• Potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 1 , also known as KCNN1 is a human gene encoding the KCa2.1 protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene is similar to other KCNN family potassium channel genes, but it differs enough to possibly be considered as part of a new subfamily. (thermofisher.com)
  • This gene subfamily is constitutively active at physiological resting membrane potentials in excitable cells, including smooth muscle cells, and has been particularly linked to the human pulmonary circulation. (ersjournals.com)
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of small or intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SKca & IKca) in modulating vascular function of MA in this model. (pacific.edu)
  • The remaining EDV to ACh which is referred to as the L-NAME/Indo-insensitive component, or EDHF-type relaxation was subsequently blocked by inhibiting intermediate (but not small) conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in MA of diabetic model. (pacific.edu)
  • Intermediate (IK) channels, on the other hand, have conductances of 11- 40 pS, are voltage-independent, may be blocked by iberiotoxin and charybdotoxin (Ch Tx), and are found in red and white blood cells, colon, lung, pancreas, and other tissues. (conicyt.cl)
  • It was soon shown that this effect depended on an increase in intracellular calcium (Cai2+) ( Whittam, 1968 ), and that the calcium sensor was located at the inside of the membrane ( Blum and Hoffman, 1972 ). (conicyt.cl)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is part of a potentially heterotetrameric voltage-independent potassium channel that is activated by intracellular calcium. (thermofisher.com)
  • TASK-1 channels are sensitive to a wide array of physiological and pharmacological mediators that affect their activity such as unsaturated fatty acids, extracellular pH, hypoxia, anaesthetics and intracellular signalling pathways. (ersjournals.com)
  • Although airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction is initiated by calcium release from intracellular stores, there is considerable evidence that the control of membrane potential by potassium channels is an important factor in regulating ASM constriction. (americanasthmafoundation.org)
  • ROS may induce intracellular calcium increase and subsequent contraction of PASMCs via direct or indirect interactions with protein kinases, phospholipases, sarcoplasmic calcium channels, transient receptor potential channels, voltage-dependent potassium channels and L-type calcium channels, whose relevance may vary under different experimental conditions. (ersjournals.com)
  • 2011). The Intracellular Amino Terminus Plays a Dominant Role in Desensitization of ATP-gated P2X Receptor Ion Channels. (gozmusic.org)
  • Later experiments, in which six different calmodulin-inhibitory drugs were tested on the Ca-activated K conductance of human RBCs, showed that all were potent inhibitors of this conductance and that their effect showed a correlation coefficient of 0.98 with that found on RBC Ca-ATPase, a membrane enzyme known to be activated by calmodulin ( Lackington and Orrego, 1981 ). (conicyt.cl)
  • The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is activated before membrane hyperpolarization and is thought to regulate neuronal excitability by contributing to the slow component of synaptic AHP. (wikipedia.org)
  • The KCa2.1 protein is an integral membrane protein that forms a voltage-independent calcium-activated channel with three other calmodulin-binding subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Though researchers' attention and this Viewpoint focus on a few famous ion channels that are considered the usual suspects as MS mechanosensors, we also discuss some of the more unusual suspects, such as G-protein coupled receptors. (stanford.edu)
  • On the other hand, BK channels have an aspartate-rich Ca-sensing region (a «calcium bowl») in the channel protein itself, which confers most of the Ca-sensitivity to the channel, although a second Ca-sensor also seems to be present ( Schreiber and Salkoff, 1997 ). (conicyt.cl)
  • The encoded protein may be part of the predominant calcium-activated potassium channel in T-lymphocytes. (thermofisher.com)
  • Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Surfactant Associated Protein C (SPC) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, lung lavage fluid, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids. (stemcellcharter.org)
  • Group A Streptococcus (GAS), a β-haemolytic human pathogen, expresses a NEAT protein, Shr, which binds several haemoproteins and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. (tcdb.org)
  • The KCNN1 gene is a member of the KCNN family of potassium channel genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of the small-conductance calcium activated potassium channel (SK3) gene as genetic modifier of the cardiac phenotype in myotonic dystrophy type 1 patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Finally, it seems appropriate to consider the "sodium channel syndrome" (mutations in the gene of the α subunit of the sodium channel, SCN5A gene) as a single clinical entity that may manifest in a wide range of phenotypes, to thus have a better insight on these cardiac syndromes and potential outcomes for their clinical treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • influx via the Gardos channel (IK(Ca)) in human erythrocytes. (lu.se)
  • Activation is followed by membrane hyperpolarization, which promotes calcium influx. (thermofisher.com)
  • Knockout of the beta1 subunit results in BK channels that fail to open, increased calcium influx and increased tone. (americanasthmafoundation.org)
  • This neurotoxicity appears also to be mediated by Zn 2+ influx, in large part through voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels and also through NMDA receptor-gated channels ( Koh and Choi, 1994 ) and Ca 2+ -permeable AMPA/kainate receptor-gated channels ( Yin and Weiss, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • CORNICHON sorting and regulation of GLR channels underlie pollen tube Ca2+ homeostasis Compared to animals, evolution of plant calcium (Ca 2+ ) physiology has led to a loss of proteins for influx and small ligand-operated control of cytosolic Ca 2+ , leaving many Ca 2+ mechanisms unaccounted for. (bionyt.dk)
  • The kainate-induced increase was highly sensitive to Gd 3+ or Na + removal in most neurons but insensitive in a minority subpopulation ("cobalt-positive cells"), suggesting that a fourth route of neuronal Zn 2+ entry is through the Ca 2+ -permeable channels gated by certain subtypes of AMPA or kainate receptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • Trimeric P2X3 receptors are rapidly activated by ATP and can be strongly desensitized in the continuous presence of the agonist. (gozmusic.org)
  • Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
  • Endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factors (EDHF) is an important regulator of vascular tone, especially in small vessels such as MA. (pacific.edu)
  • Previously, we had shown that the BK channel accessory beta1 subunit is required for BK channel function in vascular smooth muscle and bladder smooth muscle. (americanasthmafoundation.org)
  • Thiazides cause vasodilation by activating calcium-activated potassium channels (large conductance) in vascular smooth muscles and inhibiting various carbonic anhydrases in vascular tissue. (drugbank.com)
  • Mutations in K + channel sequences can lead to a variety of clinical disorders exemplifying their physiological importance [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Modulation of small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels: a new challenge in medicinal chemistry. (ncats.io)
  • Recent studies show that modulation of TASK-1 channels, either directly or indirectly by targeting their regulatory mechanisms, has the potential to control pulmonary arterial tone in humans. (ersjournals.com)
  • Did you know that the absence of one tiny amino acid in cell membranes causes Cystic Fibrosis, a life-threatening disease? (visionlearning.com)
  • On the other hand, these recent studies apparently also support the lack of involvement of calmodulin in the gating of the BK channels studied in Helix neurons by Levitan and Levitan (1986) . (conicyt.cl)
  • This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. (drugbank.com)
  • The antihypertensive mechanism of cyclothiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle. (drugbank.com)
  • Some antiepileptic drugs work by acting on combination of channels or through some unknown mechanism of action. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we show a mechanism for sorting and activation of glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) by CORNICHON HOMOLOG (CNIH) proteins. (bionyt.dk)
  • The dominant expression of inwardly rectifying channels in cells from healthy donors is thought to support important glial cell functions such as the spatial buffering of extracellular K + . The downregulation of these channels and the less negative mean membrane potential in cells from patients should impair spatial buffering currents and neurotransmitter clearance. (arvojournals.org)
  • The increased activity of BK channels may support the proliferative activity of gliotic cells via feedback regulation of Ca 2+ entry and membrane potential. (arvojournals.org)
  • 1 The removal of excess K + from areas of high neuronal activity must be mainly mediated by inwardly rectifying K + (K IR ) channels because these channels are the only K + channels with a high open-state probability at the hyperpolarized resting membrane potential characteristic for Müller cells. (arvojournals.org)
  • Very recently, the sequencing of the genes that code for SK, IK and BK channels has allowed a definition of the mechanisms of channel gating and of the participation of calmodulin in it. (conicyt.cl)
  • Based on differences in unitary conductances, sensitivity to drugs, and voltage-dependence, this allowed the classification of the channels as small (SK), with unitary conductances of 4 - 14 pS that are blocked by apamin and are insensitive to voltage. (conicyt.cl)
  • 1997). Receptor and ion channel nomenclature supplement. (gozmusic.org)
  • Here we identify alterations in physiology in Atcayji-hes mice which in addition to ataxia, have an abnormal gait with hind limb extension and toe walking, reminiscent of human dystonic gait. (foundationdystoniaresearch.org)
  • Recent investigations have suggested distinct molecular determinants responsible for agonist binding and channel opening for transmembrane flux of sodium, calcium and potassium ions. (gozmusic.org)
  • This was better defined when recordings were made of single channels in many different preparations in combination with the use of selective blockers. (conicyt.cl)
  • 2012). A Dual Polybasic Motif Determines Phosphoinositide Binding and Regulation in the P2X Channel Family. (gozmusic.org)
  • Functional states of the sodium channel (closed, open, and inactivated) and their structure help to understand the cardiac regulation processes. (bvsalud.org)
  • From a physiological and pathophysiological point of view, the conformational states of the sodium channel during heart function constitute a significant aspect for the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Heart relaxation also stands out as an active process, dependent on the energetic output and on specific ion and enzymatic actions, with the role of sodium channel being outstanding in the functional process. (bvsalud.org)
  • Force-activated nociceptors encode electrochemical signals and yield multilevel information of pain, thus enabling smart feedback. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Although beneficial on a short-term local basis, HPV can become detrimental when activated globally in the lung on a sustained basis. (ersjournals.com)
  • These conclusions were, however, apparently contradicted by elegant experiments done on internally-perfused snail neurons, in which neither the injection of calmodulin, nor of the calmodulin-antagonist, trifluoperazine, were able to modify Ca-activated K currents ( Levitan and Levitan, 1986 ). (conicyt.cl)
  • This increased intrinsic excitability of DCN neurons is accompanied by a reduction in after-hyperpolarization currents mediated by small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels. (foundationdystoniaresearch.org)
  • Apitherapy is a comprehensive term used to describe a group of therapeutic and preventative procedures that utilize various bee products to improve health in both humans and animals. (debuglies.com)
  • In particular, the induction of stem cells to differentiate into muscle cells (myocytes) is useful for muscle transplantation and therapeutic purposes, as well as providing potential human disease models in culture (e.g. for testing pharmaceuticals). (justia.com)
  • These transporters can be active (pumps) or passive (channels) and are sometimes regulated by gates. (visionlearning.com)
  • All these findings thus seemed to firmly support a role for calmodulin in the gating of these Ca-activated K channels. (conicyt.cl)
  • At the time, this seemed to tip the balance against a participation of calmodulin in these channels. (conicyt.cl)
  • To determine differences of K + channel activity between Müller glial cells obtained from retinas of healthy human donors and of patients with retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. (arvojournals.org)
  • Hougaard et al (2009) Selective activation of the SK1 subtype of human small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels by 4-(2-methyoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxymethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (GW542573X) is dependent on serine 298 in Mol.Pharmacol. (tocris.com)
  • This review summarises our current state of knowledge of the functional role of TASK-1 channels in the pulmonary circulation in health and disease, with special emphasis on current advancements in the field. (ersjournals.com)
  • Self-renewal of the epithelium of the small intestine is a highly regulated process involving cell proliferation and differentiation of stem cells or progenitor cells located at the bottom of the crypt, ending. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Research into pain relievers provided insight into the most important and universal transporter in the human body, the sodium-potassium pump. (visionlearning.com)
  • Understanding the unique physiological reactions of humans and animals, along with factors such as age and weight, is crucial. (debuglies.com)
  • To do this, we use a combination of quantitative behavioral analysis, genetics, in vivo electrophysiology, and heterologous expression of ion channels. (stanford.edu)
  • The expression of temperature-sensitive ion channels has been extensively investigated because thermal stimulation often evokes tooth pain. (mdpi.com)
  • 2 3 Therefore, a high expression level of K IR channels is one of the main indicators of the differentiated state of Müller cells. (arvojournals.org)
  • 1990. Seasonal concentrations of cesium-137 in rumen content, skeletal muscles and feces of caribou from the porcupine herd: lichen ingestion rates and implications for human consumption. (cdc.gov)
  • UC Davis type-2 diabetes mellitus (UCD-T2DM) model is a novel and validated model of type-2 diabetes exhibiting etiology very similar to clinical T2DM seen in humans. (pacific.edu)
  • Small-conductance calcium-activated K+ channels are expressed in pancreatic islets and regulate glucose responses. (ncats.io)
  • The firing of an action potential by an axon is accomplished through sodium channels. (medscape.com)
  • A synthesized peptide derived from human KCNN4, corresponding to a region within C-terminal amino acids. (thermofisher.com)
  • Flavonoids are the most numerous group of natural polyphenolic compounds, the secondary metabolites of plants that may play an important role in human health protection. (raysahelian.com)
  • A lab-created cocoa drink with a high flavonol content, created by Mars, Inc., appears to improve normal age-related memory loss, a small study suggests, Oct. 26, 2014 Nature Neuroscience. (raysahelian.com)
  • Natriuresis may be accompanied by some loss of potassium and bicarbonate. (drugbank.com)
  • The results showed that CM combined with the slow freezing rate (-20 â ) can prepare porous starch with characteristics of grooves and cavities, while combined with the rapid freezing rate (-80 â ) can prepare with holes and channels, especially after repeating FT cycles. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our results are not consistent with the idea that EDHF is K + activating Na + /K + ATPase and K(IR) in this blood vessel. (lu.se)
  • This database was supported by the Human Brain Project (NIDCD, NIMH, NIA, NICD, NINDS) and MURI (Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative). (yale.edu)
  • The development of the human blood-CSF-brain barrier. (cdc.gov)
  • Once sodium has entered the cell, it is transported out into the basolateral interstitium via the sodium-potassium ATPase, causing an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium, thereby establishing an osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. (drugbank.com)
  • This increase in [Zn 2+ ] i was attenuated by concurrent addition of Gd 3+ , verapamil, ω-conotoxin GVIA, or nimodipine, consistent with Zn 2+ entry through voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels. (jneurosci.org)
  • The NMDA-induced increase was only partly sensitive to Gd 3+ or to removal of extracellular Na + , consistent with a third route of entry directly through NMDA receptor-gated channels. (jneurosci.org)