruses suggested that circulating viruses of this subtype and lineage, respectively, had undergone antigenic and/or genetic changes, consistent with the decision by WHO to change recommended strains for the 2015 Southern Hemisphere vaccine. (health.gov.au)
Two types of influenza cause significant disease in humans: types A and B. Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes, based on their surface proteins, haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Thus, currently in circulation are subtypes A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2), although a number of subtypes have been known to infect humans and birds. (health.gov.au)
During 2014, results were reported by reference to the A/California/7/2009 (H1N1pdm09)-like, A/Victoria/361/2012 (H3N2)-like, B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like (Yamagata lineage), and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (Victoria lineage) viruses that were recommended for the 2014 influenza vaccine. (health.gov.au)
It protects against influenza A (sub-types H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B. The three influenza strains contained in Preflucel are updated each year, based on the official recommendations for the annual flu season. (europa.eu)
In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
As per official records, during the 2021-22 influenza season, 16,160 cases in Denmark were due to the influenza A virus, predominantly the H3N2 subtype. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
Subtypes H1N1, H3N2, and H5N2 were detected. (authorea.com)
In November IDPH determined it was swine flu, but not the pandemic H1N1 but a swine-origin H3N2. (scienceblogs.com)
Like the pandemic swine H1N1, which has a seasonal counterpart H1N1, this swine-origin H3N2 has a seasonal H3N2 counterpart. (scienceblogs.com)
September was when pandemic H1N1 was being actively transmitted and circulating in the community, so one wonders what would have happened if this swine H3N2 had appeared 6 months earlier, in virgin soil, without any competition from H1N1. (scienceblogs.com)
To examine the antiviral activity of luteolin against the influenza virus, the researchers infected several cell lines with two subtypes of the influenza A virus (IAV), A/Jiangxi/312/2006 (H3N2) and A/Fort Monmouth/1/1947 (H1N1). (naturalnews.com)
Three influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes circulate globally in swine: H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2. (cdc.gov)
We isolated 1 (1.6%) H3N2 virus. (cdc.gov)
Non-structural (NS) 1 proteins from recombinant influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) and influenza A/Finland/554/09 (H1N1pdm09) viruses were purified and used in Western blot analysis to determine specific antibody responses in human sera. (plos.org)
Instead, paired serum samples from patients, who suffered from a laboratory confirmed H1N1pdm09 infection, showed high levels or diagnostic rises (96%) in H1N1pdm virus NS1-specific antibodies and very high cross-reactivity to H3N2 subtype influenza A virus NS1 protein. (plos.org)
In Europe, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently have a high prevalence in commercial farms. (vetres.org)
Influenza viruses circulating in swine are closely related to the human H1N1 and H3N2 strains and reports of sporadic cross-species transfer of swine and avian influenza viruses to humans have been documented repeatedly during recent decades [ 18 ]. (vetres.org)
1 Currently, four antigenically distinct groups of influenza viruses have been identified as the cause of human infection, including two subtypes of influenza A (A/H1N1 and A/H3N2) and two lineages of influenza B. The two influenza B lineages are represented by the reference strains B/Victoria/2/87 and B/Yamagata/16/88. (who.int)

Although it is unusual for people to get influenza A virus infections directly from animals, sporadic human infections and outbreaks caused by certain avian influenza A viruses and swine influenza A viruses have been reported. (cdc.gov)
Occasionally, it is transmitted from wild to domestic birds, and this may cause severe disease, outbreaks, or human influenza pandemics. (wikipedia.org)
In temperate regions, both influenza A and B cause winter epidemics, with sporadic cases and outbreaks occurring out of season. (who.int)
The H5N8 subtype has caused multiple outbreaks in poultry in Europe over the past few winters. (mdpi.com)
An investigation of the outbreak facilitated by WHO emphasized the increased likelihood of severe health consequences of influenza outbreaks in poorly nourished populations lacking access to well equipped health services. (who.int)
Recent virus epidemics and rising antibiotic resistance highlight the importance of hygiene measures to prevent and control outbreaks. (springer.com)
In addition to seasonal endemic viruses, emerging and re-emerging virus outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) require close contact for human-to-human transmission and can spread nosocomially [ 5 , 6 ]. (springer.com)
Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
There are regular outbreaks of swine influenza in pigs worldwide. (internetpdfarticles.com)
Influenza A virus (IAV) outbreaks constitute a constant threat to public health and pose a remarkable impact on socio-economic systems worldwide. (authorea.com)
Well known outbreaks of H1N1 strains in humans include the 2009 swine flu pandemic, as well as the 1918 flu pandemic. (xopt.io)
They rapid spread around the globe, resulting in influenza epidemics and outbreaks. (biomedcentral.com)

The resulting new virus might then be able to infect humans and spread easily from person to person, but it could have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) different than those currently found in influenza viruses that routinely circulate in humans-this could make it seem like a "new" influenza virus to people, one that had not been encountered before. (cdc.gov)
The genetic information in these viruses could reassort to create a new influenza A virus with a hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase gene from the avian virus and other genes from the human virus. (cdc.gov)
The neuraminidase, on the other hand, is critical for the subsequent release of the daughter virus particles created within the infected cell so they can spread to other cells. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Different influenza viruses encode for different hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. (wikipedia.org)
For example, the H5N1 virus designates an influenza A subtype that has a type 5 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type 1 neuraminidase (N) protein. (wikipedia.org)
The several subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). (wikipedia.org)
H1 describes the virus's HA subtype and N1 describes the neuraminidase subtype. (medscape.com)
Neuraminidase, or NA, is another influenza surface protein. (medscape.com)
Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
[7] There are 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes that circulate in a variety of avian species, and a restricted subgroup of these have infected other animals, such as pigs, horses, cats, ferrets, dogs, and marine mammals (seals and whales). (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA), the proteins on the surface of the virus. (who.int)
Neuraminidase are a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which help to move the virus particles through the infected cell and assist in budding from the host cells. (indiatimes.com)
These viruses are classified according to the identity of two of their surface proteins--hemagglutinin (H5 in this subtype) and neuraminidase (N1). (scientificamerican.com)
The subtype behind the 2009 'swine flu' pandemic is H1N1, which has the same version of neuraminidase as H5N1, but a different version of hemagglutinin. (scientificamerican.com)
Disease relevance of NA Structure of the neuraminidase gene in human influenza virus A/ PR/ 8/ 34. (wikigenes.org)
Disease relevance of na Although differing in their surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase components, a notable feature of these H9N2 viruses is that the six genes encoding the internal components of the virus are similar to those of the 1997 H5N1 human and avian isolates. (wikigenes.org)
High impact information on NA This was indicated by the ability of viruses bearing the H2- hemagglutinin glycoprotein, regardless of its associated neuraminidase, to induce lymphocyte proliferation in normal spleen cell suspensions and by the ability of antisera with specificity for the H2- hemagglutinin. (wikigenes.org)
Disease relevance of NA The complete nucleotide sequence of the neuraminidase gene of influenza. (wikigenes.org)
Similar to other influenza viruses, H1N1 also contains two surface antigens, namely hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) [ 6 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
A small number of A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria viruses had highly reduced inhibition to the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir. (health.gov.au)
On the contrary, its neuraminidase and non-structural segments belonged to the clade 1C avian-like swine influenza A(H1N1) found in Eurasia. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
Within each subtype, multiple hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) lineages or clades cocirculate. (cdc.gov)

As a test of the physiologic role of the NLR molecule NLRP3 during RNA viral infection, we explored the in vivo role of NLRP3 inflammasome components during influenza virus infection. (nih.gov)
Inhibition of ROS induction eliminated IL-1beta production in animals during influenza infection. (nih.gov)
Together, these data place the NLRP3 inflammasome as an essential component in host defense against influenza infection through the sensing of viral RNA. (nih.gov)
People with close or prolonged unprotected contact (not wearing respiratory and eye protection) with infected birds or places that sick birds or their mucous, saliva, or feces have contaminated, might be at greater risk of bird flu virus infection. (cdc.gov)
The fact that the H1N1 candidate vaccine was effective against H5N1 infection - a different influenza subtype - suggests the antibodies the vaccine induces can be protective against other "group 1" influenza subtypes, including H1 and H5. (medscape.com)
Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Complications of influenza infection include secondary bacterial pneumonia and exacerbation of underlying chronic health conditions. (cdc.gov)
[1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses which circulate in all parts of the world. (who.int)
However, during periods of low influenza activity and outside of epidemics situations, the infection of other respiratory viruses e.g. rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and adenovirus can also present as Influenza-like Illness (ILI) which makes the clinical differentiation of influenza from other pathogens difficult. (who.int)
Targeted surveillance for influenza A(H7N9) identified 21 cases of infection with this virus in Guangzhou, China, during April 1, 2013?March 7, 2014. (flutrackers.com)
During February?May 2013, the initial outbreak of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China resulted in 133 cases ( 1 ). (flutrackers.com)
Influenza A(H7N9) virus reemerged in southern China in October 2013 and had caused 85 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection in Guangdong Province as of March 7, 2014. (flutrackers.com)
Two antiviral drugs, oseltamivir and zanamivir are commonly prescribed for treating H1N1 infection. (ijpsonline.com)
The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
The symptoms of swine influenza in people are similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal influenza infec- General infection control practices and good respiratory tion and include fever, fatigue, lack of appetite, coughing hand hygiene can help to reduce transmission of all vi- and sore throat. (internetpdfarticles.com)
Patients were included if they met clinical case definitions within 1 month of proven influenza infection. (bris.ac.uk)
Seasonal influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory an infection caused by influenza viruses. (infotrace.net)
Wellness and care employees are at substantial possibility of buying influenza virus an infection thanks to increased exposure to the clients, and of even further spreading especially to susceptible men and women. (infotrace.net)
Based on quantitative Western blot analysis, only two of the 45 (4.4%) Pandemrix-vaccinated narcoleptic patients showed specific antibody response against the NS1 protein from the H1N1pdm09 virus, indicating past infection with the H1N1pdm09 virus. (plos.org)
Based on our findings, it is unlikely that H1N1pdm09 virus infection contributed to a sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy observed in Finland in 2010 after AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix vaccination. (plos.org)
However, pigs inoculated with SwH1N1 virus and subsequently infected with pH1N1 had very mild lung lesions, apparently attributed to the remaining lesions caused by SwH1N1 infection. (vetres.org)
Influenza infection occurs as an annual seasonal epidemic in winter or early spring in countries with temperate climates. (who.int)

Influenza A viruses with a hemagglutinin against which humans have little or no immunity that have reassorted with a human influenza virus are more likely to result in sustained human-to-human transmission and have pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)
It is an RNA virus categorized into subtypes based on the type of two proteins on the surface of the viral envelope:[citation needed] H = hemagglutinin, a protein that causes red blood cells to agglutinate. (wikipedia.org)
It displays part of hemagglutinin (HA), an influenza protein, on the surface of a microscopic nanoparticle made of nonhuman ferritin. (medscape.com)
Kawaoka and his team, whose work has been accepted by Nature, created a chimeric virus with the hemagglutinin protein from H5N1 and the genes from the 2009 pandemic strain of H1N1. (scientificamerican.com)
The genome of the virus H1N1 2009 consists of eight segments but maximum number of mutations occurs at segments 1 and 4, coding for PB2 subunit of hemagglutinin. (ijpsonline.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
[ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
Phylogenetic analysis of influenza viruses isolated from wild ducks of the Lerma marshes revealed that hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences were related to waterfowl, swine, and poultry IAV strains previously isolated in the United States and Mexico. (authorea.com)

Swine antiserum was obtained by a double vaccination with whole inactivated virus vaccines. (cdc.gov)
and 5) the assessment of vaccine supply, timing of influenza vaccination, and prioritization of inactivated vaccine in shortage situations. (cdc.gov)
Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults ( 8--18 ). (cdc.gov)
Paid sick leave benefits, influenza vaccination, and taking sick days due to influenza-like illness among U.S. workers. (cdc.gov)
The objectives of this study were to quantify the percentage of workers who had paid sick leave (PSL) benefits, examine sociodemographic characteristics that may be associated with having these benefits, and examine the association between having PSL benefits and use of sick days and influenza vaccination status. (cdc.gov)
Logistic regression was used to determine variables associated with having PSL benefits and the association between having PSL benefits and influenza vaccination status. (cdc.gov)
Not having PSL benefits was associated with a lower likelihood of receiving an influenza vaccination and visiting a health professional when sick with ILI. (cdc.gov)
Offering PSL benefits along with promoting influenza vaccination and encouraging employees with ILI to stay home can increase influenza vaccination coverage and help control the spread of influenza. (cdc.gov)
there have been no controlled clinical studies demonstrating a decrease in influenza disease after vaccination with AFLURIA. (drugs.com)
Hypersensitivity to eggs, neomycin, or polymyxin, or life-threatening reaction to previous influenza vaccination. (drugs.com)
If Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) has occurred within 6 weeks of previous influenza vaccination, the decision to give AFLURIA should be based on careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks. (drugs.com)
1 or 2 doses depends on vaccination history as per Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices annual recommendations on prevention and control of influenza with vaccines. (nih.gov)
In addition to vaccination, other public health measures are also effective in limiting influenza transmission in closed environments. (medscape.com)
A sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy was observed after vaccination with AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix influenza vaccine in Finland at the beginning of 2010. (plos.org)
Here, we analysed whether the coinciding influenza A H1N1pdm pandemic contributed, together with the Pandemrix vaccination, to the increased incidence of childhood narcolepsy in 2010. (plos.org)
Omission bias and vaccine rejection by parents of healthy children: implications for the influenza A/H1N1 vaccination programme. (ox.ac.uk)
Vaccination is the principal way to prevent influenza and to reduce the impact of epidemics. (biomedcentral.com)

Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)
The sharp rise in influenza-associated acute respiratory illnesses that occurs during annual seasonal epidemics results in increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. (cdc.gov)
The effects of seasonal influenza epidemics in developing countries are not fully known, but research estimates that 99% of deaths in children under 5 years of age with influenza-related lower respiratory tract infections are found in developing countries (2). (who.int)
Proper collection, storage and transport of respiratory specimens is the essential first step for laboratory detection of influenza virus infections. (who.int)
A pathogenic swine viral of H1N1 subtype has been proven to cause an outbreak of respiratory disease in both human and swine. (ijpsonline.com)
Similar to other influenza viruses, H1N1 is transmitted through respiratory droplets and not by eating pork or pork products. (ijpsonline.com)
PVP-I was tested against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae according to bactericidal quantitative suspension test EN13727 and against severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), rotavirus strain Wa and influenza virus A subtype H1N1 according to virucidal quantitative suspension test EN14476. (springer.com)
Respiratory pathogens such as influenza are also transmitted via airborne dispersion of small particle aerosols (≤ 5 µm) when an infected individual breathes, coughs or sneezes [ 11 ], while respiratory syncytial viruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can be spread by large droplets propelled through the air and inoculated into the eyes, nose and mouth at close range [ 12 ]. (springer.com)
Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
Swine Influenza, or Swine Flu, is a highly contagious respiratory disease that originated with pigs and is caused by one of many strains of the Influenza A virus. (projectswole.com)
Along with the respiratory symptoms that come with typical seasonal human flu, Swine Flu is more likely to include diarrhea and vomiting. (projectswole.com)
Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
Ninety-9 % of deaths in kids underneath 5 yrs of age with influenza-associated decreased respiratory tract bacterial infections are in building nations. (infotrace.net)
The effects of seasonal influenza epidemics in producing international locations are not entirely regarded, but analysis estimates that 99% of deaths in youngsters under 5 many years of age with influenza connected reduce respiratory tract bacterial infections are in creating nations (2) . (infotrace.net)
Influenza is an acute transmissible respiratory disease that affects humans and animals and has high morbidity and mortality rates. (naturalnews.com)
Influenza viruses trigger influenza and respiratory infections respectively. (hartmann-academie.nl)
Human influenza viruses are the principal viral respiratory pathogens that cause significant human morbidity and mortality. (biomedcentral.com)

Kawaoka notes that H5N1 viruses already circulate in nature, mutate constantly and could cause pandemics. (scientificamerican.com)
There are 4 types of influenza viruses, styles A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and induce seasonal epidemics of ailment. (infotrace.net)
This virus has limited zoonotic potential: only four influenza subtypes have been known to circulate amongst humans, while at least 100 subtypes have been observed in birds. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza B viruses circulate throughout Viet Nam, and their activities vary by region. (who.int)
5 Influenza viruses circulate year-round with two distinct peaks in virus circulation 6 unlike in temperate climates where a single peak in the winter season is typical. (who.int)

In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
The A(H1N1) is also written as A(H1N1)pdm09 as it caused the pandemic in 2009 and subsequently replaced the seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus which had circulated prior to 2009. (who.int)
Of the viruses successfully analysed 52% were A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. (health.gov.au)

Epidemics of influenza typically occur during the winter months in temperate regions and have been responsible for an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year in the United States during 1990--1999 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
There are 4 types of seasonal influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses are the most common and cause seasonal epidemics of disease globally (1). (who.int)
Seasonal influenza epidemics also impose a considerable economic burden in the form of hospital and other health care costs and lost productivity. (who.int)
In the United States of America, for example, estimates in 1986 put the cost of influenza epidemics to the economy at US$ 5000 million per year. (who.int)
The WHO influenza programme was established in 1947 with two main functions: to assist in planning for the possible recurrence of an influenza pandemic, and to devise control methods to limit the spread and severity of seasonal epidemics. (who.int)
worldwide, annual influenza epidemics are estimated to result in about 3-5 million cases of severe illness and about 250,000-500,000 deaths [ 4 ]. (springer.com)
Influenza viruses of the A and B genera may elicit epidemics and pandemics periodically. (hartmann-academie.nl)
By analyzing the frequency of each amino acid residue of the HA1 domain expressed by the viruses on annual basis, users are able to obtain evolutionary dynamics of human influenza viruses corresponding with epidemics. (biomedcentral.com)
We have previously demonstrated that the evolutionary dynamics of the positively-selected surface sites could be applied for monitoring human influenza epidemics [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Influenza vaccines, which have been available for more than 60 years, are safe and effective. (who.int)
The instability of influenza viruses results in constant, permanent and usually small changes in their antigenic composition, a phenomenon known as antigenic drift, necessitating corresponding annual changes in the composition of influenza vaccines. (who.int)
Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
The GISRS network, established in 1952, monitors changes in influenza viruses with the aim of reducing the impact of influenza through the use of vaccines and antiviral medications. (health.gov.au)
It must also carry out a study to show that the vaccine produced by the revised process is as effective at stimulating the production of antibodies against influenza as was seen at the time of initial authorisation and has at least as good a safety profile as other authorised influenza vaccines. (europa.eu)
Also, it had poor reactogenicity to the currently used human seasonal influenza vaccines. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
The purpose of these consultations is to recommend the composition on influenza virus vaccines for the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
however, only one lineage is selected as a component of contemporary trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines. (who.int)
Quadrivalent influenza vaccines containing both lineages may improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccine programmes in the future. (who.int)

Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in birds (avian influenza). (indiatimes.com)
There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
Several cases of pigs falling ill along with humans were reported during this period. (healthstatus.com)
After 1930, H1N1 viral-strain was the most prominent factor in causing this illness among pigs within the next few decades. (healthstatus.com)
Medical researchers considered the possibility of a 'zoonosis' from humans to pigs or vice-versa during this 1918 flu-outbreak. (healthstatus.com)
some data implies that the pigs caught the virus from the humans back then. (healthstatus.com)
Between the years 1997 and 2002, 3 latest viral-strains of the influenza subtypes and five diverse genotypes were discovered as the primary reason for flu among pigs in North America. (healthstatus.com)
Researchers confirmed that the virus infesting these pigs was a blended structure of viral-strains from humans and birds. (healthstatus.com)
The most recent strains of influenza were noticed during the 2009 swine flu endemic in Mexico and some farm pigs in Alberta, Canada. (healthstatus.com)
Swine influenza is a disease in pigs. (internetpdfarticles.com)
It does not normally infect humans, although this occasionally does occur-usually in people who have had close contact with pigs. (internetpdfarticles.com)
In conclusion, the co-circulation of three IAV subtypes in wild ducks close to backyard farms in Mexico, as well as, the local identification of HA gene sequences genetically related to Mexican livestock IAV strains and also to North American waterfowl IAV strains, highlight the importance of the Lerma marshes for influenza surveillance given the close interaction among wild birds, poultry, pigs, and humans. (authorea.com)
Pigs and birds are natural reservoirs for influenza virus, but we haven't looked very hard in other species, especially livestock. (scienceblogs.com)
A boy (anyone, really) could be exposed to the virus unknowingly- those pigs are EVERYWHERE. (scienceblogs.com)
We also detected influenza D in pigs in the Netherlands. (cdc.gov)
The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. (vetres.org)
The mortality of swine influenza virus (SIV) infected pigs is usually low, although morbidity may approach 100% [ 14 ]. (vetres.org)

Very little is known, however, about the public health significance of influenza in the tropical developing world, where viral transmission continues year-round and the disease is thought to have high attack and case-fatality rates. (who.int)
Based on historical patterns, influenza pandemics can be expected to occur, on average, three to four times each century when new viral strains emerge by antigenic shift and are readily transmitted from person to person. (who.int)
112 national influenza centres in 83 countries and four WHO collaborating centres for reference and research on influenza.1 National centres transfer representative viral isolates to the collaborating centres for immediate strain identification. (who.int)
This viral-strain appeared very familiar to the one that caused pig and human death in 1918. (healthstatus.com)
The antigenic properties of influenza viral isolates were analysed using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay as previously described. (health.gov.au)
The criterion standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
This viral strain had several genetic and antigenic differences from other influenza A viruses detected in Denmark. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
Severe influenza can cause primary viral pneumonia. (hartmann-academie.nl)
Finally, animals firstly infected with SwH1N1 virus and latter infected with pH1N1 exhibited undetectable viral RNA load in nasal swabs and lungs after challenge with pH1N1, indicating a cross-protective effect between both strains. (vetres.org)
Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are characterized by a segmented viral genome consisting of eight single stranded RNA fragments of negative polarity encoding 10 proteins [ 27 ]. (vetres.org)
We therefore construct a web server named Fluctrl that implements a pipeline whereby human influenza HA viral sequences were downloaded from the NCBI database and analyzed. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, the unsampled history of the epidemic means that the nature and location of the genetically closest swine viruses reveal little about the immediate origin of the epidemic, despite the fact that we included a panel of closely related and previously unpublished swine influenza isolates. (duke.edu)
All virus isolates received at the Centre were re-passaged in cell culture (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney [MDCK] cells) and virus isolation was also attempted on a selection of original clinical specimens received. (health.gov.au)
We compared over 3,000 PB2 protein sequences of human-transmissible and avian isolates, to produce a catalogue of sites involved in adaptation to human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
Evolutionary timelines derived from signatures of early human influenza isolates suggest that characteristic variants emerged rapidly, and remained remarkably stable through subsequent pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, the signatures of human-infecting H5N1 isolates suggest that this avian subtype has low pandemic potential at present, although it presents more human adaptation components than most avian subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequence analysis of the haemagglutinin gene was performed in 64 selected influenza B isolates. (who.int)

The vaccine stimulates protective immune responses against very different influenza subtypes by homing in on an area of the virus that remains relatively constant from strain to strain. (medscape.com)
One particular strain of H5N1, called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), is responsible for the 'bird flu' scares. (scientificamerican.com)
Even so, it seems likely that this virus has a greater mortality rate than either ordinary seasonal flu or possibly the 1918 pandemic H1N1 strain . (scientificamerican.com)
The genome of the airborne strain differed from the original one by just five mutations, which have all been spotted individually in wild viruses. (scientificamerican.com)
The result is the sudden appearance of a new virus strain to which populations may have no immunity and against which no existing vaccine may confer protection. (who.int)
A global outbreak of a new strain of H1N1-2009 influenza virus, often referred to as "swine flu virus" is well-known for causing a huge number of deaths both in human and swine in recent years. (ijpsonline.com)
The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
This 1976-strain was called 'A/New Jersey/1976 (H1N1). (healthstatus.com)
The majority of these were antigenically and genetically similar to the WHO recommended reference strain for the 2014 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine. (health.gov.au)
The researchers submitted the remaining sample material to the Danish National Influenza Center, which confirmed it was positive for the pandemic H1N1 strain. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918/19 claimed over 40 million lives, and was almost certainly caused by adaptation of an avian H1N1 strain to humans [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
however, current seasonal influenza vaccine only includes one influenza B strain. (who.int)

Influenza viruses also can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Only influenza type A viruses are known to have caused pandemics. (who.int)
Thus, in the 20th century, the great influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, which caused an estimated 40 to 50 million deaths worldwide, was followed by pandemics in 1957-1958 and 1968-1969. (who.int)
Only influenza variety A viruses are identified to have brought about pandemics. (infotrace.net)

Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
Influenza A viruses are more labeled into subtypes according to the mixtures of the proteins on the floor of the virus. (infotrace.net)
Influenza viruses can be identified based on the chemical structure of specific proteins found on the outer surface coat of the virus particle. (fullforms.com)

In the study of pathogens, it is fundamentally important to identify the molecular elements that enable transmission and replication in humans, and understand their evolutionary patterns as well as their functional role. (biomedcentral.com)

So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
Studies of the mechanism underlying this effect suggest that berberine acts post-translationally to inhibit virus protein trafficking/maturation which in turn inhibits virus growth. (ncsu.edu)
The method presented was applied to an analysis of influenza A PB2 protein sequences, with the objective of identifying the components of adaptation to human-to-human transmission, and reconstructing the mutation history of these components. (biomedcentral.com)
These signatures, arranged in chronological order, reveal an evolutionary timeline for the adaptation of the PB2 protein to human hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
By providing the most complete elucidation to date of the functional components participating in PB2 protein adaptation to humans, this study demonstrates that mutual information is a powerful tool for comparative characterization of sequence sets. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, the researchers found that luteolin suppressed the expression of coat protein I complex (COPI), which is related to influenza virus entry and the endocytic pathway. (naturalnews.com)
The analysis was based on the presence or absence of antibody response against non-structural protein 1 (NS1) from H1N1pdm09 virus, which was not a component of Pandemrix vaccine. (plos.org)

Influenza A viruses that typically are endemic in one animal species sometimes can cause illness in another species. (cdc.gov)
If this new influenza A virus causes illness in people and is transmitted easily from person to person in a sustained manner, an influenza pandemic can occur. (cdc.gov)
Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people. (who.int)
But influenza can cause severe illness or death, especially in people at high risk. (who.int)
Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a small fraction of all seasonal influenza. (indiatimes.com)
Wald chi-square tests and t-tests were used to test for associations between having PSL benefits and sociodemographic characteristics and industry and occupation groups, the associations between having PSL benefits and seeking treatment when sick with influenza-like illness (ILI), and taking days off work when sick with ILI. (cdc.gov)
Zoonosis' is referred to as an infectious illness which can be transferred from different animals (vertebrate creatures) to humans or vice-versa. (healthstatus.com)
Earlier in Denmark, an elderly patient with comorbidities experienced classical influenza-like illness (ILI). (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
In Viet Nam, influenza constitutes an important cause of influenza-like illness (ILI) among outpatients seeking clinical care. (who.int)

Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)

So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)

AFLURIA is an inactivated influenza virus vaccine indicated for active immunization of persons ages 6 months and older against influenza disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and type B present in the vaccine. (drugs.com)
AFLURIA is an inactivated influenza vaccine indicated for active immunization against influenza disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and type B present in the vaccine. (nih.gov)

Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)
Influenza B viruses are not classified into subtypes but can be broken down into lineages. (who.int)
A phylogenetic estimate of the gaps in genetic surveillance indicates a long period of unsampled ancestry before the S-OIV outbreak, suggesting that the reassortment of swine lineages may have occurred years before emergence in humans, and that the multiple genetic ancestry of S-OIV is not indicative of an artificial origin. (duke.edu)
The recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from North American and Eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. (vetres.org)
In April 2009, a new A(H1N1) influenza virus was identified containing a distinct combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine influenza lineages as well as from avian and human lineages [ 8 , 21 ], which rapidly reached pandemic proportions. (vetres.org)
To improve the understanding of circulating influenza B lineages and influenza vaccine mismatches, we report the virus lineages circulating in northern Viet Nam over an eight-year period (2007-2014). (who.int)
Lineages of 331 influenza B viruses were characterized by haemagglutination inhibition assay against standard reference ferret (Yamagata) and sheep (Victoria) antisera. (who.int)
The proportion of influenza B lineages changed by year. (who.int)
Our data showed a common co-circulation of both influenza B lineages in northern Viet Nam, and it was difficult to predict which one was the predominant lineage. (who.int)
As the two lineages have no cross-reactivity, the decision for vaccine lineage selection can be difficult in years when both influenza B lineages are circulating. (who.int)

The main variants named using this convention are:[citation needed] Bird flu Human flu Swine influenza Equine influenza Canine influenza Bat influenza Variants have also sometimes been named according to their deadliness in poultry, especially chickens:[citation needed] Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), also called deadly flu or death flu Most known strains are extinct strains. (wikipedia.org)
Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
however, there was a substantial number of hospitalized young individuals without previous underlying health problems, attesting to the pathogenic potential of A(H1N1) 2009 in humans. (vetres.org)

However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)

One comparator-controlled trial demonstrated higher rates of fever in recipients of AFLURIA as compared to a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine control. (nih.gov)

abstract = "We analysed and reported on a weekly basis clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients hospitalised in the Netherlands for the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) using information from the national mandatory notification system. (itg.be)
abstract = "BACKGROUND: The emergence of influenza A(H1N1) 2009 was met with increased reports of associated neurological manifestations. (bris.ac.uk)

Introduction: Staying home when sick can reduce the spread of influenza. (cdc.gov)
Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)
The spread of influenza has usually been described by a 'density' model, where the largest centres of population drive the epidemic within a country. (ox.ac.uk)

The National Influenza Center (NIC) at the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ha Noi (NIHE) conducts influenza virological surveillance in northern Viet Nam. (who.int)

In virology, influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of Influenza A virus. (xopt.io)

Detection of a variant IAV via routine surveillance highlighted the importance of continuous monitoring of both human and swine IAVs with zoonotic potential. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus, which means it is a virus that is transmitted between animals and people. (xopt.io)
More generally, this is just another reason for urgent investment in human and animal surveillance for influenza and other zoonotic diseases (a zoonotic disease is one humans get from animals). (scienceblogs.com)
Infections can be triggered by seasonal and zoonotic influenza viruses. (hartmann-academie.nl)
Zoonotic infections, for example avian or swine flu, are caused by influenza A viruses. (hartmann-academie.nl)

More recently, H5N1 viruses from birds have caused sporadic infections in wild foxes in the U.S. and in other countries. (cdc.gov)
Directly from infected birds or from avian influenza A virus-contaminated environments. (cdc.gov)
While a "shift" of this kind has not occurred in relation to avian influenza viruses, such a "shift" occurred in the spring of 2009 when an H1N1 virus with genes from North American Swine, Eurasian Swine, humans and birds emerged to infect people and quickly spread, causing a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a pathogen that causes the flu in birds and some mammals, including humans. (wikipedia.org)
It is an RNA virus whose subtypes have been isolated from wild birds. (wikipedia.org)
It circulates regularly among birds and has jumped to humans on occasion. (scientificamerican.com)
The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
Interactions between wild and domestic birds, humans, and swine can lead to spillover events. (authorea.com)

This type of major change in the influenza A viruses is known as " antigenic shift . (cdc.gov)
Antigenic shift results when a new influenza A virus subtype against which most people have little or no immune protection infects humans. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
The greatest public health concern lies in the tendency of Influenzavirus A to change suddenly and markedly, either through mutation or through the exchange of influenza virus genes or through the transfer of whole virus between host species into novel, genetically distinct subtypes, in a process known as antigenic shift. (who.int)
viruses, an arrest of significant evolution of the NA discordant with the continuing antigenic drift of HA was found in the 1980- 1983 period. (wikigenes.org)
Viruses were characterised by their antigenic, genetic and antiviral drug resistance properties. (health.gov.au)
Although WHO discloses the manner in which it has made the recommendation, usually by considering epidemiological and clinical information to analyze the antigenic and genetic characteristics of seasonal influenza viruses, most individuals do not possess an understanding of antigenic drift and when it occurs. (biomedcentral.com)
Fluctrl is constructed for monitoring the antigenic evolution of human influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Although WHO discloses how to make the recommendation on vaccine composition by analyzing the antigenic and genetic characteristics of seasonal influenza viruses, most individuals do not readily understand antigenic drift and when it occurs. (biomedcentral.com)

Influenza type A viruses are very similar in structure to influenza viruses types B, C, and D. The virus particle (also called the virion) is 80-120 nanometers in diameter such that the smallest virions adopt an elliptical shape. (wikipedia.org)

Our results highlight the need for systematic surveillance of influenza in swine, and provide evidence that the mixing of new genetic elements in swine can result in the emergence of viruses with pandemic potential in humans. (duke.edu)

When shifts happen, most people have little or no immunity against the new virus. (cdc.gov)
The scary part is that when the flu spreads person to person, instead of from animals to humans, it can continue to mutate, making it harder to treat or fight because people have no natural immunity. (projectswole.com)
This tool is intended to inform the general public how and when influenza viruses evade the human body's immunity. (biomedcentral.com)

Peak virus shedding usually occurs from 1 day before onset of symptoms to 3 days after. (cdc.gov)
Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms of influenza such as fever. (who.int)
See Clinical Presentation for more detailed information on the signs and symptoms of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)
What are the symptoms of swine influenza? (internetpdfarticles.com)
Influenza can worsen signs or symptoms of other continual diseases. (infotrace.net)
These involved allergic reactions including cases of anaphylactic (severe allergic) reactions, influenza-like symptoms and eye reactions. (europa.eu)
The symptoms depend on the virus genus (A and B severe courses, C less severe courses). (hartmann-academie.nl)

This report updates the 2004 recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (CDC. (cdc.gov)

Swine influenza viruses are usually of the H1N1 sub-type. (internetpdfarticles.com)
It is important to stress that swine influenza viruses are not transmitted by food. (internetpdfarticles.com)
however, a comparison to in-house sequences of swine influenza viruses from Denmark showed a close resemblance to 2021 swine IAVs. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)

Although the circulating H5N1 subtype has negligible potential for human-to-human transmission, there is a concern that it might acquire the necessary mutations for this capability. (biomedcentral.com)

Seasonal influenza is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, cough (usually dry), headache, muscle and joint pain, severe malaise (feeling unwell), sore throat, and a runny nose. (who.int)
Epidemiologic findings for a family cluster of 1 severe and 1 mild case suggested limited person-to-person transmission of this virus. (flutrackers.com)
In addition, each year some cases of influenza C are isolated from humans, but as these viruses tend not to cause severe disease, they are not a focus of surveillance. (health.gov.au)

citation needed] The annual flu (also called "seasonal flu" or "human flu") in the US "results in approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations each year. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to this human toll, influenza is annually responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion in the U.S." Globally the toll of influenza virus is estimated at 290,000-645,000 deaths annually, exceeding previous estimates. (wikipedia.org)
Most deaths associated with influenza in industrialized countries are due to complications of underlying diseases in people with well defined risks, including age over 65 years, chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic or renal disease, and immunosuppression. (who.int)
For example, during an influenza outbreak in Madagascar in 2002, more than 27 000 cases were reported within three months and 800 deaths occurred despite rapid intervention. (who.int)
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported about 15,174 deaths due to the pandemic influenza virus H1N1 [ 1 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Seasonal human influenza causes about 36,000 deaths and 226,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. (medscape.com)
The notification criteria changed on 15 August 2009 from all possible, probable and confirmed cases to only laboratory-confirmed pandemic influenza hospitalisations and deaths. (itg.be)
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)

In a recent study published in the Emerging Infectious Disease Journal, researchers detected a swine influenza A virus (IAV)-infected patient in routine surveillance at the National Influenza Center in Denmark. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)

The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
From 1976 until 2005, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) received roughly one report every year or two of humans with Swine Flu. (projectswole.com)
Prevention of influenza is the most effective management strategy. (medscape.com)

Inhibition of H1N1 influenza A virus growth and induction. (ncsu.edu)
In this study we tested whether the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine can inhibit the growth of influenza A. Our experiments showed strong inhibition of the growth of H1N1 influenza A strains PR/8/34 or WS/33 in RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells, A549 human lung epithelial-derived cells and murine bone marrow derived macrophages, but not MDCK canine kidney cells. (ncsu.edu)

Seasonal influenza is a perpetual public health challenge, and we continually face the possibility of an influenza pandemic resulting from the emergence and spread of novel influenza viruses," Anthony S. Fauci, MD, director of NIAID, said in a news release. (medscape.com)

Indicators of influenza involve acute onset of fever, cough, sore throat, body aches and exhaustion. (infotrace.net)

In the spring of 2009, a different influenza virus - one that had never been seen before - suddenly appeared. (bcm.edu)

Laboratory confirmation of influenza virus from throat, nasal and nasopharyngeal secretions or tracheal aspirate or washings is commonly performed using direct antigen detection, virus isolation, or detection of influenza-specific RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (who.int)
The Centre also undertook primary isolation of vaccine candidate viruses directly into eggs. (health.gov.au)
From those samples, we obtained 62 swine IAVs by virus isolation in MDCK cells. (cdc.gov)
We have constructed a web server, named Fluctrl, and implemented a pipeline whereby HA sequence data is downloaded from the Influenza Virus Resource at NCBI along with their isolation information including isolation year and location, which are parsed and managed in MySQL database. (biomedcentral.com)

In tropical regions such as the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the circulation of influenza viruses ranges from a seasonal peak from October to May to sporadic cases throughout the year. (who.int)
Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
Also, there have been only sporadic reports of human infections with swine IAVs. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
Maybe this is just another of the sporadic swine to human cases that have been reported in recent years. (scienceblogs.com)

For this reason, they are described as H1N1, H1N2 etc. depending on the type of H or N antigens they express with metabolic synergy. (indiatimes.com)

Experts agree that another influenza pandemic is inevitable and possibly imminent. (who.int)

WHO recommends annual immunization of at-risk persons as the best and most cost-effective strategy for reducing influenza-related morbidity and mortality. (who.int)
Influenza-virus-mediated disease can be associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, particularly in younger children and older adults. (mdpi.com)

During 2019–2021, we isolated 62 swine influenza A viruses in Belgium and the Netherlands. (cdc.gov)

Currently circulating influenza type B viruses belong to either B/Yamagata or B/Victoria lineage. (who.int)
Influenza kind B viruses belong to possibly B/Yamagata or B/Victoria lineage. (infotrace.net)

The segmented genome allows influenza A viruses from different species to mix genes (reassortment) and create a new virus if influenza A viruses from two different species infect the same person or animal at the same time. (cdc.gov)
Among the eight segments present in the genome of H1N1 virus, mutation is found to occur only at three segments. (ijpsonline.com)
Further analysis by whole-genome sequencing revealed its consensus sequence to be of the H1N1 subtype. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
We obtained genome sequences of 70 strains representative of the geographical and temporal distribution of H1N1 influenza during the summer and winter phases of the pandemic in 2009. (ox.ac.uk)

Therefore, careful evaluation of influenza A viruses recovered from humans and animals that are infected with avian influenza A viruses is important to identify genetic reassortment if it occurs. (cdc.gov)

Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. (justia.com)
The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
This disease is mainly caused due to a certain influenza virus commonly referred to as Swine Influenza Virus (SIV). (healthstatus.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms95

Diseases21

Chemicals and Drugs39

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes50

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care13

Geographicals3

H3N238

Outbreaks13

Neuraminidase23

Infection31

Hemagglutinin14

Vaccination18

Respiratory19

Circulate5

Pdm093

Epidemics10

Vaccines9

Pigs18

Viral11

Isolates6

Strain12

Pandemics4

Proteins4

Pathogens1

Protein7

Illness9

Antibodies1

Infect humans1

Vaccine indicated for active immunization2

Lineages10

Pathogenic4

Strains of influenza1

Trivalent1

Abstract2

Spread of influenza3

Epidemiology1

Virology1

Zoonotic5

Birds8

Antigenic9

Type A viruses1

Pandemic potential1

Immunity3

Symptoms7

Antiviral agents1

Swine influenza viruses3

H5n1 subtype1

Severe3

Deaths8

National Influenza Center1

Prevention3

Inhibition2

Novel influenza1

Acute1

Different influenza1

Isolation4

Sporadic4

Antigens1

Another influenza1

Morbidity2

20191

Yamagata2

Genome4

Evaluation of influenza1

Commonly3