Humans avian proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
H5N1, H5N8 and H7N9) can infect humans with lethal consequences (up to 60% mortality) and are potential pandemic threats for humanity if they develop human-to-human transmissability 2 . (nature.com)
Human ANP32A ( h ANP32A) lacks an insertion of 33 disordered residues compared to av ANP32A, restricting av H5N1 polymerase activity in mammalian cells. (nature.com)
The strain previously considered the greatest threat was H5N1, mostly because of the high associated mortality rate (up to 60%) in infected humans. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] A reassorted H5N1 virus has been reported in the United States among wild birds but is not considered a threat to humans. (medscape.com)
H5N1 was first reported to cause severe human disease in 1997 in an outbreak among infected chickens on Hong Kong Island. (medscape.com)
The overall risk to human health associated with the ongoing A(H5N1) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry has not changed and remains low at this time. (cdc.gov)
On March 29, 2023, Chile reported its first human infection with HPAI A(H5N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
This is the second human case of A(H5N1) ever reported in South America, which includes a January 2023 case reported by Ecuador ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
So far, the majority of the human H5N1 (haemagluttinin type 5 and neuraminidase subtype 1) infections have been linked to close contact with infected domestic birds during home slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering and preparation for cooking. (who.int)
The presence of the H5N1 virus in Africa is of great concern to human and animal health due to several factors requiring urgent action by Member States. (who.int)
The number of humans infected by H5N1 is increasing. (who.int)
The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
NS1 of H5N1/04, H5N1/97 and H7N9 was very effective at suppressing interferon type I promoter, which correlates with the severity of the infection in humans. (helsinki.fi)
During 1997, an H5N1 avian influenza virus was determined to be the cause of death in 6 of 18 infected patients in Hong Kong. (mitokor.com)
Although it has been known that cleavage site and glycosylation patterns of the HA protein play important roles in determining the pathogenicity of H5 avian influenza viruses, it has only recently been shown that an additional glycosylation site within the globular head of the neuraminidase protein also contributes to the high virulence of the H5N1 virus. (mitokor.com)
H5N1 hemagglutinin interacts with cell surface proteins containing oligosaccharides with terminal sialyl residues. (mitokor.com)
Virus isolated from a human infected with the H5N1 strain in 1997 could bind to oligosaccharides from human as well as avian sources, indicating its species-jumping ability. (mitokor.com)
Avian influenza H5N1 has shown high mortality rate in human. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a virulence factor of H5N1. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
Examples of different influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in animals include H1N1 and H3N2 in pigs (different strains than those found in humans), H3N8 in horses, H3N2 in dogs, and H5N1 in wild water birds and domestic poultry. (cdc.gov)
Since its discovery in the late 1990s, the avian flu virus, or H5N1, has infected at least 100 people, more than half of whom have died. (sourcewatch.org)
To date, roughly 103 people have been infected with the H5N1 avian influenza virus--or bird flu. (sourcewatch.org)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A - H5N1 viruses have now appeared in about 60 countries causing devastating outbreaks in poultry with continued capacity to impact humans [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The avian H5N1 and swine H1N1 influenza virus HA structures have been determined as well as mutations that enhance binding to human receptors that may allow the virus to cross the species barrier into humans and be transmissible. (scripps.edu)
Since the first confirmed human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in 1997, sporadic zoonotic avian influenza viruses causing illness in humans have been identified globally, with the WHO Western Pacific Region as one of the hotspots. (who.int)
From November 2003, when a resurgence of H5N1 virus activity in humans and animals occurred, through September 2017, 1,838 human infections with avian influenza viruses in the region were reported to WHO. (who.int)
Timing of influenza A(H5N1) in poultry and humans and seasonal influenza activity worldwide, 2004-2013. (who.int)
Update: isolation of avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from humans--Hong Kong, 1997-1998. (who.int)
These studies also demonstrated, for the first time, that the H5N1 strain can infect humans directly without prior adaptation in a mammalian host. (who.int)
Interspecies transmission occurred again in Hong Kong SAR in February 2003, when H5N1 virus caused two human cases, one of which was fatal. (who.int)

Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)
A large number of influenza A viruses naturally reside in avian species where they constantly circulate and evolve. (springer.com)
However, for these avian (av) viruses to efficiently replicate in mammalian cells, host adaptation of the viral polymerase is necessary. (nature.com)
Pigs have been suggested to be the mixing vessel for avian and human influenza viruses because the porcine trachea contains binding receptors with preferences for human and avian influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
In the pig, genetic reassortment to create novel influenza subtypes by mixing avian, human and swine influenza viruses is possible. (usda.gov)
Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of these viruses revealed that the HA segment is similar to an avian influenza virus (AIV) H2N3 isolated from mallards and the NA sequence is similar to an AIV H4N3 isolated from blue-winged teal. (usda.gov)
Here we characterize genetically similar reassortant H2N3 viruses isolated from pigs from two farms in the U.S. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HA, NA, and PA gene segments are similar to those of avian influenza viruses of the American lineage, whereas other segments are similar to those of contemporary swine influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
Our findings indicate these H2N3 viruses can infect various mammalian hosts without adaptation, suggesting they may be transmissible to humans. (usda.gov)
Transmission of influenza viruses into the human population requires surmounting biological barriers to cross-species infection," says biochemist Jennifer Doudna, the principal investigator for this research. (scienceblog.com)
For example, we now have a new genetic marker to monitor that might help predict the ability of influenza viruses to enter the human population. (scienceblog.com)
The processes regulating emergence of viruses into the human population involve a complex interplay between virus and host," Doudna says, "and understanding the mechanisms by which influenza viruses acquire the ability to infect multiple species is imperative to controlling future outbreaks. (scienceblog.com)
Close contacts of the patient have been asymptomatic and have tested negative for influenza viruses, indicating that no known human-to-human transmission occurred ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Overall, the genomic analysis of the virus in this specimen does not change CDC's risk assessment related to the avian A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. (cdc.gov)
Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
On rare occasions, these bird viruses can cross over and infect other species, including cats, pigs and humans and can be a potential cause of pandemics. (who.int)
In addition, since the gene encoding the A56 protein is non-essential, it can be used as an insertion point for foreign genes and has been deleted in some viruses that are in clinical development as oncolytic agents. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Within the influenza division, we have a branch, and it's focused on surveillance for all influenza viruses, and that includes both human seasonal strains, as well as influenza viruses that circulate in animal hosts. (cdc.gov)
And I'm the team lead of a laboratory that focuses only on the zoonotic influenza viruses, or those strains that are typically found only in animals, but occasionally can infect humans. (cdc.gov)
We know that there is a lot of different infectious diseases that are caused by viruses, parasites, bacteria that are typically found in animal hosts, but when humans get infected, they can cause disease, and influenza's no exception. (cdc.gov)
Most of the time those influenza viruses don't infect people, but when they do, we're especially concerned because humans don't have immunity to the viruses that typically circulate in those other animals that I mentioned. (cdc.gov)
Sometimes cats can get infected with avian viruses because they're eating infected bird meat, where they might be exposed to feces or even water that might be contaminated with feces from birds. (cdc.gov)
But in the United States, and especially in the Northeastern United States, back in the late 1990s and early 2000s, there were quite a bit of these avian influenza viruses, known as the H7N2 subtype. (cdc.gov)
The human body makes rare antibodies effective against all flu viruses and these might be boosted to design a better universal flu treatment, researchers report. (abc.net.au)
Influenza A viruses are endemic (can infect and regularly transmit) in 6 animal species or groups (wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs, and bats) in addition to humans. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in humans are H3N2 and H1N1 viruses. (cdc.gov)
However, in 1998, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. (cdc.gov)
One possible way that virus reassortment could occur is if a pig were infected with a human influenza A virus and an avian influenza A virus at the same time, the new replicating viruses could reassort and produce a new influenza A virus that had some genes from the human virus and some genes from the avian virus. (cdc.gov)
The resulting new virus might then be able to infect humans and spread easily from person to person, but it could have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) different than those currently found in influenza viruses that routinely circulate in humans-this could make it seem like a "new" influenza virus to people, one that had not been encountered before. (cdc.gov)
While a "shift" of this kind has not occurred in relation to avian influenza viruses, such a "shift" occurred in the spring of 2009 when an H1N1 virus with genes from North American Swine, Eurasian Swine, humans and birds emerged to infect people and quickly spread, causing a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
The genetic information in these viruses could reassort to create a new influenza A virus with a hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase gene from the avian virus and other genes from the human virus. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses with a hemagglutinin against which humans have little or no immunity that have reassorted with a human influenza virus are more likely to result in sustained human-to-human transmission and have pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, careful evaluation of influenza A viruses recovered from humans and animals that are infected with avian influenza A viruses is important to identify genetic reassortment if it occurs. (cdc.gov)
Although it is unusual for people to get influenza A virus infections directly from animals, sporadic human infections and outbreaks caused by certain avian influenza A viruses and swine influenza A viruses have been reported. (cdc.gov)
You can also read Profound Implications of the Virome for Human Health and Autoimmunity , to get a better understanding of how viruses are actually beneficial to mammalian health. (wakingtimes.com)
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
Additional information on avian influenza viruses are available in the Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases . (usgs.gov)
It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
These studies also demonstrated the longer-term persistence of portions of these viruses within the North Atlantic avian community. (usgs.gov)
However, since host cells are responsible for glycosylation of influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and glycosylation is important for interactions of these proteins with the immune system, the viruses may have functional differences that are not reflected by their genomic sequence. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics in humans. (cdc.gov)
As reported in the March 23, 2006, issue of Nature , a team of scientists in the US and Japan , "led by [Virologist] Professor Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin at Madison, found that avian influenza viruses and human influenza viruses home in on slightly different receptors. (sourcewatch.org)
By analyzing the frequency of each amino acid residue of the HA1 domain expressed by the viruses on annual basis, users are able to obtain evolutionary dynamics of human influenza viruses corresponding with epidemics. (biomedcentral.com)
Fluctrl is constructed for monitoring the antigenic evolution of human influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
This tool is intended to inform the general public how and when influenza viruses evade the human body's immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
Human influenza viruses are the principal viral respiratory pathogens that cause significant human morbidity and mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
Users are able to freely access Fluctrl to obtain the dynamical evolutionary patterns of human influenza viruses and to trace the original locations of emerging influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
On episode #377 of the science show This Week in Virology, the TWiVniks review the past week's findings on Zika virus and microcephaly, and reveal a chicken protein that provides insight on the restriction of transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans. (virology.ws)
Substitution T401A in the novel N9 protein appears to functionally mimic the substitutions that are found in the 2(nd) SIA-binding site of NA proteins of avian-derived IAVs that became human pandemic viruses. (uu.nl)
Of note, all animal IAVs that managed to cross the host species barrier and became human viruses carry mutated 2(nd) sialic acid-binding sites. (uu.nl)
Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y. Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses. (who.int)
Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: from exposure to establishment in humans. (who.int)
A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
The overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed, and the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses remains low. (who.int)
Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
Since the viruses continue to be detected in animals and environments, further human cases can be expected. (who.int)
2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)

In each aligned position, we have a consensus residue for 95 avian strains displayed on top, and a consensus residue for 306 human strains at the bottom. (cdc.gov)
Yellow rectangles indicate that both human and avian flu are completely conserved to the same residue, while rectangles in magenta indicate that avian and human flu each completely conserves to a different residue Additional plots for HA, NA, NS1 and NS2, for using different counts of human or avian strains are detailed as individual captions to these plots. (cdc.gov)
Yet when some avian strains do acquire the ability to overcome species barrier, they might become adapted to humans, replicating efficiently and causing diseases, leading to potential pandemic. (springer.com)
Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
When used together as a host tropism prediction system, zoonotic strains could potentially be identified based on different protein prediction results. (springer.com)
Most influenza strains evolve exclusively in the large reservoir of water birds, but some highly pathogenic avian strains (e.g. (nature.com)
Although all strains of influenza A virus naturally infect birds, certain strains can infect mammalian hosts such as pigs and humans. (medscape.com)
Avian influenza has low-pathogenic (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) strains. (medscape.com)
This strain has drawn more attention than other HPAI strains because of ongoing reports of bird-to-human transmissions that result in severe disease in the human host. (medscape.com)
Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)
The aim of this study was evaluating the effect of NS1 of five different avian influenza strains and one seasonal influenza strain on activation of type I and III interferon gene promoters. (helsinki.fi)
The NS1 of seasonal virus H3N2 shown the highest suppression of both interferon I and III promoters, while NS1 originating from avian H9N2 and H7N7 strains had limited effect on interferon promoter activation. (helsinki.fi)
The study has provided more information on the efficiency of potentially pandemic avian influenza strains at inhibition of interferon response and may be a base for further research. (helsinki.fi)
Novel influenza virus strains emerge periodically to which humans have little or no immunity, resulting in devastating pandemics. (mitokor.com)
Some animal S. aureus lineages have derived from human strains following profound genetic adaptation determining a change in host specificity. (frontiersin.org)
While MRSA strains recovered from companion animals are generally similar to human nosocomial MRSA, MRSA strains recovered from food animals appear to be specific animal-adapted clones. (frontiersin.org)
Similar ST130 strains have been isolated from human infections in UK, Denmark, and Germany at low frequency. (frontiersin.org)
It is plausible that the increased attention to animal MRSA will reveal other strains with peculiar characteristics that can pose a risk to human health. (frontiersin.org)
Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
Since 1997, avian flu strains seem to have infected thousands of birds in 11 countries. (sourcewatch.org)
Our chimeric HA vaccine, by contrast, is directed at the proximal part of the HA protein -- the stalk domain -- which has been shown to broadly neutralize diverse influenza virus strains in both animal models and humans. (scienceboard.net)
Other strains of the avian flu virus have also caused sporadic outbreaks of infection in people. (msdmanuals.com)

To confirm that the SR polymorphism was a new pathway for the virus to infect humans, they introduced the mutation into the PB2 protein of the avian influenza. (scienceblog.com)
A deadly strain of bird flu known to infect humans is spreading rapidly and silently through chicken populations across China. (abc.net.au)
So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)

such mutation products may contain hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase proteins that are unrecognizable to the immune systems of mammals. (medscape.com)
Cells treated with NGI-1 produced morphologically unaltered viable influenza virus with sequence-neutral glycosylation changes (primarily reduced site occupancy) in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. (cdc.gov)
Hemagglutinin with reduced glycan occupancy required a higher concentration of surfactant protein D (an important innate immunity respiratory tract collectin) for inhibition compared to that with normal glycan occupancy. (cdc.gov)
This paper focuses on accurately predicting if an Influenza type A virus can infect specific hosts, and more specifically, Human, Avian and Swine hosts, using only the protein sequence of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. (bcu.ac.uk)
The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface, and there are at least 18 subtypes of HA in influenza A. (scienceboard.net)
The 1918 flu, which killed 20-40 million people worldwide, is being investigated through structural and binding studies of the 1918 viral proteins, such as the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase, as well as other the viral proteins. (scripps.edu)

3. Preparedness and response in regard to avian influenza and threats of influenza pandemic require concerted action under government leadership with increased urgency and participation of all stakeholders and partners. (who.int)
An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
These factors include weak health systems and services, the human resources for health crisis, insufficiently developed early warning systems and lack of preparedness to respond to a pandemic. (who.int)
Scientists are to create mutant forms of the H7N9 bird flu virus that has emerged in China so they can gauge the risk of it becoming a lethal human pandemic. (abc.net.au)
Each additional case provides the virus an opportunity to improve its ability for human-to-human transmission and develop into a pandemic strain. (sourcewatch.org)
Pandemic influenza, and primarily avian influenza, is a serious concern for Egypt. (who.int)
WHO offers technical support to the NIPEC and participated in the development of the Integrated National Plan for avian and pandemic influenza in response to the rapid spread of avian influenza and pandemic influenza, in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (who.int)
The expression is not always used consistently by authors: sometimes it (correctly) describes the disease in birds, while other times it refers to a disease and potential pandemic in humans. (bvsalud.org)

Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
The capital is well connected to Myanmar in the east and to Bangladesh in the west both of which reported Avian Influenza outbreaks in 2006-07. (biomedcentral.com)

The vaccine consists of group 1 or group 2 stalk domains in combination with head domains from avian influenza virus subtypes. (scienceboard.net)
Regional analyses of human infections with avian influenza subtypes revealed distinct patterns and variations in epidemiology across countries, age, and time. (who.int)

Stable settlements and proximity to animals caused pathogens to thrive and spread between animals and humans, and infectious diseases become prominent in influencing life and death ( Porter, 1997 ). (frontiersin.org)

Avian influenza is a slightly misleading term, as influenza is among the natural infections found in birds. (medscape.com)
The term avian influenza used in this context refers to zoonotic human infection with an influenza strain that primarily affects birds. (medscape.com)
Earlier work by Doudna and Mehle with avian influenza had shown that a mutation in the viral protein PB2 - whereby glutamic acid is replaced at a certain position on the amino acid chain with lysine - enables the virus to jump from birds to humans. (scienceblog.com)
Directly from infected birds or from avian influenza A virus-contaminated environments. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, is an infectious viral disease of birds. (who.int)
In birds, highly pathogenic avian influenza is an extremely contagious and aggressive disease that causes rapid systemic illness and death in susceptible birds. (who.int)
It may spread from birds to people if the genetic material of the virus changes (mutates), enabling the virus to attach to cells in the human respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)

New research shows that this bird flu currently lacks the protein key to unlock certain cells in the human upper respiratory tract, preventing it from spreading via a sneeze or a cough. (sourcewatch.org)
The so called bird flu, the chicken disease that has killed a wopping 59 people in the world, the disease that cannot (and will not) be transmitted from human to human, but is going to sweep the world. (sourcewatch.org)

The emergence of novel influenza A virus (IAV) H7N9 since 2013 has caused concerns about the ability of this virus to spread between humans. (uu.nl)
to α2,3-linked sialic acids (SIAs) compared to a closely related avian H7N9 virus from 2008. (uu.nl)
In 2013, an outbreak of the avian flu strain H7N9 began in southeastern China. (msdmanuals.com)

All internal genes except PA were similar to influenza virus gene segments found in contemporary triple reassortant (human, swine, avian) SIVs in the United States. (usda.gov)
Early test results indicate that a heretofore unknown mutation in one of the H1N1 genes may have played an important role in transmitting the virus into humans. (scienceblog.com)
The chromosome encodes a complete type VI secretion system and plasmid genes encode type IV secretion proteins. (nottingham.ac.uk)
MC-seq and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that ZCHP corrected the expressions of both aberrant hypomethylated and hypermethylated genes, which are involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Protein-protein network interaction analysis and molecular docking showed that fibroblast growth factor 3 (FGFR3) and serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT1) were closely related to the MAPK signaling pathway among differentially methylated genes induced by ZCHP. (bvsalud.org)
Second, altering the MSC state by inducing differentiation into multiple lineages did not affect the exosomal properties or endocytosis but triggered the expression of lineage-specific genes and proteins in vitro and in vivo respectively. (frontiersin.org)
To direct signals to specific target genes, Ets proteins interact with (other) transcription factors that promote the binding of Ets proteins to composite Ras-responsive elements. (embl.de)

Animal flu Have you have wondered about flu infections in species other than humans? (abc.net.au)
There began also the sharing of bacterial species between animals and humans, and co-evolution of pathogens with their hosts. (frontiersin.org)
To feed the growing human population, there is an increasing demand for intensive animal farming involving large numbers of animals, different species in the same area, and the use of growth promoters and antibiotics. (frontiersin.org)
Avian species do not have brown adipose tissue (BAT), and lack Uncoupling Protein 1 ( UCP1 ) [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Screening of animal IAVs to monitor their potential to cross the host species barrier should therefore not only focus on the HA protein, but also on the functional properties of NA. (uu.nl)

[ 5 ] In early 2009, a recombinant H1N1 influenza consisting of a mix of swine, avian, and human gene segments spread rapidly around the world, but it was a low-pathogenicity strain. (medscape.com)
The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
The protein encompassing the predicted MetT-PCP domains of HEV ORF1 was tested for deubiquitinating activity using fluorogenic substrates - ubiquitin-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC), IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15)-AMC, Nedd8-AMC and SUMO-AMC. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Methicillin resistance is due to the acquisition of the mecA gene, that encodes a new protein designated PBP2a, belonging to a family of enzymes necessary in building the bacterial cell wall. (frontiersin.org)
Nuclear factor kB p65 (NF-kB p65) is encoded by the RELA gene and is present on chromosome 11 in humans. (thermofisher.com)
The v-ets oncogene was originally discovered as part of a fusion protein expressed by a transforming retrovirus (avian E26), and later shown to be transduced from a cellular gene. (embl.de)
All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)

As with swine influenza, the polymerase activity and viral replication of the avian virus became enhanced in humans. (scienceblog.com)

Direct or indirect contact with diseased poultry is the primary route of HPAIV infections in humans 3 . (nature.com)
The primary causative organisms, Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli, colonize the chicken's gastrointestinal tract and contaminated poultry meat is the primary mode of transmission to humans. (nottingham.ac.uk)
So, there was a human infection back in 2002 in Virginia, and then another human case that was detected in New York in a person that visited these live poultry markets. (cdc.gov)
A large dependence on poultry as the main form of animal protein consumption in the normal diet means that highly pathogenic avian influenza also poses a significant threat to food security. (who.int)
Some recent research at the Arkansas Agriculture Experiment Station Poultry Research Farm has been focused on low protein diets in broilers. (zootecnicainternational.com)

NF-kB P65 is also known as RelA (v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A) and belongs to the Rel family of proteins. (thermofisher.com)

however, human infections can happen when enough virus gets into a person's eyes, nose, or mouth, or is inhaled. (cdc.gov)
LA-MRSA ST398 can cause infections in humans in contact with animals, and can infect hospitalized people, although at the moment this occurrence is relatively rare. (frontiersin.org)
Staphylococcal infections are of major importance in both human and veterinary medicine. (frontiersin.org)
As infected animals and contaminated environments are the primary source of human infections, regional analyses that bring together surveillance data from human and animal health sectors are an important basis for exposure and transmission risk assessment and public health action. (who.int)
Overview of Viral Infections A virus is composed of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. (msdmanuals.com)
Over 800 human infections and over 400 deaths have been confirmed since 2003. (msdmanuals.com)

However, it does bind tightly to other ligand-bound EGF receptor family members to form a heterodimer, stabilizing ligand binding and enhancing kinase-mediated activation of downstream signalling pathways, such as those involving mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. (origene.com)

The term Feed ban is usually a reference to the regulations that have prohibited the feeding of most mammalian-derived proteins to cattle as a method of preventing the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). (wikipedia.org)
The HA protein revealed a Q226L mutation when compared with the putative parental avian HA protein, indicating a preferential binding to SA'2,6Gal, the mammalian influenza receptor. (usda.gov)
These data indicate that the novel reassortant H2N3 subtype virus has the ability to infect various mammalian hosts, suggesting a potential to transmit to humans. (usda.gov)
100% sequence homology with Mouse, Rat, Canine, Equine and all other mammalian proteins examined. (novusbio.com)
In contrast, TLR15 can only be identified in avian and reptilian genomes, suggesting that this receptor arose ~320 million years ago after divergence of the bird/reptile and mammalian lineages. (ox.ac.uk)

During influenza A virus infection, this function is performed by viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1). (helsinki.fi)
Thesis title: The PDZ-ligand and Src-homology type 3 domains of epidemic avian influenza virus NS1 protein modulate human Src kinase activity during viral infection. (unipv.eu)
An overview of the epidemiology and emergence of influenza A infection in humans over time. (who.int)
Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
Good quality serological investigations may be useful in differentiating infection from contamination in these cases and allow for better assessment of the risk of human infection. (who.int)
One human infection was confirmed in 2021 in India. (msdmanuals.com)
Another wave of infection in humans in China peaked in 2016-2017 with nearly 800 cases, and only sporadic cases have been reported since that time. (msdmanuals.com)

Initiation and regulation of immune responses in humans involves recognition of peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II) molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigenic shift results when a new influenza A virus subtype against which most people have little or no immune protection infects humans. (cdc.gov)
The invention provides a method to reduce or ameliorate inflammation, by administering an effective amount of a protein factor originally isolated from thymic tissue, and referred to as T4 immune stimulating factor (TISF). (justia.com)
The present invention provides such a method, using a protein factor known as T-4 immune stimulating factor (TISF). (justia.com)
Studies on other pattern recognition receptors, include peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), TREM-1, Toll-like receptors (TLR) have revealed how unique pathogen-associated molecules are recognized by the immune system. (scripps.edu)

Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
For each subtype of human influenza A virus, sequences were aligned against the reference sequences, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (YP_163735), A/California/07/2009 (ACP41953) and A/Hong Kong/1/1968 (ACC66318), respectively, by utilizing MUSCLE [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. (novusbio.com)
and 3) the molecular basis of diseases that involve spectrin or any of its associated proteins, including contributions of the cortical cytoskeleton to the phenotypic alterations of malignant cells and the molecular pathology of acquired and inherited disorders involving this structure. (yale.edu)
Our studies on the erythrocyte focus on a molecular understanding of how specific proteins that cause human disease. (yale.edu)

In 2004, an outbreak of an HPAI H7N3 in Canada resulted in mild human disease. (medscape.com)

Activator of protein kinase A (cyclic AMP agonist). (biolog.de)

A new biological pathway by which the H1N1 flu virus can make the jump from swine to humans has been discovered by researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California, Berkeley. (scienceblog.com)
We have identified an adaptive mutation in the swine origin H1N1 influenza A virus - a pair of amino acid variants termed the 'SR polymorphism' - that enhance replication, and potentially pathogenesis of the virus in humans. (scienceblog.com)
In their investigation, Mehle and Doudna found that the 2009 H1N1 virus has acquired the SR polymorphism in its PB2 protein that enhances polymerase activity in human cells. (scienceblog.com)
The fact that all of the 2009 H1N1 isolates contain this second mutation supports the notion that it is important for transmission into humans, although we don't yet know the relative importance of the changes in the polymerase versus mutations elsewhere in the virus. (scienceblog.com)

The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
We therefore construct a web server named Fluctrl that implements a pipeline whereby human influenza HA viral sequences were downloaded from the NCBI database and analyzed. (biomedcentral.com)
In more detail, we propose encoding the protein sequences into numerical signals using the Hydrophobicity Index and subsequently utilising a Convolutional Neural Network-based predictive model. (bcu.ac.uk)
The Influenza HA protein sequences used in the proposed work are obtained from the Influenza Research Database (IRD). (bcu.ac.uk)
Specifically, complete and unique HA protein sequences were used for avian, human and swine hosts. (bcu.ac.uk)
As the results show, the proposed model can distinguish HA protein sequences with high accuracy whenever the virus under investigation can infect Human, Avian or Swine hosts. (bcu.ac.uk)
The Ets domains and the flanking amino acid sequences of the proteins influence the binding affinity, and the alteration of a single amino acid in the Ets domain can change its DNA binding specificities. (embl.de)

BDNF cDNA encodes a 247 amino acid residue precursor protein with a signal peptide and a proprotein that are cleaved to yield the 119 amino acid residue mature BDNF. (novusbio.com)

Avian influenza is caused by influenza A virus, which has 8 RNA segments. (medscape.com)
She and Andrew Mehle, a post-doctoral fellow in her research group, have published a paper on this research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ( PNAS ) titled: Adaptive strategies of the influenza virus polymerase for replication in humans. (scienceblog.com)
When a host is infected with an influenza virus, the polymerase enables the virus to multiply in the host's cells by making copies of the viral genome and directing production of its proteins. (scienceblog.com)
So far, the virus has not acquired the ability to spread effectively among humans. (who.int)
This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
The vaccinia virus A56 protein was one of the earliest-described poxvirus proteins with an identifiable activity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF1 protein (pORF1) contains methyltransferase (MetT), papain-like cysteine protease (PCP), RNA helicase (Hel) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains. (microbiologyresearch.org)
And in this case, the New York State Department was able to demonstrate that the clinical specimen from the veterinarian was infected with an avian H7N2 virus, and then the sample was sent to CDC for some confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
There was some evidence of human to human spread of this virus, but it is thought that the transmission efficiency was fairly low. (mitokor.com)
It is also possible that the process of genetic reassortment could occur in a person who is co-infected with an avian influenza A virus and a human influenza A virus. (cdc.gov)
Specific residues of influenza A virus (IAV) PB1-F2 proteins may enhance inflammation or cytotoxicity. (cdc.gov)
But public health officials around the world are warning that the casualty numbers could be much higher if the virus becomes more easily transmittable between humans. (sourcewatch.org)
Avian influenza virus is stable longer in moist and cool conditions. (zootecnicainternational.com)
December 7, 2020 -- A new universal influenza vaccine has been developed that targets the stalk portion of the influenza virus surface protein rather than the head portion. (scienceboard.net)
Over 250 crystal structures of monoclonal Fab fragments and complexes with a variety of antigens, such as peptides, steroids, cocaine, and proteins, including HIV-1, gp120 and gp41, have led to significant insights into antibody-antigen recognition, virus neutralization, and vaccine design for HIV-1. (scripps.edu)

Analysis of the Campylobacter phage CP8 genome identified significant sequence identity of protein gp010 with the avian leukocyte receptor CD30 ligand. (nottingham.ac.uk)

WHO and FAO have established a platform for joint risk assessment on avian influenza where both epidemiological and virological surveillance data are shared regularly and a risk assessment report is developed. (who.int)

A tissue culture based reporter assay for activation of human CD30 receptor was developed. (nottingham.ac.uk)

We need to identify what is unique about human cells that requires mutations in the influenza polymerase, possibly providing new avenues to exploit in developing therapeutic strategies," Mehle says. (scienceblog.com)

Avian influenza is a potential and unpredictable threat to humans because of the segmented nature of the genome. (medscape.com)
LPAI generally does not pose a significant health threat to humans. (usgs.gov)

Peptides presented by MHC-I molecules are mainly intracellular and those presented by MHC-II molecules originate mainly from or extracellular proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

Human ANP32A IDD transiently binds to the 627 domain, exploiting multivalency to maximise affinity. (nature.com)

Our aim was to provide information about the production of Egg White Immunoglobulin (EWIg) with specificity to Staphylococcal protein-A , a surface antigen of Staphylococcus aureus and to study the inhibition of this bacterium growth in pre- and post-immunized hens. (omicsonline.org)

Recombinant protein was captured through anti-DDK affinity column followed by conventional chromatography steps. (origene.com)

Use caution when injecting Hyalgan® into patients who are allergic to avian proteins, feathers, and egg products. (medsupplynewyork.com)

Tauopathies are a collection of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of pathogenic aggregates of the microtubule-associated protein tau. (bvsalud.org)

and products containing pork and equine (and avian) proteins. (wikipedia.org)

Chemicals and Drugs2

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19971

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