Humans bacterial resistance penicillin resistance. Medical search. Frequent questions

USDA agencies continue to work on numerous issues related to antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) . (usda.gov)
USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is an active participant in a collaboration called the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) . (usda.gov)
The discovery of E. huaxiensis and E. chuandaensis was reported in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology , along with a description of the new species and their antimicrobial resistance profiles. (facmedicine.com)
When antibiotics are not used correctly, the bacteria they are designed to treat can become resistant, this is known as antimicrobial resistance. (nidirect.gov.uk)
Antimicrobial resistance has also emerged in viruses, fungi, and parasites. (cdc.gov)
During the past 6 to 7 years, the problem of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has grown dramatically in the United States. (ox.ac.uk)
These circumstances led to the current therapeutical crisis due to antimicrobial resistance (1). (le.ac.uk)
I hope to use my skills and expertise on a daily basis to help fight the alarming rise in antimicrobial resistance," Carly says. (canada.ca)
Genomic sequences were generated with an Illumina antimicrobial resistance of isolates was observed. (cdc.gov)
The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens is occurring worldwide which is causing serious consequences on the treatment of microbial diseases. (blogspot.com)
This antimicrobial resistance crisis is ascribed to many factors like overuse or misuse of conventional antibiotics, lack of preventive measures in healthcare system, desiderate of new drug development by pharmaceutical industries which would provide the novel treatment options and alternative antibiotic therapies [ 1 , 3 , 4 ]. (blogspot.com)
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging global threat. (asm.org)
If we can understand the design rules of how these molecules work, then we can assemble an arsenal of killer molecules with small variations, and no longer worry about antimicrobial resistance. (eurekalert.org)
This report contains updated information regarding a) antimicrobial resistance among pneumococci, b) vaccine effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, c) indications for vaccination, d) guidelines for revaccination, e) strategies for improving delivery of vaccine, and f) development of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Alone in 2019, antimicrobial resistance was associated with nearly 5 million deaths worldwide. (fems-microbiology.org)
For example, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans and caused more than 100,000 deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance in 2019. (fems-microbiology.org)
Global action is needed to tackle the catastrophic threat of antimicrobial resistance," England's Chief Medical Officer Professor Dame Sally Davies said earlier this year. (drmartinwilliams.com)
[12] Global deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance numbered 1.27 million in 2019. (wikipedia.org)
A special problem is the transferability of the genes responsible for the antimicrobial resistance between different bacterial groups. (bund.de)
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains an alarming public health threat worldwide. (who.int)
Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
Seventy years later, however, increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on all continents is endangering the prevention and treatment of infections ranging from the common to the life-threatening ones which disproportionately affect the poor, such as tuberculosis, malaria and HIV. (who.int)
Antimicrobial Resistance Requires a Manifold Response If inappropriate prescribing practices and the lack of diagnostic laboratories are not overcome, 'we're going to miss out on those drugs as soon as they become available,' said a WHO official. (medscape.com)
Towards monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in the environment: For what reasons, how to implement it, and what are the data needs? (janusinfo.se)
This report provides an update on the implementation of resolution WHA68.7 (2015), the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance and United Nations General Assembly resolution 71/3, "Political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on antimicrobial resistance," which was adopted in October 2016, and key ongoing challenges and emerging threats. (who.int)
Based on guidance and tools jointly developed by WHO, FAO and OIE, Member States have developed and started implementing their national action plans for combating antimicrobial resistance. (who.int)
Member States have a functional system for the national response to combat antimicrobial resistance through a One Health approach. (who.int)
Every November since 2015, World Antibiotic Awareness Week has been a major campaign in all regions to improve awareness of antimicrobial resistance and urge action. (who.int)

Because meningococcal infections are highly lethal, meningococcal resistance is a major concern. (cdc.gov)
Penicillin and other antibiotics effectively treated microbial infections. (wikipedia.org)
The main therapeutic class involved against bacterial infections is based on the penicillin core: the β-lactams. (degruyter.com)
Losing the ability to treat serious bacterial infections is a major threat to public health. (mo.gov)
By the 1940s, penicillin was available for medical use and was successfully used to treat infections in soldiers during World War II. (icr.org)
Since then, penicillin has been commonly used to treat a wide range of infections. (icr.org)
Since World War II many more antibiotics isolated from fungi (molds) and bacteria have been used to treat a wide range of human and animal infections. (icr.org)
It is done to protect the weakened body from exposure to bacterial infections. (mapsofindia.com)
Investing more time and money into research for new antibiotics, newer strains of bacterial infections. (mapsofindia.com)
The resistance of these newly discovered bacteria to antibiotics is a concern, as this would make the treatment of life-threatening infections more difficult. (facmedicine.com)
These antibiotic groups are commonly used to treat bacterial infections. (facmedicine.com)
Bacterial infections such as bacteraemia are usually with frontline antibiotics and a delay in treatment could cause progression to sepsis. (facmedicine.com)
Antibiotics are needed for serious bacterial infections. (nidirect.gov.uk)
Antibiotics are essential medicines for treating bacterial infections in animals. (nidirect.gov.uk)
In the decades since, antibiotics have become powerful, lifesaving medicines used to treat illnesses and infections caused by specific bacteria in humans and animals … including your dog. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
So bacteria are not killed and these types of bacterial infections in dogs continue to spread. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
Ceftriaxone is used to treat many kinds of bacterial infections, including severe or life-threatening forms such as E. coli, pneumonia, or meningitis. (onteenstoday.com)
Ceftriaxone is also used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, bacterial septicemia, bone and joint infections, and meningitis. (onteenstoday.com)
Cefixime is used to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body. (onteenstoday.com)
Since the discovery of penicillin, antibiotics have successfully been used to treat bacterial infections. (canada.ca)
Many bacterial infections have become difficult to treat because the microbes responsible have adapted to become resistant to the most effective antibiotics. (nih.gov)
In the 1940s, S. aureus infections were treated with compounds called β-lactams (penicillins). (nih.gov)
Researchers have continued to develop new types of antibiotics to combat MRSA infections, but resistance to many of these have already been reported. (nih.gov)
He believes that an increase in antibiotic resistance will lead to a significant decrease in the probability of successfully treating infections. (universityobserver.ie)
Dr. Liu's research group primarily employs X-ray crystallography in combination with mechanistic, biological and computational methods to study proteins involved in bacterial infections and other human diseases. (luc.edu)
Overall, a variety of approaches including protein engineering, inhibitor design and discovery of super agonistic ligands will be used to exploit the potential of reducing virulence, to bring about novel treatments that overcome antibiotic resistance in bacteria, and to improve the quality of life of patients who suffer from these life-long infections. (luc.edu)
They target bacterial species and effectively treat infections. (starhealth.in)
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), antibiotics are compounds that are used to treat and prevent bacterial infections. (starhealth.in)
Penicillins are used to treat various infections, and it is a beta-lactam antibiotic. (starhealth.in)
Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used to treat various bacterial infections. (starhealth.in)
Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics that are used to treat gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections. (starhealth.in)
Cephalosporins are used to treat skin infections, meningitis and other bacterial-resistant infections. (starhealth.in)
Outcomes of severe bacterial infections are determined by the interplay between host, pathogen, and treatments. (bvsalud.org)
While human genomics has provided insights into host factors impacting Staphylococcus aureus infections, comparatively little is known about S. aureus genotypes and disease severity. (bvsalud.org)
Professor Ben Adler is interested in the smallest things, which also happen to be among the deadliest: microscopic bacteria that can cause fatal infections in animals and humans. (monash.edu)
It's really amazing that we've only had antibiotics for 70 years or so, since 1941 with penicillin, and are now in a situation where some bacterial infections are untreatable because they're resistant to every known antibiotic. (monash.edu)
It's this knowledge of the genetics of bacteria and how they mutate and evolve that makes Ben's work so valuable in the quest towards finding effective treatments for bacterial infections in animals and humans. (monash.edu)
It includes that no medically important antibiotics (meaning those that also treat human bacterial infections) can be used to treat animals for growth, and no medically important drugs, like penicillin, can be used to treat animals at all. (dirt-to-dinner.com)
Consequently, β-lactams are also used to treat a variety of pathologies in humans such as septicemia, urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, meningitis, and peritonitis. (biomedcentral.com)
Staph" is common in healthy humans - you surely have it on your skin or in your nose, but can lead to severe infections in wounds, such as after surgery. (drmartinwilliams.com)
It seemed like deadly bacterial infections were to become a thing of the past. (operationmedschool.com)
It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections , and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. (wikipedia.org)
Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent bacterial infections, [29] and sometimes protozoan infections . (wikipedia.org)
Most people have issues with bacterial or viral infections from time to time. (pakalertpress.com)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are bacteria which in humans can cause wound infections, inflammation of the respiratory tract and other infections. (bund.de)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a common cause of infections in hospitals, could also develop resistance to vancomycin, the antibiotic used as a last resort to treat serious infections caused by this resistant bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Resistance to the Antibiotic Vancomycin in Enterococcal Infections* in U.S. Hospitals Families and communities Changes in dietary habits, food processing and packaging, and availability of food from all parts of the world are contributing to an increase in illnesses due to foodborne diseases. (cdc.gov)
The emergence of new resistance mechanisms is making some Gram-negative infections virtually untreatable, while other community-acquired bacterial infections, including those affecting children, are becoming progressively more difficult to treat. (who.int)
FDA Panel Backs Innoviva's Drug for Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections The panel on Monday unanimously voted in favor of Innoviva's experimental antibiotic in the treatment of serious bacterial infections, typically associated with hospitalizations, the company said. (medscape.com)
I specifically addressed only cellulitis, acute bacterial sinusitis, community-acquired pneumonia, nosocomial pneumonia / ventilator-associated pneumonia , complicated urinary tract infections, and complicated intra-abdominal infections. (medscape.com)
European resistance monitoring of invasive infections, coordinated by ECDC, a programme that has an important role in informing about the occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance in Europe. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Objectives: Gram-positive, anaerobic cocci (GPAC) can cause infections in humans. (lu.se)

It is ideal for mammalian bite wounds, but it is not ideal for nosocomial pathogens because of increasing rates of resistance of gram-negative organisms. (medscape.com)
However, antibiotic misuse has resulted in resistance of pathogens to antimicrobial agents. (wikipedia.org)
The main mode of bacterial resistance in case of Gram-negative pathogens is mediated by the expression of enzymes able to hydrolyze this crucial ring: the β-lactamases [ 3 ]. (degruyter.com)
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists identifying bacterial pathogens in the lab. (usda.gov)
In the contest between humans and pathogens, each faction has an evolutionary advantage: we have the brains to plot antimicrobial strategies but they have the means to defeat them through rapid reproduction, genetic selection, and recombination. (cdc.gov)
Thereafter, antibiotic discovery and development of new molecules gradually declined with the parallel emergence of drug resistance of many human bacterial pathogens. (le.ac.uk)
Today, the frequency and spectrum of antibiotic resistance in specific bacterial pathogens continues to increase worryingly, with particular concerns on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and on several Gram-positive (e.g. (le.ac.uk)
It is estimated that deaths due to antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens may pass from the actual 700,000 cases to about 10 million per year by 2050, if adequate countermeasures are not undertaken. (le.ac.uk)
During her 4-month term with our Human Health Therapeutics (HHT) Research Centre, she was able to apply her knowledge and interest in phage therapy research for multi-drug resistant pathogens. (canada.ca)
Their health is a direct indicator of the health of our ecosystem, since marine mammals are often laden with zoonotic pathogens that are easily transferable to other animals and humans, posing an astronomical public health risk. (universityobserver.ie)
Once in the environment, the resistance genes are being exchanged between bacteria in the water, some of these bacteria are potential human pathogens. (universityobserver.ie)
The targeted pathogens include Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Burkholderia cepacia complex , Klebsiella pneumonia et al, all of which are known for their ability to resist widely used antibiotics such as penicillin. (luc.edu)
therefore, the current study was designed to assess the efficacy of certain antibiotics, toothpaste, and medicinal plant extracts ( Ajuga bracteosa and Curcuma longa ) versus the bacterial pathogens isolated from the human oral cavity. (scielo.br)
Among all the bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus (29.62%) and Proteus mirabilis (22.2%) were found to be more prevalent oral pathogens. (scielo.br)
The data obtained through this study revealed that antibiotics were more effective for oral bacterial pathogens than toothpaste and plant extracts which showed moderate and low activity, respectively. (scielo.br)
In addition to changing environmental factors that drive evolution in fungal species (e.g., global warming and climate change have resulted in identification of new fungal pathogens, including new clades of C. auris ), multiple anthropological factors contribute to the development of antifungal resistance. (asm.org)
The use of antibiotics is the key factor for the selection of genes that code for resistance not only in pathogens, but also in other habitats (commensals, environment). (bats.ch)
Firmicutes, a group of Gram-positive bacteria that includes several important human pathogens, make exceptional use of the stringent response. (fems-microbiology.org)
analysed the resistance situation for zoonotic pathogens and commensal bacteria. (bund.de)
The antibiotic chosen should cover most of the common bacterial pathogens and be individualized for the child with regard to allergy, tolerance, previous exposure to antibiotics, cost, and community resistance levels. (medscape.com)

However, the epidemiology of resistance of these two bacteria exhibit very different patterns. (cdc.gov)
Models of transmission have been developed to examine how antibiotic use affects the colonization rate of resistant commensal bacteria in human populations ( 11 ), to examine treatment protocols for resistance prevention ( 12 ), and to predict future trends ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)
NDM-1 (New-Delhi-Metallo-β-lactamase-1) is an enzyme developed by bacteria that is implicated in bacteria resistance to almost all known antibiotics. (degruyter.com)
Since bacteria are extremely numerous, random mutation of bacterial DNA generates a wide variety of genetic changes. (mo.gov)
As a result, using any one antibiotic to treat a bacterial infection may result in other kinds of bacteria developing resistance to that specific antibiotic, as well as to other types of antibiotics. (mo.gov)
Therefore, it does not take long for the antibiotic-resistant bacteria to comprise a large proportion of a bacterial population. (mo.gov)
In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered that a mold inhibited the growth of staphylococcal bacteria and named the substance it produced 'penicillin' (possibly Pasteur's unknown substance). (mo.gov)
An increase in the frequency of antibiotic resistance in bacteria since the 1950s has been observed for all major classes of antibiotics used to treat a wide variety of respiratory illnesses, skin disorders, and sexually transmitted diseases. (icr.org)
Is this resistance the result of bacteria evolving new genes in response to the presence of antibiotics, or are antibiotic-resistant bacteria selected for in the environment by possessing antibiotic resistance genes beforehand? (icr.org)
To answer these questions a discussion of several factors involved in antibiotic resistance will show that resistance is a designed feature of pre-existing genes enabling bacteria to compete with the antibiotic producers in their environment. (icr.org)
7] Penicillin is an effective antibiotic for human diseases because it interferes with a biological component in bacteria (cell wall) not found in human cells. (icr.org)
Antibiotic resistance is when the bacteria change their genetic makeup in response to antibiotics. (mapsofindia.com)
It isn't the human or animal's body that is becoming resistant but the bacteria itself. (mapsofindia.com)
The bacteria were found in the blood of two human patients during blood tests as part of routine medical care. (facmedicine.com)
He discovered that not only does antibiotic use in pigs change the bacterial flora in the gut, but even low doses of the drug given for only two weeks also caused a drastic increase in the number of E-coli bacteria in the gut … the opposite effect they had expected. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
And those bacteria showed a large jump in resistance to antibiotics. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
The warning bells about antibiotic resistance first rang in the 1970s when the late microbiologist Stuart Levy published studies about how the use of antibiotics in chicken feed led to antibiotic-resistant bacteria that could actually be spread to the microbiome of farmers and beyond. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria don't respond to the antibiotics designed to kill them. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is occurring at an alarming rate and is outpacing the development of new countermeasures. (cdc.gov)
CDC's recent report on antibiotic resistance threats estimated that 2 million people each year are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and 23,000 die as a result. (cdc.gov)
The objective of the experiment is to test the efficacy of ampicillin in a microgravity environment through the observed resistance of Escherichia coli B-strain bacteria ( E. coli ). (ncesse.org)
After exposing the bacteria to low doses of the antibiotics for 11 days, they observed no evolution of resistance to ME/PI/TZ. (nih.gov)
In contrast, the bacteria developed resistance to all the drugs used alone or in pairs within 1-8 days. (nih.gov)
We know all bacteria eventually develop resistance to antibiotics, but this trio buys us some time, potentially a significant amount of time. (nih.gov)
The human mouth serves as the best habitat for numerous bacterial species due to its alkaline condition, favourable to most bacteria and fungi. (scielo.br)
Data suggested that against all four bacteria, lychee honey alone can inhibit the bacterial growth to very little extent whereas the standards showed very mild to medium inhibitory potential. (blogspot.com)
The preceding decades have observed a dramatic global increase in human pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to one or multiple antibiotics [ 1 ]. (blogspot.com)
Penicillin, the first discovered antibiotic has lost its activity against almost all kind of bacteria. (blogspot.com)
Certain gram-negative bacteria have become resistant to penicillin. (starhealth.in)
The later generations of penicillin have become broad-spectrum and are effective against gram-negative bacteria. (starhealth.in)
The researchers also determined why some compounds punch holes only in bacteria, while others kill everything within reach, including human cells. (eurekalert.org)
By understanding how these molecules kill bacteria, and how we can prevent them from harming human cells, we can provide a more direct and rational route for the design of future antibiotics," Wong said. (eurekalert.org)
it works by inhibiting the formation of the bacterial cell wall synthesis, which is essential for the survival of the bacteria in the human body. (secondmedic.com)
clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor that reduces antibiotic resistance towards bacteria and enhances the activity of amoxycillin. (secondmedic.com)
Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance either by mutational modification of their genome or by incorporating genes originating from other micro-organisms by gene transfer. (bats.ch)
Once the bacterium has acquired resistance genes, it wins a selection advantage compared to bacteria susceptible for antibiotics in an environment containing antibiotics ('environment' also includes humans and animals that are submitted to antibiotic therapy). (bats.ch)
Some examples: Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin (MRSA) or with a diminished sensibility to vancomycin (VISA), enterococci resistant to vancomycin (VRE), pneumococci insensitive to penicillin, strains of multi- resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Gram-negative bacteria which produce b-lactamases with broadened substrate spectra. (bats.ch)
Overall, the review " Role of (p)ppGpp in antibiotic resistance, tolerance, persistence and survival in Firmicutes " in microLife discusses how bacteria use the stringent response to evade antibiotic attacks. (fems-microbiology.org)
The sheer number of non-human genes represented by the human microbiota - there are millions in our "extended genome" 2) compared to the nearly 23,000 in the human genome - implies we have just begun to fathom the full extent to which bacteria work to facilitate their own survival. (mpkb.org)
based methods for culturing bacteria have drastically underrepresented the size and diversity of bacterial populations. (mpkb.org)
Bacteria are no less persistent or proliferative inside the human body. (mpkb.org)
One prominent researcher called human skin a "virtual zoo of bacteria. (mpkb.org)
9) According to Asher Mullard, "Between them [the bacteria in our bodies], they harbor millions of genes, compared with the paltry 20,000 estimated in the human genome. (mpkb.org)
The global initiative known as the Human Microbiome Project currently estimates that the microorganisms that live inside or on Homo sapiens outnumber somatic (body) and germ cells [germ cells as in gametes, not bacteria] by a factor of ten. (mpkb.org)
Most fungi dwell normally within and on-top of the human body creating a natural competitor against normal bacteria, which is also on and in the body. (atrainceu.com)
Overall, 90% and 24% of the 278 samples had Gram-negative bacteria with resistance to ampicillin and ceftiofur, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Even by this time, bacteria outside laboratories were developing resistance to penicillin. (drmartinwilliams.com)
These could then even swap genetic material with other bacteria, conferring resistance on them as well. (drmartinwilliams.com)
Similar action is advocated by the CDC, which on 16 September released a landmark report on antibiotics resistance, with a conservative estimate that antibiotic resistant bacteria kill 23,000 people per year in the US. (drmartinwilliams.com)
The first sign of antibiotic-resistant bacteria appeared in Staphylococcus aureus in 1942-just one year after human clinical trials and before Fleming et al. (operationmedschool.com)
The beta-lactam rings present in the penicillin structure were being inactivated by the enzyme beta-lactamase that the bacteria, S. aureus, now produced (Lowy, 2003). (operationmedschool.com)
Worst, many bacteria, including S. aureus, can transfer their genetic code to other populations or other species, via conjugation or bacteriophage transduction, which uses bacterial viruses as seen in the figure below (Haaber et al. (operationmedschool.com)
The widespread use of antibiotics increases the exposure of certain bacterial strains which means there is an increased selective pressure for these bacteria to become resistant. (operationmedschool.com)
Her piece is an altered antique wartime dress patched with cloth that contains genetically modified E. coli bacteria and commemorates the 75th anniversary of the first use of penicillin in a human patient in 1941. (labiotech.eu)
The bacterial DNA has been edited with CRISPR to remove the gene that provides modern day bacteria with resistance to penicillin and other antibiotics. (labiotech.eu)
We now face a serious global problem of antibiotic resistance as disease-causing bacteria evolve mechanisms to resist our attempts to destroy them, and the wonder drugs, such as penicillin, no longer work. (labiotech.eu)
However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also led to their overuse [8] and some bacteria have evolved resistance to them. (wikipedia.org)
ESBL-forming bacteria can destroy some antimicrobials such as Penicillins and Cephalosporins of the third and fourth generation by means of enzymes. (bund.de)
Nevertheless, already at this point in time the latest biomolecular insights clearly suggest that ESBL-forming bacteria from animal production do pose a risk to human health. (bund.de)
Resistance genes which enter the human organism via harmless intestinal cultures can, once in the intestine, be transferred to other bacteria which in case of an infection are then more difficult to treat. (bund.de)
Who would have guessed that, by 1981, the development of recombinant DNA technology would make possible the manufacture, in bacteria, of large quantities of important biological substances needed for biomedical research, such as human insulin, growth hormone, and interferon--or that this technology could be used, as is now being done, for prenatal diagnosis of certain genetic disorders. (co.ke)
Four types of antibiotic resistant bacteria are monitored according to the Communicable Diseases Act and epidemiological typing is carried out on all notifiable forms of resistance. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Four types of antibiotic resistance in bacteria are included in the Swedish Communicable Diseases Act. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

Its National Animal Health Laboratory Network coordinated a pilot project that tested animal pathogen isolates at veterinary clinics to assess resistance to antimicrobials. (usda.gov)
We studied whether clonal relationships exist among current isolates of high-level penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) in the United States. (ox.ac.uk)
It was revealed that E. coli extracted from Indian River Lagoon had a higher resistance to piperacillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole as compared to isolates from Charleston Harbor area. (universityobserver.ie)
One hundred forty-seven isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with high-level penicillin resistance collected during a national surveillance program in the United States were characterized by serotyping, pulsed-field restriction analysis, ribotyping, and repetitive-sequence (BOX element) PCR. (ox.ac.uk)
Studying a panel of 387 S. aureus bacteraemia isolates, and combined with comparative, statistical, and functional genomics, our platform identified mutations in S. aureus clinical isolates that reduced bacterial cytotoxicity and promoted intracellular persistence. (bvsalud.org)
Surface swabs were tested for lytic phages and bacterial isolates for mitomycin C-inducible prophages. (mdpi.com)
Methods: WGS was used to identify previously reported potential resistance determinants in 681 N. gonorrhoeae isolates, from England, the USA and Canada, with phenotypes for cefixime, penicillin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline determined as part of national surveillance programmes. (ox.ac.uk)
For example, in 5.9 percent of E. coli isolates from broilers and 6.2 percent of E. coli isolates from broiler meat, resistance to Cephalosporins of the third generation was found which is an indication of the formation of ESBLs. (bund.de)
Resistance to imipenem and piperacillin was not identified, whereas resistance among the 229 isolates to penicillin was detected in four, to metronidazole in six, and clindamycin in 16 isolates. (lu.se)

In the other data set, mutants of a bacterial enzyme that controls resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins, TEM-1 beta-lactamase, were expressed in E. coli under the selective pressure of an antibiotic treatment. (frontiersin.org)
Thus, penicillin G was undermined by swift accumulation of staphylococcal penicillinase, ampicillin by TEM-1 enzyme and modern oxymino cephalosporins by "extended-spectrum" beta-lactamases. (uea.ac.uk)
Enterobacteriaceae with resistance to third-generation cephalosporins carry genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production, which also confer resistance to penicillins and monobactams. (biomedcentral.com)
Hence, use of third-generation cephalosporins to treat humans and for livestock production may contribute to the emergence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently, over 80% of the antimicrobial drugs (including penicillins, tetracyclines, macrolides, cephalosporins) sold in the United States of America are used in agriculture. (who.int)

Penicillin-resistant strains also are resistant to amoxicillin, but higher doses may be effective. (medscape.com)
S. pneumoniae strains with decreased susceptibility have been found frequently over the last decade, and most of them now have a penicillin G MIC greater than 2 µg/mL ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Nearly all strains of Staphylococcus aureus in the United States are resistant to penicillin, and many are resistant to newer methicillin-related drugs. (mo.gov)
Following the introduction of penicillin in the 1940's, medicinal chemists developed many effective new compounds but their extensive use in people and animals has encouraged the emergence and spread of resistant bacterial strains. (cdc.gov)
Scientists suggest that the resistance to broad spectrum antibiotics in various strains of E. coli has increased by a factor of two from 2009 to 2015. (universityobserver.ie)
50%) among clusters of strains, indicating a certain level of concordance between the various typing methods used to classify penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. (ox.ac.uk)
Bacterial strains are often resistant to 4 - 5 classes of antibacterial agents or even more. (bats.ch)
As resistant strains became an issue, a penicillin derivative was introduced as a countermeasure. (drmartinwilliams.com)
Evolution, meanwhile, continues apace, with a growing roll call of drug resistant diseases, including strains that are multiple drug resistant or even exhibit total drug resistance. (drmartinwilliams.com)
Current antimicrobial treatment recommendations for melioidosis, the disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, are largely based on studies of strains isolated from the Eastern Hemisphere (EH), where most human cases are identified and reported. (cdc.gov)
Haemophilus influenzae strains in north Lebanon in both invasive and non-invasive disease and to determine the susceptibility pattern and the mechanism of resistance to -lactams [-lactamase-producing strains and -lactamase-negative ampicillin resistant (BLNAR) strains]. (who.int)
the resistance pattern to -lactams of these strains was determined by using the disc diffusion and E-test methods followed by molecular methods such as PCR of bla et bla genes. (who.int)

Digitally colorized scanning electron micrograph of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (mustard-colored spheres) and a dead human white blood cell (red). (nih.gov)
Among the 16 two-component systems in the opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, only WalKR is essential. (bvsalud.org)
IMPORTANCE The opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus uses an array of protein sensing systems called two-component systems (TCS) to sense environmental signals and adapt its physiology in response by regulating different genes. (bvsalud.org)
These are Staphylococcus aureus ;resistant to methicillin (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility or resistance to penicillin (PNSP), Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium resistant to vancomycin (VRE), and Enterobacterales (previously Enterobacteriaceae) with ESBL (including AmpC) or ESBL-CARBA. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

Amoxicillin is somewhat less active than penicillin against Streptococcus pneumococcus. (medscape.com)
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis have very similar mechanisms of resistance to penicillin G. Although penicillin resistance is now common in S. pneumoniae , it is still rare in N. meningitidis . (cdc.gov)
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis have very similar mechanisms of resistance to penicillin G, which are mediated by the decreased affinity of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
In 1967 the first penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae was observed in Australia, and seven years later in the U.S. another case of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae was observed in a patient with pneumococcal meningitis. (icr.org)
Clonal relationships among high-level penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. (ox.ac.uk)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a bacterial pathogen that affects children and adults worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Streptococcus pneumoniae, a major cause of bacterial pneumonia, is becoming increasingly resistant to penicillin and many other antibiotics. (cdc.gov)

Antibiotics are still important in treating microbial infection in humans, animals, and plants. (usda.gov)
It inhibits the growth of bacterial infection in our bodies. (mapsofindia.com)
penicillin was used to treat wounds with risk of bacterial infection that could lead to death. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
Of course, humans have evolved their own defenses against infection. (cdc.gov)
For example, the authors of a recent article suggested that tolerance-based treatment of HIV infection -focused on increasing the infected patient's ability to remain well despite high HIV load (host tolerance) rather than reducing viral load (host resistance)-could be "evolution-proof," although evolution of the virus toward greater virulence remains a possibility. (cdc.gov)
Candidiasis is any fungal infection due to any type of candida that has become out of control in the human body (Huether & McCance, 2008). (atrainceu.com)
This article is about treatment of bacterial infection. (wikipedia.org)
To the present day, only few cases have been described in which an MRSA infection in humans could be attributed to food consumption. (bund.de)
How important the contribution of the infection sources food, production and domestic animals as well as livestock in agriculture is for the ESBL associated illness in humans cannot be evaluated on the basis of the currently available data. (bund.de)
Acute Bacterial Meningitis Acute bacterial meningitis is rapidly progressive bacterial infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space. (msdmanuals.com)
Lyme disease is caused by a bacterial infection with certain Borrelia species. (cdc.gov)

However, the natural history of colonization differs in these two bacterial species. (cdc.gov)
However, these models are based on a priori hypotheses which, in general, assume that the impact of antibiotic exposure does not differ according to the mechanism of resistance and do not consider the particular natural history of the colonization of the bacterial species. (cdc.gov)
For thousands of years, humans have used endophytic species in traditional medicines. (wikipedia.org)
Unfortunately, many bacterial species continued to survive penicillin treatment due to their resistance mechanisms. (mo.gov)
Both new species are resistant to penicillin and cephalosporin group antibiotics. (facmedicine.com)
A total of 130 samples were collected from Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan, among those 27 species isolated, and eight bacterial species were identified from the samples. (scielo.br)
It is widely used against bacterial species like gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods and gram-negative cocci. (starhealth.in)
However, the bacterial species have developed a resistance to tetracyclines, according to data published in an NCBI article. (starhealth.in)
One environmental sample of human hands found 100 times more species than had previously been detected using purely culture-based methods. (mpkb.org)
7) The human gut alone contains on average: 40,000 bacterial species, 8) 9 million unique bacterial genes and 100 trillion microbial cells. (mpkb.org)
Our approach should allow reasonably precise prediction of MICs for a range of bacterial species. (ox.ac.uk)
Albicans is one of the most common fungal species to be isolated on medical devices and on human tissues. (atrainceu.com)

New genomic based methods such as polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) detect bacterial forms based on the presence of bacterial DNA or RNA. (mpkb.org)

The increase in resistance among these organisms clearly indicates a change in the frequency of antibiotic resistance genes. (icr.org)
In recent years, the seawater has started to operate as a massive reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes, at a global scale. (universityobserver.ie)
An element that favours the dissemination of resistance genes is the fact that they are often plasmid-borne, i.e. a type of mini-chromosomes which are 1/100 to 1/1000 the size of a normal chromosome. (bats.ch)
Acquisition and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes is related to the selection pressure exerted by the intensive use of these substances, which explains the world-wide alarming situation in human medicine. (bats.ch)
Genes in the human microbiota far outnumber those in the human genome. (mpkb.org)
Moreover, the contig and network analyses detected associations between β-lactam resistance genes and phages, mobile genetic elements, and specific genera. (biomedcentral.com)
Commensal bacterial populations belonging to Bacteroidetes most commonly possessed ESBL genes followed by members of Enterobacteriaceae. (biomedcentral.com)
This report presents the status of AMR in Africa by analysing the main types of resistance and the underlying genes where possible. (who.int)
Evidence for wastewaters as environments where mobile antibiotic resistance genes emerge. (janusinfo.se)

Over half of the population of the United States lives along coastal freshwater or marine ecosystems, living with a risk of developing drug-resistance. (universityobserver.ie)
The National Foundation for Infectious Diseases estimates that the cost of drug resistance approaches $4 billion per year and is increasing. (cdc.gov)
The report also includes a summary on the status of drug resistance for TB, HIV and malaria. (who.int)

Penicillin is an antibiotic produced by the common bread mold Penicillium that was discovered accidentally in 1929 by the British microbiologist, Alexander Fleming. (icr.org)
In the 1920s Sir Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin which was to be the first mass-produced antibiotic. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
Yet within just two years, the man who had first noticed the anti-bacterial properties of a penicillin mould, Alexander Fleming, was warning that, "It is not difficult to make microbes resistant to penicillin in the laboratory by exposing them to concentrations not sufficient to kill them, and the same thing has occasionally happened in the body. (drmartinwilliams.com)
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovered modern day penicillin in 1928, the widespread use of which proved significantly beneficial during wartime. (wikipedia.org)

It was concluded that 88% of the samples contained at least one pathogen that showed resistance towards an antibiotic. (universityobserver.ie)
This pathogen acquired a genetic determinant that encodes penicillin-binding proteins with low affinity to methicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics. (fems-microbiology.org)
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a high-consequence bacterial pathogen that occurs naturally in many parts of the world and is considered an agent of biowarfare or bioterrorism. (cdc.gov)

Second-generation penicillins, such as methicillin, were resistant to those enzymes. (nih.gov)

Tetracyclines are used both for humans and animals. (starhealth.in)
Tetracyclines may interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillins. (medscape.com)

The model suggests that simple differences in the natural history of colonization, interhuman contact, and exposure to β-lactam antibiotics explain major differences in the epidemiology of resistance of S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis . (cdc.gov)
Therefore, better understanding of S. pneumoniae resistance selection and establishing whether meningococcal resistance could increase are important. (cdc.gov)
In both S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis , humans are the only reservoir, and asymptomatic colonization is frequent. (cdc.gov)
This model is specific to the mechanism of resistance to penicillin G common to S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis and mediated by the decrease in affinity of their PBPs. (cdc.gov)
1] In 1980 it was estimated that 3-5% of S. pneumoniae were penicillin-resistant and by 1998, 34% of the S. pneumoniae sampled were resistant to penicillin.1 Antibiotic resistance by other organisms reflects the same trend observed between S. pneumoniae and penicillin. (icr.org)
When the data were examined by pairwise analysis of individual strain classifications produced by each typing method, no statistically significant relationships between strain type, geographic location, or patient age were identified, suggesting that distinct clones of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae have been widely distributed throughout the United States. (ox.ac.uk)

Amoxicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
Resistance is caused by a change in penicillin-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
By increasing the production of penicillin-binding proteins, the stringent response even determines the level of resistance. (fems-microbiology.org)

The rapid development of bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics (such as penicillin or vancomycin) has become a major public health concern. (eurekalert.org)

Tetracycline resistance by normal human intestinal flora has exploded from 2% in the 1950s to 80% in the 1990s. (icr.org)
Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of penicillins if concomitantly used with a tetracycline. (medscape.com)

The penicillinase-resistant, or second-generation, penicillins are semisynthetic modifications of natural penicillins that are resistant to bacterial enzyme beta-lactamase, which accounts for typical penicillin resistance. (medscape.com)
With repeated binary fission, the gene that codes for this anti-penicillin enzyme became prominent in the population of its evolutionarily advantageous characteristics. (operationmedschool.com)

Researchers noted that this compound demonstrates both root growth promotion and inhibits bacterial production. (wikipedia.org)

Altechromone A could provide a source of antimicrobial agents that microbes have yet to develop a resistance to. (wikipedia.org)
However, microbes can develop resistance to some antibiotics, making them less effective. (usda.gov)
Microbes form most of the world's biomass: there are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a milliliter (gram) of fresh water. (mpkb.org)
Sometimes, the term antibiotic -literally "opposing life", from the Greek roots ἀντι anti , "against" and βίος bios , "life"-is broadly used to refer to any substance used against microbes , but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin ) are those produced naturally (by one microorganism fighting another), whereas non-antibiotic antibacterials (such as sulfonamides and antiseptics ) are fully synthetic . (wikipedia.org)
The underlying challenge is that the inherent capacity of microbes to develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs is being fuelled by the widespread use, and misuse, of such agents in all regions of the world in both health and agricultural practices [3] . (who.int)

We describe a mathematical model of the emergence and diffusion of bacterial resistance in the community. (cdc.gov)
This collaborative program helps FSIS to monitor and understand the emergence, persistence, and spread of antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals. (usda.gov)

The golden age of antibiotic therapy started in 1928 with the discovery of penicillin and reached a peak at the mid-1950s. (le.ac.uk)

Amoxiclav, a potent combination of penicillin and clavulanic acid is also losing its efficacy against many organisms [ 6 ]. (blogspot.com)
So, a combination of penicillin and gentamicin or streptomycin is used. (starhealth.in)

It interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis during active replication, causing bactericidal activity against susceptible organisms. (medscape.com)
Cefotaxime sodium, a parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic, exerts its bactericidal action through inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. (onteenstoday.com)
Mechanism Of Action Cefuroxime is a bactericidal agent that acts by inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. (onteenstoday.com)

By contrast, for N. meningitidis , reports of high levels of resistance remain anecdotal, even though decreased susceptibility has become more frequent ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
Comparing the occurrence of antibiotic resistance between different regions over time requires that the clinical microbiology laboratories uses the same susceptibility breakpoints and Sweden has used those established by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) for many years. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

ii) gaining a representative survey of the actual resistance situation in Switzerland in all concerned sectors (human and animal populations, cattle-breeding, food, environment, etc. (bats.ch)
Unless the bacterial populations are involved in pathogenicity this is hardly relevant. (bats.ch)
These resistant bacterial populations are also considered to be the most concerning and economically impactful antimicrobial-resistant threats in the U.S. [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Ceftiofur has bactericidal activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial populations, low toxicity potential, and efficient penetration of most body fluids. (biomedcentral.com)
They did so thanks to natural selection, with relatively tiny numbers of variants that were not killed by penicillin proliferating, and giving rise to populations that could survive the former wonder drug. (drmartinwilliams.com)

Sweden is actively working for a quality-assured methodology for surveillance of antibacterial resistance. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

Pneumococcal resistance has already given rise to therapeutic problems ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
on-going studies aim to employ lactonase as a protein therapeutic to disrupt bacterial cell-to-cell communication, quorum-quenching. (luc.edu)

Comparison of results generated by serotyping, pulsed-field restriction analysis, ribotyping, and repetitive-sequence PCR used to characterize penicillin-resistant pneumococci from the United States. (ox.ac.uk)

Penicillin G interferes with the synthesis of cell wall mucopeptide during active multiplication, resulting in bactericidal activity against susceptible microorganisms. (medscape.com)

Applying this approach to human and animal environments, both internal (e.g., gut microbiomes) and external (e.g., hospitals, farms) offers new insights into microbial ecology and evolution. (cdc.gov)
Some commentators have gone so far as to refer to the human body as a superorganism whose "whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of microbial and human attributes. (mpkb.org)

However, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to an increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics. (canada.ca)

Ceftriaxone works by inhibiting the mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall. (onteenstoday.com)

The penicillins are bactericidal antibiotics that work against sensitive organisms at adequate concentrations and inhibit the biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptide. (medscape.com)
On Target 2, on-going studies aim to inhibit acylase to disrupt bacterial iron acquisition. (luc.edu)

At the beginning, these enzymes were considered as biochemical curiosities but now, they are recognized as the most worrying threat to bacterial disease treatments. (degruyter.com)
Antibiotic resistance is a threat to human health and to medicines worldwide. (nidirect.gov.uk)
They call antibiotic resistance " one of the biggest public health challenges of our time […] Fighting this threat is a public health priority that requires a collaborative global approach across sectors. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
The World Health Organisation regards antibiotic resistance as a threat to global health and food security. (universityobserver.ie)
Recently, the United Kingdom's Chief Medical Officer recently called AMR a "catastrophic threat," stating that unless resistance is curbed, "We will find ourselves in a health system not dissimilar to the early 19th century" in which organ transplants, cancer chemotherapy, joint replacements and even minor surgeries become life-threatening [2] . (who.int)

Next, we studied N. meningitidis to anticipate its trends in penicillin G-resistance selection according to antibiotic exposure. (cdc.gov)

Today, antibiotic resistance is increasing the severity of various diseases such as gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, pneumonia. (mapsofindia.com)

This allows the United States and the rest of the world to benefit from the use of antibiotics to cure human and animal diseases - now and for generations to come. (usda.gov)
The world has left very few of its last line agents to fight against the common infectious diseases due to the rapidly growing phenomenon of bacterial resistance. (blogspot.com)
But he also blames our excessive, sometimes inappropriate, use of antibiotics to treat human diseases and promote healthy growth in the animals we eat. (monash.edu)
He says some 75 per cent of human infectious diseases have animal origins. (monash.edu)
More antibiotics were developed, and a growing list of bacterial diseases in turn evolved resistance to them. (drmartinwilliams.com)
CDC's strategy is based on the belief that it is much less costly, in both human suffering and economic terms, to prevent infectious diseases than to react with expensive treatment or containment measures to public health crises. (cdc.gov)
NIGMS is the basic research institute of the National Institutes of Health, and the mission of the Institute is not to study a specific disease or groups of diseases, but rather to develop new knowledge of the human body and how it works. (co.ke)
Lieutenant Commander Marx is a medical epidemiologist with the Bacterial Diseases Branch in the CDC's Division of Vector-borne Diseases where she conducts epidemiological research on Lyme disease and the prevention of tick bites and tick-borne diseases. (cdc.gov)

A combination of Citricidal (grapefruit seed extract) and geranium oil showed the greatest anti-bacterial effects against MRSA . (pakalertpress.com)

Researchers recently demonstrated that mining the human microbiome could identify new antimicrobial drug candidates. (cdc.gov)
The human microbiome has an important role in protecting the human host against colonization by harmful invaders and keeping their numbers in check. (cdc.gov)
Fungi are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are ubiquitous in the environment and body-research indicates that fungi account for ~0.1% of the human gut microbiome. (asm.org)
As humans and animals end up consuming antifungals as medicines , they might also inhale/ingest fungal spores from the environment, thus disrupting the microbiome by tampering with the equilibrium and potentially prompting the evolution of resistance. (asm.org)
Project, aspires to catalog the human microbiome, also referred to as the human metagenome. (mpkb.org)
12) The Human Microbiome Project aims to catalog the balance using an array of molecular sequencing techniques over the coming years. (mpkb.org)
Since the inception of the Human Microbiome Project in 2007, dozens of research teams have gathered data which redefine what it means to be human. (mpkb.org)

The recent short review " Role of (p)ppGpp in antibiotic resistance, tolerance, persistence and survival in Firmicutes " in microLife highlights the critical function of a specific bacterial stress response in antibiotic resistance as presented by Andrea Salzer for the #FEMSmicroBlog. (fems-microbiology.org)
Together, these findings highlight the need for additional studies aimed at identifying factors associated with shedding levels and the dissemination and persistence of antibiotic resistance determinants on dairy farms across geographic locations. (biomedcentral.com)

Knowledge of local organisms and resistance patterns plays an integral role in appropriate antimicrobial selection. (medscape.com)
A brief look at an example of penicillin resistance reveals the increase in the frequency of antibiotic-resistant organisms since the time when antibiotic use became common. (icr.org)
Upon observing the influence of antibiotic resistance in organisms cultured from the Indian River Lagoon and Charleston Harbor area, it was concluded that the results were similar. (universityobserver.ie)
Thus, finding strategies against resistance development and scheming treatments of drug resistant organisms has become a deep concern for research community and public health [ 7 ]. (blogspot.com)

The present study was thus aimed to rejuvenate the penicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid among the resistant antibiotics supplemented by Lychee Honey as a natural agent. (blogspot.com)

human microbiota The bacterial community in the human body. (mpkb.org)
Microbiota oral contains bacterial spores. (medscape.com)

According to a recent National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimate, 90% of cells in the human body are bacterial, fungal, or otherwise non-human. (mpkb.org)

The major share of research supported by NIGMS comprises studies of cell structure and function and of basic genetics that seek clearer insights into the molecular mechanisms of human inheritance in health and disease. (co.ke)

Beta-lactamases are the greatest single source of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. (uea.ac.uk)
For over 60 years, clinicians have seen a pattern whereby useful new beta-lactam analogues are introduced but then select for new beta-lactamases that cause resistance. (uea.ac.uk)

Anatomy8

Organisms31

Diseases25

Chemicals and Drugs94

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes68

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Information Science5

Health Care8

Geographicals1

Antimicrobial resistance28

Infections52

Pathogens20

Bacteria63

Isolates9

Cephalosporins5

Strains12

Staphylococcus4

Streptococcus7

Infection11

Species12

Polymerase Chain Re1

Genes9

Drug resistance3

Alexander Fleming4

Pathogen3

Methicillin1

Tetracyclines2

Pneumoniae6

Proteins3

Vancomycin1

Tetracycline2

Enzyme2

Inhibits bacterial1

Microbes5

Emergence2

Discovery of penicil1

Combination of penicillin2

Cell wall synthesis3

Susceptibility2

Populations5

Antibacterial1

Therapeutic2

Pneumococci1

Microorganisms1

Microbial2

Overuse1

Synthesis1

Inhibit2

Threat5

According to antibiotic1

Pneumonia1

Diseases8

Anti-bacterial1

Microbiome7

Persistence2

Organisms4

Clavulanic acid1

Microbiota2

Fungal1

Mechanisms1

Beta-lactamases2