Human influenza a strains. Medical search. Frequent questions

Current subtypes of influenza A viruses that routinely circulate in people include A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). (cdc.gov)
The main swine influenza viruses circulating in U.S. pigs in recent years have been, swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1 influenza virus, trH3N2 virus, and trH1N2 virus. (cdc.gov)
Neumann G, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
However, the presence of genes from the H1N1 pandemic strain suggests that it might develop this ability in the future. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Reacts with NP of all influenza A viruses so far tested, including seasonal H2N2, H3N2(A/Sydney/5/1997), and H5N1(A/crow/Kyoto53/2004), H5N1 (A/duck/Egypt/D2br10/07), H5N1(A/duck/HK/342/78), H5N2(A/crow/Kyoto/53/04), H9N1, H9N2 (A/Turkey/Wisconsin/1/66) and H1N1 (seasonal: A/New Caledonia/20/99. (abcam.com)
To create the vaccine candidate, researchers used the stem of an H1N1 influenza virus. (medscape.com)
however, only H1N1 and H3N2 circulate among humans seasonally. (medscape.com)
The fact that the H1N1 candidate vaccine was effective against H5N1 infection - a different influenza subtype - suggests the antibodies the vaccine induces can be protective against other "group 1" influenza subtypes, including H1 and H5. (medscape.com)
The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
The A/PR8 (H1N1) strain used, which was isolated in Puerto Rico in 1934, had a high replication potential in eggs, which enabled the required huge quantities of virus to be obtained. (medscape.com)
Influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in humans are H3N2 and H1N1 viruses. (cdc.gov)
Examples of different influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in animals include H1N1 and H3N2 in pigs (different strains than those found in humans), H3N8 in horses, H3N2 in dogs, and H5N1 in wild water birds and domestic poultry. (cdc.gov)
While a "shift" of this kind has not occurred in relation to avian influenza viruses, such a "shift" occurred in the spring of 2009 when an H1N1 virus with genes from North American Swine, Eurasian Swine, humans and birds emerged to infect people and quickly spread, causing a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
In 2009, the big H1N1 flu pandemic started with the virus going from a pig to humans, which is why it's called swine flu. (cpr.org)
It's well known that new strains of influenza can evolve from animal populations such as pigs and birds and ultimately move into human populations, including the most recent influenza pandemic strain, H1N1. (sciencedaily.com)
It's less appreciated, experts say, that humans appear to have passed the H1N1 flu to cats and other animals, some of which have died of respiratory illness. (sciencedaily.com)
The first recorded, probable case of fatal human-to-cat transmission of the pandemic H1N1 flu virus occurred in Oregon in 2009, Loehr said. (sciencedaily.com)
Since then, researchers have identified a total of 13 cats and one dog with pandemic H1N1 infection in 2011 and 2012 that appeared to have come from humans. (sciencedaily.com)
see influenza pandemic of 1918-19 and influenza pandemic (H1N1) of 2009 . (britannica.com)
Influenza A (H1N1) virus is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish Flu. (indiatimes.com)
Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a small fraction of all seasonal influenza. (indiatimes.com)
H1N1 strains caused a small percentage of all human flu infections in 2004-2005. (indiatimes.com)
Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in birds (avian influenza). (indiatimes.com)
The objective of this report was to characterize the enhanced clinical disease and lung lesions observed in pigs vaccinated with inactivated H1N2 swine delta-cluster influenza A virus and challenged with pandemic 2009 A/H1N1 human influenza virus. (usda.gov)
The 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain is a reassortant of avian, human, and swine influenza viruses. (virology.ws)
Two of the drugs, dextromethorphan and ketotifen, displayed a 50% effective dose between 5 and 50 μM, not only for the classic H1N1 PR8 strain, but also for a pandemic H1N1 and a seasonal H3N2 strain. (frontiersin.org)
Dextromethorphan treatment of ferrets infected with a pandemic H1N1 strain led to a reduction in clinical disease severity, but no effect on viral titer was observed. (frontiersin.org)
In 2009, two cats died of the H1N1 swine flu that was most likely passed on by humans. (petswelcome.com)
After infection with diverse strains of H1N1 influenza, treated mice showed minimal weight loss and lung inflammation. (caltech.edu)
In fact, the 2009 swine flu pandemic, involving a variant of the H1N1 strain, first emerged in swine before infecting about a fourth of the global population in its first year, causing nearly 12,500 deaths in the United States and perhaps as many as 575,000 worldwide, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (farms.com)
The most recent pandemic occurred in 2009, when a strain of H1N1 that became called " swine flu " spilled over from pig populations, hosts for several flu strains, to humans in North America. (asbmb.org)
The flu vaccines produced every year and approved for distribution by the Food and Drug Administration are designed to protect against two A strains (an H1N1 and an H3N2) and one B strain, with some quadrivalent formulations protecting against an additional B strain. (asbmb.org)
One of the predominant strains we have vaccines for, known as H1N1, was responsible for the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic that killed more than 50 million people. (motherjones.com)
Evidence of the H1N1 influenza vaccine's safety during pregnancy was found by researchers from the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and Boston University, in collaboration with the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI). (medindia.net)
The national study, which was launched shortly after the H1N1 influenza outbreak of 2009, is summarized in two companion papers published online on September 19 in the journal Vaccine . (medindia.net)
The overall results of the study were quite reassuring about the safety of the flu vaccine formulations that contained the pandemic H1N1 strain," said Christina Chambers, PhD, MPH, Director of the non-profit Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS) Research Center and lead investigator of UC San Diego's team. (medindia.net)
Since it was anticipated that the 2009 H1N1 influenza season would be severe, a national study was launched by the Vaccines and Medications in Pregnancy Surveillance System (VAMPSS), a collaboration between UC San Diego School of Medicine and Boston University and coordinated by AAAAI to gather data on the safety of this vaccine during pregnancy. (medindia.net)
During the 1988-89 influenza season, influenza type B has predominated in the United States but has cocirculated with type A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). (cdc.gov)
Elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, type A influenza has generally predominated, with both influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) cocirculating. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic analysis of type A(H1N1) viruses from outbreaks indicates that most strains are closely related to the U.S. vaccine strain, A/Taiwan/1/86. (cdc.gov)
Based on these and other data, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that the trivalent influenza vaccine for use in the 1989-90 season contain the following components: type A(H3N2), A/Shanghai/11/87-like antigen, and type B/Yamagata/16/88-like antigen and retain the type A(H1N1) component of the current vaccine. (cdc.gov)
The infections identified included: ARI, avian influenza A(H5N1), influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. (who.int)
Influenza A(H1N1) was an important cause of morbidity during the 2009 pandemic. (who.int)
In 2009 a strain of swine flu called H1N1 infected many people around the world. (medlineplus.gov)

We propose that human-like H3N2 influenza A strains may remain invariant for long periods in swine, which may serve as a reservoir for human pandemics. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Antigenic characterization of an H3N2 swine influenza virus isolated from pigs with proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia in Quebec. (microbiologyresearch.org)
US CDC, MMWR 11/24/10: Three human infections with triple reassortant H3N2 influenza virus reported in 2010. (flutrackers.com)
Fifty Years of influenza A(H3N2) following the pandemic of 1968. (cdc.gov)
The H3N2 has got the same name as the human H3N2, but in fact, the virus has a different origin. (cdc.gov)
Colin Parrish] The canine influenza, the H3N2 strain, arose in China or in Korea sometime around 2005. (cdc.gov)
However, in 1998, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. (cdc.gov)
Natural and experimental transmission of the H3N2 influenza virus from dogs to cats in South Korea showed the potential for flu viruses to be transmitted among various animal species, Loehr said. (sciencedaily.com)
Non-structural (NS) 1 proteins from recombinant influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) and influenza A/Finland/554/09 (H1N1pdm09) viruses were purified and used in Western blot analysis to determine specific antibody responses in human sera. (plos.org)
Instead, paired serum samples from patients, who suffered from a laboratory confirmed H1N1pdm09 infection, showed high levels or diagnostic rises (96%) in H1N1pdm virus NS1-specific antibodies and very high cross-reactivity to H3N2 subtype influenza A virus NS1 protein. (plos.org)
There are two strains of canine influenza, H3N8 and H3N2. (petswelcome.com)
This happened last flu season, when the targeted H3N2 strain mutated beyond the protective abilities of the vaccine. (asbmb.org)
The Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) during the unusually early 2022/23 influenza A(H3N2) epidemic. (bvsalud.org)
This epidemic is being fundamentally driven by influenza A, with influenza A(H3N2) accounting for 94% of subtyped detections. (bvsalud.org)

Influenza A viruses are classified by subtypes based on the properties of their hemagglutinin (H or HA) and neuraminidase (N or NA) surface proteins. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). There are 18 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 11 different neuraminidase subtypes (H1 through H18 and N1 through N11, respectively). (cdc.gov)
Influenza A subtypes can be further broken down into different genetic "clades" and "sub-clades. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes, while influenza B viruses are further classified into two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. (cdc.gov)
An influenza clade or group is a further subdivision of influenza viruses (beyond subtypes or lineages) based on the similarity of their HA gene sequences. (cdc.gov)
Two subtypes of nucleoproteins (NP) of influenza A viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Like human influenza viruses, there are different subtypes and strains of swine influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
The vaccine stimulates protective immune responses against very different influenza subtypes by homing in on an area of the virus that remains relatively constant from strain to strain. (medscape.com)
The vaccine candidate development is part of a larger initiative to develop a universal vaccine candidate that can provide durable protection for individuals of all ages and against multiple influenza subtypes, including those with the potential to cause a pandemic. (medscape.com)
Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
The different subtypes and strains of influenza viruses are distinguished by the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens they possess. (britannica.com)
The infectious agents of bird flu are any of several subtypes of type A influenza virus. (britannica.com)
Genetic analysis suggests that the influenza A subtypes that afflict mainly nonavian animals, including humans, pigs, whales, and horses, derive at least partially from bird flu subtypes. (britannica.com)
The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
With the exception of bat-associated subtypes ( 4 ), all influenza A virus subtypes can be found in wild aquatic birds, which are their natural reservoir. (frontiersin.org)
Editorial Note: Influenza type A viruses are classified into subtypes on the basis of two antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Three subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1, H2, H3) and two subtypes of neuraminidase (N1, N2) are recognized among influenza A viruses that have caused widespread human disease. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic variation occurs with influenza B viruses, although no subtypes are known to exist. (cdc.gov)
Regional analyses of human infections with avian influenza subtypes revealed distinct epidemiologic patterns that varied across countries, age and time. (who.int)
1 They do not normally infect humans, though certain subtypes, such as avian influenza A(H5), A(H7) and A(H9) have caused sporadic human infections. (who.int)

Martha Nelson, an evolutionary biologist at the National Institutes of Health's Fogarty International Center, who studies pig influenza viruses, said that in an ideal world, scientists would create a G4 vaccine in preparation for a possible outbreak. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The report notes the persisting threat of an influenza pandemic, the incidence of sporadic human cases of avian influenza, with high mortality, and the difficulties encountered in developing an effective vaccine. (who.int)
Researchers are conducting the first-in-human trial of a universal influenza vaccine candidate, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced April 3. (medscape.com)
The NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) hopes to develop a vaccine that will overcome the challenges associated with seasonal changes among influenza strains. (medscape.com)
This phase 1 clinical trial is a step forward in our efforts to develop a durable and broadly protective universal influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
A team of VRC scientists developed the universal influenza vaccine prototype. (medscape.com)
It is useful as a vaccine platform because it forms particles that can display multiple influenza HA spikes on its surface, mimicking the natural organization of HA on the influenza virus," according to the news release. (medscape.com)
A final vaccine analysis using a lethal influenza virus challenge showed that despite the differences in the immune responses observed in the mice, the mice had very similar patterns of protection. (mdpi.com)
The first research programs attempting to develop an inactivated influenza vaccine, outside of the USSR, were conducted in England and in the USA at about the same time. (medscape.com)
The relatively simple methods developed by Burnet in Australia for culturing the virus on chick embryos, involving inoculation into the allantoic cavity, made it easy to obtain sufficient amounts of the virus strains for the vaccine. (medscape.com)
This virus was named Influenza B and the inactivated influenza vaccine had to be bivalent to provide protection against both types of influenza viruses (Figure 1). (medscape.com)
Thus, in 1942, 10,000 doses of the first bivalent vaccine containing the A/PR8 and B/Lee virus strains were administered in humans for testing. (medscape.com)
This bivalent vaccine contained 0.5 ml of virus concentrated from 5 ml of allantoic fluid containing influenza A and the same amount of influenza B. One half of the influenza A allantoic fluid contained the A/PR8 strain and the other half contained the Weiss strain, a strain that had been isolated more recently and that was slightly different from A/PR8. (medscape.com)
In 1944, Stanley described in detail the preparation and properties of influenza virus vaccine produced in embryonated hen eggs, concentrated and purified by differential centrifugation and inactivated by different procedures. (medscape.com)
Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)
Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
Those with a history of egg allergy who have experienced only hives after exposure to egg should receive influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
A sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy was observed after vaccination with AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix influenza vaccine in Finland at the beginning of 2010. (plos.org)
Inactivated vaccines work well when pigs are exposed to influenza viruses represented in the vaccine. (usda.gov)
However, vaccine efficacy is reduced when pigs are infected with new strains. (usda.gov)
In this report, pigs administered an inactivated influenza A vaccine followed by infection with the pandemic human influenza A virus (2009) demonstrated more severe clinical disease and lung lesions compared to non-vaccinated pigs infected with the same virus. (usda.gov)
Active surveillance and monitoring of the quality of match between vaccine strains and strains infecting swine herds is necessary to prevent vaccine mismatch in the swine population. (usda.gov)
Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
This year, however, there is a larger percentage of flu strains that don't match the vaccine strain. (petswelcome.com)
Weaver's laboratory is spearheading an effort that uses Epigraph, a data-based computer technique co-developed by Bette Korber and James Theiler of Los Alamos National Laboratory, to create a more broad-based vaccine against influenza, which is notoriously difficult to prevent because it mutates rapidly. (farms.com)
It could be a pathway to a universal flu vaccine, which the National Institutes of Health defines as a vaccine that is at least 75% effective, protects against multiple types of influenza viruses for at least one year and is suitable for all age groups. (farms.com)
The first epitope looks like a normal influenza vaccine gene, the second one looks a little weird and third is more rare,' Weaver said. (farms.com)
Those findings indicated the Epigraph-developed vaccine yielded immune response signatures and physiological protection against a much wider variety of strains than a widely used commercial vaccine and wildtype flu strains. (farms.com)
At six months of age, they were exposed to a strain of swine flu divergent from those directly represented in the vaccine. (farms.com)
In what an epidemiologist would consider a perfect flu season, the strains that the current influenza vaccine protects against would match perfectly those strains in circulation. (asbmb.org)
But when a pandemic strain emerges or one of the circulating strains mutates, the vaccine does little to protect the infected. (asbmb.org)
At the time, the influenza virus had yet to be isolated, let alone incorporated into a vaccine, and antivirals were several decades away. (asbmb.org)
If a flu vaccine worked against every potential strain of the virus, however, the 2009 pandemic and last season might have played out differently. (asbmb.org)
Specific strains of flu can be prevented by a flu vaccine , either a flu shot or nasal spray flu vaccine . (webmd.com)
Scientists at Scripps Research, University of Chicago and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have identified a new Achilles' heel of influenza virus, making progress in the quest for a universal flu vaccine. (medicalxpress.com)
A vaccine combining centralized ancestral genes from four major influenza strains appears to provide broad protection against the dangerous ailment, according to new research by a team from the Nebraska Center for Virology. (medicalxpress.com)
The team from UC San Diego followed 1,032 pregnant women across the United States and Canada who either chose to receive an influenza vaccine or were not vaccinated during one of the three seasons from 2009-2012. (medindia.net)
They compared the use of influenza vaccine in the two groups during the 2009-2011 seasons. (medindia.net)
Some isolates resemble the current vaccine strain A/Sichuan/2/87, but most are better inhibited by antiserum to the A/Shanghai/11/87 reference virus (Table 1). (cdc.gov)
In addition, patients vaccinated with A/Sichuan/2/87 vaccine consistently had lower antibody responses to the A/Shanghai/11/87 strain (Table 2) than to the vaccine strain. (cdc.gov)
Most influenza B strains isolated this season, particularly in the United States, are similar to the current vaccine component, B/Victoria/2/87. (cdc.gov)
The antibody induced by the current B/Victoria/2/87 vaccine component is poorly reactive with the B/Yamagata/16/88 strain (Table 4). (cdc.gov)
The antigenic characteristics of current strains provide the basis for selecting virus strains included in each year's vaccine. (cdc.gov)
The manufacturing, quality control, and distribution process involved in producing about 30 million doses of influenza vaccine in the United States require many months to complete. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, the decisions on which strains to include in the vaccine formulation for the 1989-90 influenza season must be completed by late March to early April of 1989. (cdc.gov)
Influenza vaccine for life? (virology.ws)
Unlike vaccines for polio and measles, which confer life-long immunity, the influenza vaccine protects for only one year. (virology.ws)
Influenza virus undergoes antigenic variation, necessitating annual production of a new vaccine. (virology.ws)
Is it possible to formulate an influenza vaccine that protects against all virus strains for life? (virology.ws)
A number of significant hurdles remain to be overcome before these findings translate into an influenza vaccine. (virology.ws)
The problem is not insurmountable, but will require some new and innovative approaches in influenza vaccine development. (virology.ws)
These are very exciting findings, and in my opinion, bode well for a universal influenza vaccine within the next decade. (virology.ws)
1 thought on "Influenza vaccine for life? (virology.ws)
Headless HA: universal influenza vaccine? (virology.ws)
The goal of this study is to characterize profiles of social media engagement regarding the influenza vaccine and their association with knowledge and compliance in order to support improvement of future web-associated vaccination campaigns. (jmir.org)
A newly developed influenza vaccine against the H5N1 subunit of the avian influenza virus, which has pandemic potential, has been shown to be highly immunogenic in younger and older adults . (medscape.com)

It is back and the worse news is that a mutant strain has been detected of the H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus. (pravda.ru)
H5N1 has an average mortality rate of 58% in humans, making it a highly pathogenic disease. (pravda.ru)
This does not mean, however, that a human version of H5N1 would have the same highly pathogenic characteristics of the strain which is essentially Avian or Bird Flu. (pravda.ru)
This strain is known as H5N1 - 2.3.2.1. (pravda.ru)
Avian influenza strains are divided into two types based on their pathogenicity: high pathogenicity (HP) or low pathogenicity (LP). The most well-known HPAI strain, H5N1, was first isolated from a farmed goose in Guangdong Province, China in 1996, and also has low pathogenic strains found in North America. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Influenza A/H5N1 was first isolated from a goose in China in 1996. (wikipedia.org)
Since 2003, more than 700 human cases of Asian HPAI H5N1 have been reported to the WHO, primarily from 15 countries in Asia, Africa, the Pacific, Europe, and the Middle East, though over 60 countries have been affected. (wikipedia.org)
This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
H5N1 and H7N9 as well as other strains have caused a few lethal outbreaks and could potentially cause a pandemic if they become able to spread more easily. (medscape.com)
Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
The H5N1 outbreaks among poultry in Asia have been associated with human cases in Thailand and Vietnam. (thepoultrysite.com)
Over the last 20 years, there have been regular introductions of H5N1 strains and occasional cases of H7N1 and H9N2 infections, mostly associated with outbreaks in poultry ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
However, recent outbreaks of bird flu in Southeast Asia were caused by a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain and there is increasing evidence that this strain can jump the species barrier and cause severe disease and mortality in humans. (scienceblog.com)
2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
So far, the majority of the human H5N1 (haemagluttinin type 5 and neuraminidase subtype 1) infections have been linked to close contact with infected domestic birds during home slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering and preparation for cooking. (who.int)
The presence of the H5N1 virus in Africa is of great concern to human and animal health due to several factors requiring urgent action by Member States. (who.int)
The number of humans infected by H5N1 is increasing. (who.int)
The flu currently circulating through bird populations up and down Atlantic coastlines is a type of influenza A known as H5N1. (motherjones.com)
The antibodies also protected mice against lethal H5N1 influenza even when administered after infection. (virology.ws)
Out of 2500 people exposed to birds infected with H5N1, only this one case of human infection has been confirmed. (medscape.com)
subtype (i.e. avian influenza viruses to infections such as avian influenza and For this review we included pub- including H5N1, H7N9, H7N2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome cor- lished and unpublished reports of the H9N2, swine flu/pandemic influenza onavirus (MERS-CoV). (who.int)
Since the first confirmed human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China) in 1997, sporadic zoonotic avian influenza viruses causing human illness have been identified globally with the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region as a hotspot. (who.int)
A resurgence of A(H5N1) occurred in humans and animals in November 2003. (who.int)
Between November 2003 and September 2017, WHO received reports of 1838 human infections with avian influenza viruses A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H6N1), A(H7N9), A(H9N2) and A(H10N8) in the Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
The pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses gained larger recognition in 1997 when the first known human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China). (who.int)
6 Thereafter, the number of countries reporting human infections with A(H5N1) virus increased, especially between 2003 and 2008. (who.int)
As of September 2017, outbreaks associated with A(H5N1) viruses in domestic poultry and wild birds have occurred in more than 60 countries, and sporadic human infections with A(H5N1) viruses have been reported in 16 countries. (who.int)
A 53% case fatality has been reported among human cases of A(H5N1), which has been associated with severe pneumonia. (who.int)
7 In addition to A(H5N1), other novel zoonotic influenza viruses infecting humans have emerged, including A(H5N6), A(H7N9), A(H10N8), A(H6N1) and a novel A(H1N2) variant. (who.int)

No human infections with the virus have been detected at this time. (medicalxpress.com)
Influenza C virus infections generally cause mild illness and are not thought to cause human epidemics. (cdc.gov)
USA, US CDC: Novel Influenza A virus infections, weekly report (wk47 2010): No report. (flutrackers.com)
Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
The reported signs and symptoms of avian influenza in humans have ranged from eye infections (conjunctivitis) to influenza-like illness symptoms (e.g., fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches) to severe respiratory illness (e.g. pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, viral pneumonia) sometimes accompanied by nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and neurologic changes. (pravda.ru)
Human infections were first reported in 1997 in Hong Kong. (wikipedia.org)
CDC data on the most current case counts for variant flu virus infections in humans reported in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Presently, there is no FDA- or EMA-approved antiviral for the treatment of human adenovirus (HAdV) ocular infections. (researchgate.net)
nevertheless, recent developments in the treatment of CMV infections have resulted in improved human health and perhaps will encourage the development of new therapeuti. (researchgate.net)
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are widespread among the human population. (researchgate.net)
Influenza A virus infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and currently available prevention and treatment methods are suboptimal. (researchgate.net)
however, human infections can happen when enough virus gets into a person's eyes, nose, or mouth, or is inhaled. (cdc.gov)
Although it is unusual for people to get influenza A virus infections directly from animals, sporadic human infections and outbreaks caused by certain avian influenza A viruses and swine influenza A viruses have been reported. (cdc.gov)
On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
As of April 29, 2013, China had reported 126 confirmed H7N9 infections in humans, among whom 24 (19%) died ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
The source of the human infections remains under investigation. (cdc.gov)
Sporadic human infections with bird flu viruses have occurred. (cdc.gov)
Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
The Yount laboratory aims to understand and combat human respiratory and cardiac viral diseases , with a focus on influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections. (google.com)
Since March 2013, human infections with a previously undescribed H7N9 virus were observed, which also circulates in domestic birds without causing severe disease ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
There are four main types of influenza: A, B, C, and D. While all are capable of causing illness in humans, types A and B cause the majority of infections in flu season. (motherjones.com)
As infected animals and contaminated environments are the primary source of human infections, regional analyses that bring together human and animal surveillance data are an important basis for exposure and transmission risk assessment and public health action. (who.int)
5 During this event, 18 human infections, including six deaths, were reported. (who.int)
People do not normally get swine flu, but human infections can and do happen. (medlineplus.gov)
Members of the human herpesvirus (HHV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) families cause the most common primary viral infections of the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
HPV infections have received particular attention in recent years, as high-risk strains have been linked to some cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Nonetheless, many other viral infections can affect the oral cavity in humans, either as localized or systemic infections. (medscape.com)

Human adenovirus 7d is a respiratory pathogen capable of causing acute respiratory disease of variable severity. (cdc.gov)
Human adenovirus genome (HAdV) type 7d (HAdV-7d) was first detected in the United States in December 2013 in Oregon, in association with acute respiratory disease (ARD) requiring hospitalization ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
We characterized 15 HAdV-7 strains isolated from influenza virus-negative respiratory specimens collected from students with influenza-like illness at colleges in Tompkins, Albany, and Clinton counties in New York during the 2016-17, 2017-18, and 2018-19 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
Prevalence of antibodies to swine influenza virus, porcine adenovirus type 4 and Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in Quebec pig farms with respiratory problems. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
Swine influenza is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that regularly cause outbreaks of influenza in pigs. (cdc.gov)
Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
ABSTRACT To better understand the annual distribution of influenza virus in our country, we isolated and typed 45 viruses from 1043 patients with acute respiratory illnesses in a 10-year study conducted by the National Influenza Centre of the Islamic Republic of Iran The seasonal distribution of influenza typically ran from November to April. (who.int)
If a pet experiences respiratory disease or other illness following household exposure to someone with the influenza-like illness, the scientists encourage them to take the pet to a veterinarian for testing and treatment. (sciencedaily.com)
All of the animals' symptoms were similar to that of humans -- they rapidly develop severe respiratory disease, stop eating and some die. (sciencedaily.com)
Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
Influenza A virus causes a respiratory disease in swine similar to that in humans. (usda.gov)
In this study, we aimed to assess host differentially expressed gene signatures in respiratory tract epithelial cells after influenza A virus pdmH1N1 or H7N9 infection. (aacc.org)
Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
The viruses come in four major categories - A, B, C and D - but influenza B viruses do not circulate in animals, C viruses are believed to cause only mild respiratory illnesses in humans and D viruses affect only cattle. (asbmb.org)
Influenza , commonly known as the " flu ," is an extremely contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza A or B viruses. (webmd.com)
For these reasons, major epidemics of respiratory disease caused by new variants of influenza continue to occur. (cdc.gov)

Genetic reassortment between avian and human influenza A viruses in Italian pigs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Antigenic and sequence analysis of H3 influenza virus haemag-glutinins from pigs in Italy. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Pigs can also be infected with human, avian, and swine influenza viruses, allowing for mixtures of genes (reassortment) to create a new virus, which can cause an antigenic shift to a new influenza A virus subtype which most people have little to no immune protection against. (wikipedia.org)
Pig keepers have been urged to remain vigilant and maintain biosecurity levels, after an influenza strain circulating in pigs was confirmed in a person. (npa-uk.org.uk)
A single human case of an influenza strain that is currently circulating in pigs in the UK has been confirmed in North Yorkshire. (npa-uk.org.uk)
Researchers in China have identified an influenza virus called G4 that can infect both pigs and humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Scientists have likened pigs to "mixing vessels" for generating pandemic influenza viruses because they host both mammalian and avian flu viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Research led by Honglei Sun at China Agricultural University (CAU) in Beijing has identified such a strain in pigs that has already begun to infect humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
That's because pigs act as 'mixing vessels,' where various swine and bird influenza strains can reconfigure and become transmissible to humans. (farms.com)
On rare occasions, these bird viruses can cross over and infect other species, including cats, pigs and humans and can be a potential cause of pandemics. (who.int)
Medical Xpress)-A new study in the U.S. has shown that pigs vaccinated against one strain of influenza were worse off if subsequently infected by a related strain of the virus. (medicalxpress.com)

Between early 2013 and early 2017, 916 lab-confirmed human cases of H7N9 were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). (wikipedia.org)
On 9 January 2017, the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China reported to the WHO 106 cases of H7N9 which occurred from late November through late December, including 35 deaths, 2 potential cases of human-to-human transmission, and 80 of these 106 persons stating that they have visited live poultry markets. (wikipedia.org)
Similar sudden increases in the number of human cases of H7N9 have occurred in previous years during December and January. (wikipedia.org)
With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
Chinese public health officials have investigated human contacts of patients with confirmed H7N9. (cdc.gov)
Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
Differential expression of specific factors observed between avian H7N9 and pdmH1N1 influenza virus strains could explain the variation in disease pathogenicity. (aacc.org)
Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. (aacc.org)
Some strains of the avian H7N9 influenza that emerged in China this year have developed resistance to the only antiviral drugs available to treat the infection. (medindia.net)
9 Moreover, the recently identified zoonotic strains A(H7N9), A(H5N6), A(H6N1) and A(H10N8) emerged in the Western Pacific Region. (who.int)

In their paper, the scientists warn that existing flu vaccines are unlikely to protect human populations from G4. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Evolution of influenza viruses and corresponding evolution of influenza vaccines. (medscape.com)
5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
Use of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in swine has increased over the past ten years in an effort to prevent disease and transmission of the virus. (usda.gov)
Future vaccines that stimulate improved immune responses across differing influenza viruses will be important to prevent infection and clinical disease and reduce the burden of this economically important disease. (usda.gov)
Most flu vaccines for humans are made up of three or four strains of the flu that are considered most likely to encountered in a given year. (petswelcome.com)
If translated to humans, this prophylactic approach may be uniquely capable of protecting immunocompromised or elderly patient populations not reliably protected by existing vaccines. (caltech.edu)
As of 2008, about half of the vaccines in use in the United States were custom-made for specific herds-an expensive, time-consuming and not very effective strategy because of the rapidity with which swine influenza evolves. (farms.com)
Despite federal health authorities' recommendations that all pregnant women be vaccinated for influenza, it is estimated that less than 50 percent of women follow this advice, largely because they are concerned about the effects flu vaccines might have on the developing baby. (medindia.net)
The most effective influenza vaccines are whole or split virus preparations, but how can these be prepared so that the membrane-proximal HA epitope is immunodominant? (virology.ws)
Influenza vaccines have low compliance since repeated, annual vaccination is required. (jmir.org)
Influenza vaccines stimulate discussions both in the real world and online. (jmir.org)
Elucidating the association between social media engagement and influenza vaccination is important and may be applicable to other vaccines, including ones against COVID-19. (jmir.org)
Targeted communication, based on sociodemographic factors and personalized social media usage, might increase influenza vaccination rates and compliance with other vaccines as well. (jmir.org)

Influenza viruses that commonly circulate in swine are called "swine influenza viruses" or "swine flu viruses. (cdc.gov)
CDC works to improve global control and prevention of seasonal and novel influenza, including swine influenza viruses, and works to improve influenza pandemic preparedness and response. (cdc.gov)
The researchers identified a total of 179 swine influenza viruses, including G4, which began to predominate in the samples from 2016 onward. (medicalnewstoday.com)

A highly pathogenic avian influenza confirmed in four states can be very deadly for birds, but a Kansas State University poultry expert says humans don't need to worry about their own health or contaminated poultry products. (medicalxpress.com)
This strain is considered highly pathogenic in birds with a high mortality rate. (medicalxpress.com)
Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (wikipedia.org)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus strains are extremely infectious, often fatal to chickens, and can spread rapidly from flock-to-flock. (cdc.gov)
The guess would be if highly virulent avian strains are unlikely to transmit from cat to human, low pathogenic strains [like this] are even less likely to transmit from cat to humans," Chomel says. (cpr.org)
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
However, LPAI is monitored because two strains of LPAI- the H5 and H7 strains-can mutate into highly pathogenic forms. (usgs.gov)
On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
The state of Texas has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N2) among poultry on one farm in Gonzales County, in south-central Texas. (thepoultrysite.com)
This is the first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the United States in 20 years and was detected by routine state monitoring for avian influenza. (thepoultrysite.com)

The Mexican Avian Influenza (H5N2) Outbreak. (cdc.gov)
The Avian Influenza H7N3 Outbreak in South Central Asia. (cdc.gov)
Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are working with the Texas Department of Health and the Texas Animal Health Commission on both the human health and animal/veterinary aspects to contain this outbreak in poultry and minimize risk to humans. (thepoultrysite.com)
The health risk to humans from the H5N2 influenza outbreak in Texas is considered low at this time. (thepoultrysite.com)
For months, I have been following the media coverage of the devastating outbreak of avian influenza as it's killed thousands of seabirds in Scotland. (motherjones.com)
This is the worst outbreak of avian influenza since 2015 . (medscape.com)

There are four types of influenza viruses: A, B, C, and D. Influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease in people (known as flu season) almost every winter in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses are the only influenza viruses known to cause flu pandemics (i.e., global epidemics of flu disease). (cdc.gov)
Mutinelli F, Capua I, Terregino C, Cattoli G. Clinical, gross, and microscopic findings in different avian species naturally infected during the H7N1 low- and high-pathogenicity avian influenza epidemics in Italy during 1999 and 2000. (cdc.gov)
Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
Influenza spreads around the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in the deaths of between &10000000000250000000000250,000 and &10000000000500000000000500,000 people every year, up to millions in some pandemic years. (medicalxpress.com)

Initial digestion of viral DNA with endonucleases Bam HI, BstEII, Hpa I and subsequent in silico digestion of the corresponding complete genomic sequences identified all isolated strains as corresponding to genome type 7d (data not shown). (cdc.gov)
And then the virus, the influenza viruses have a genome that's made up of eight segments of viral RNA, and so, you know, related segments of each of the eight strands of the canine influenza viruses have been found in different avian viruses. (cdc.gov)
But most people don't realize that humans can also pass diseases to animals, and this raises questions and concerns about mutations, new viral forms and evolving diseases that may potentially be zoonotic. (sciencedaily.com)
All viruses can mutate, but the influenza virus raises special concern because it can change whole segments of its viral sequence fairly easily," Loehr said. (sciencedaily.com)
The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
Normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell cultures have been an effective model to assess the viral-host interaction. (aacc.org)
Wild birds are the natural hosts of many influenza viral strains that normally do not infect humans. (scienceblog.com)
The cloacal samples will be screened for the avian influenza virus, positive samples will be identified and sent to The Institute of Genomic Research (TIGR) for sequencing of the entire viral RNA genome which will then be published in GenBank, the National Institutes of Health collection of all publicly available RNA and DNA sequences. (scienceblog.com)
The strains change every year because influenza is highly prone to mutations caused by errors during viral replications. (asbmb.org)
WHO Collaborating Center for Influenza, Influenza Br and Epidemiology Office, Div of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC. (cdc.gov)

Influenza is one of the most well-known infectious diseases attracting attention worldwide. (springer.com)
St. Jude is distinguished as a Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR) by the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (stjude.org)
These antigens also determine their infectious properties in humans and other animals. (britannica.com)
Seasonal influenza remains a top ten cause of human mortality and COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is the most significant infectious disease of the past century. (google.com)
In addition to identifying dextromethorphan as a potential influenza treatment option, our study illustrates the feasibility of a bioinformatics-driven rational approach for repurposing approved drugs against infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)
Human influenza is transmitted by inhalation of infectious droplets and droplet nuclei, by direct contact or indirectly. (who.int)
Influenza , commonly referred to as the flu , is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals. (medicalxpress.com)
The spread of a highly infectious strain of avian influenza is killing wild birds and has prompted the culling of domesticated animals. (motherjones.com)
According to a report, a new computer model could help scientists predict when a particular strain of avian influenza might become infectious from bird to human. (medindia.net)
Pathogens traverse disciplinary and taxonomic boundaries, yet infectious disease research occurs in many separate disciplines including plant pathology, veterinary and human medicine, and ecological and evolutionary sciences. (springer.com)
However, infectious disease research has been and still is the province of many separate disciplines including veterinary medicine, plant pathology, and human medicine, where these fields are defined by the host organism being studied rather than by the concepts that cut across taxonomic boundaries. (springer.com)
Infectious disease in humans and in plant and animal agriculture (or in domesticated companion animals) is often the direct consequence of interactions with non-agricultural populations of the same hosts (Cleaveland et al. (springer.com)

We are always testing and monitoring to see if any birds have any type of influenza. (medicalxpress.com)
Beyer says other animals can spread this influenza , such as dogs and small birds. (medicalxpress.com)
While more than 130 influenza A subtype combinations have been identified in nature, primarily from wild birds, there are potentially many more influenza A subtype combinations given the propensity for virus "reassortment. (cdc.gov)
Though influenza A is adapted to birds, it can also stably adapt and sustain person-to-person transmission. (wikipedia.org)
Companion birds in captivity are unlikely to contract the virus and there has been no report of a companion bird with avian influenza since 2003. (wikipedia.org)
The type of influenza known informally as avian or bird flu is caused by viruses adapted to birds. (wikipedia.org)
The most widely quoted date for the beginning of recorded history of avian influenza (initially known as fowl plague) was in 1878 when it was differentiated from other diseases that caused high mortality rates in birds. (wikipedia.org)
Some observations on the circulation of influenza viruses in domestic and wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Haemagglutination-inhibiting activity to type a influenza viruses in the sera of wild birds from the far east of the USSR. (cdc.gov)
The canine virus was almost certainly derived from a virus of birds or an avian influenza virus and it didn't derive from the human influenza strain. (cdc.gov)
The influenza viruses are mostly found in aquatic birds, in this case it's probably ducks or geese or something. (cdc.gov)
And, although the virus that's the direct ancestor of the canine influenza hasn't actually been detected so far, there are a number of viruses that have been seen in birds that have similar sequences that might be related to the virus that gave rise to canine flu. (cdc.gov)
Directly from infected birds or from avian influenza A virus-contaminated environments. (cdc.gov)
Almost all confirmed cases have been sporadic, with no epidemiologic link to other human cases, and are presumed to have resulted from exposure to infected birds ( 3,4 ). (cdc.gov)
It's the first time that this strain, which a University of Wisconsin lab identified as H7N2 and is found in birds, has jumped into cats. (cpr.org)
Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
Preliminary testing of birds at two of these markets found evidence of avian influenza. (thepoultrysite.com)
While Alfred Hitchcock's "The Birds" made many of us uneasy at the sight of amassing gulls years ago, today public health officials around the world are beginning to cast an equally uneasy eye toward migratory birds, especially in Alaska, following recent outbreaks of avian influenza in Southeast Asia and, last week, in Siberia. (scienceblog.com)
Alaska is at the intersection of the Asian and North American flyways for migratory birds and scientists say that could provide an unusual mixing ground for the evolution of new strains of bird flu - strains that could spread to lower latitudes and possibly jump to other species, including humans. (scienceblog.com)
University of Alaska (UAF) scientists and state and federal biologists from across Alaska have joined forces and formed the University of Alaska Program on the Biology and Epidemiology of Avian Influenza in Alaska to study migratory birds in Alaska and determine how many are infected and how strains of influenza virus jump from one species to another. (scienceblog.com)
From the first case of H5 avian influenza in humans in the United States to reports of ongoing, widespread disease in birds , the potential of a possible pandemic variant has many keeping a watchful eye on the disease. (medscape.com)
Avian influenza viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds and cause occasional outbreaks in domestic poultry and other animal species. (who.int)

These H5N2 variants have never been known to cause any transmission between humans and poultry," said Scott Beyer, associate professor of animal sciences and industry and K-State Research and Extension state poultry specialist. (medicalxpress.com)
The good news is that to date there is no such evidence, because human-to-human transmission is very rare and is almost always associated to people living together around infected poultry. (pravda.ru)
In the 1990s, the world's poultry population grew 76% in developing countries and 23% in developed countries, contributing to the increased prevalence of avian influenza. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza A viruses are endemic (can infect and regularly transmit) in 6 animal species or groups (wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs, and bats) in addition to humans. (cdc.gov)
Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn when working in poultry facilities and while responding to avian influenza outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
US - Interim Recommendations for Persons with Possible Exposure to Avian Influenza During Outbreaks Among Poultry in the US. (thepoultrysite.com)
Outbreaks of avian influenza A occur among U.S. poultry flocks from time to time. (thepoultrysite.com)
It is believed that most cases of avian influenza infection in humans have resulted from contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces. (thepoultrysite.com)
Because it is possible that avian influenza could be transmitted to humans, CDC is issuing the following interim U.S. guidance for 1) individuals who may be exposed to avian influenza, 2) health-care professionals, and 3) consumers of poultry. (thepoultrysite.com)
Additionally, food safety information for consumers is provided to address concerns surrounding avian influenza outbreaks and poultry. (thepoultrysite.com)
From these animals the virus can spread to domestic poultry or directly to humans and other mammalian hosts ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
In late April, a state prison inmate who worked on a commercial poultry farm in Colorado tested positive for avian influenza A(H5) (see Infographic). (medscape.com)
Many different strains of bird flu are present in China, with some sporadically infecting people, typically those who work with poultry. (medscape.com)

This graphic shows the two types of influenza viruses (A and B) that cause most human illness and that are responsible for flu seasons each year. (cdc.gov)

Kilbourne ED. Influenza pandemics of the 20th Century. (cdc.gov)
Big influenza pandemics start out with a strain hopping from one animal into humans, Varma says. (cpr.org)
Based on experience with other pandemics, like the 1918 influenza pandemic, COVID-19 will likely disrupt human society for years to come ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Pandemics occur if such a new subtype acquires the ability to infect and transmit in the human population. (frontiersin.org)
Three influenza pandemics were recorded in 1918, 1957 and 1968, with the first one resulting in 40-50 million deaths globally. (who.int)
Only influenza A viruses are known to cause pandemics. (motherjones.com)

This type of major change in the influenza A viruses is known as " antigenic shift . (cdc.gov)
Antigenic shift results when a new influenza A virus subtype against which most people have little or no immune protection infects humans. (cdc.gov)
While they cost pork producers an average of $3.23 per pig, the viruses, for which the animals can be immunized, only spill over into human populations during rare antigenic shifts. (asbmb.org)
However, over time there may be enough antigenic variation (antigenic drift) within the same subtype that infection or vaccination with one strain may not induce immunity to distantly related strains of the same subtype. (cdc.gov)

Antibodies to influenza viruses (including the human A2-Asian-57 strain) in sera from Australian shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus). (cdc.gov)
Neutralizing antibodies that target epitopes conserved among many strains of influenza virus have been recently isolated from humans. (caltech.edu)
Here we demonstrate that adeno-associated viruses (AAV) encoding two such broadly neutralizing antibodies are protective against diverse influenza strains. (caltech.edu)
Even if you develop antibodies against a flu virus one year, those antibodies are unlikely to protect you against a new strain of the flu virus the next year. (webmd.com)
Two studies of newly isolated monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus suggest that the answer could be yes. (virology.ws)
The authors of one study identified human antibodies against influenza virus by phage display. (virology.ws)
In this technique, recombinant HA protein (the H5 subtype) was used to bind bacteriophage particles that bear on their surfaces variable chains of human antibodies. (virology.ws)
Ten antibodies were identified that neutralized the infectivity of H5 influenza viruses in cell culture. (virology.ws)
When animals are immunized with influenza virus, most of the antibodies that are produced are directed against the membrane-distal, globular head of the HA molecule (top of image). (virology.ws)
Additional screening of human antibodies with soluble HA protein will presumably address this issue. (virology.ws)

Avian influenza, also known as avian flu, is a bird flu caused by the influenza A virus, which can infect people. (wikipedia.org)
Avian influenza (bird flu) is caused by infection with avian influenza (flu) Type A viruses. (cdc.gov)
Some additional hazards workers can be exposed to when dealing with avian flu in their flocks include ammonia, chemical disinfectants, heat stress, dust, fatigue, and stress (see NIOSH Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) webpage) . (cdc.gov)
A rare strain of bird flu has infected at least 45 cats in a Manhattan animal shelter, according to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. (cpr.org)
We knew about (bird) flu because Kevin Winker has been talking about flu for years," said George Happ, Director of the IDeA Networks for Biomedical Research Excellence (INBRE) at UAF, which is funding the UA avian influenza program. (scienceblog.com)
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) had warned in early 2022 that the current wave of bird flu had a greater risk of spreading to humans owing to the high number of variants. (medscape.com)
China had previously recorded the first known human infection with the H3N8 strain of bird flu. (medscape.com)
From the first human cases of the current bird flu strain to preparations for a potential pandemic, avian influenza news garnered great interest this week, becoming the top trending clinical topic. (medscape.com)

Phylogenetic analysis of whole-genome sequences of 15 strains isolated from cases of influenza-like-illness during 2017-2019 demonstrated the circulation of 2 distinct clades of genomic variant 7d in colleges in New York, USA. (cdc.gov)
Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle with spillover to other animals but are not known to infect people to cause illness. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses that typically are endemic in one animal species sometimes can cause illness in another species. (cdc.gov)
If this new influenza A virus causes illness in people and is transmitted easily from person to person in a sustained manner, an influenza pandemic can occur. (cdc.gov)
Low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus strains occur naturally in wild migratory waterfowl and shorebirds without causing illness. (cdc.gov)
The researchers are surveying flu transmission to household cat and dog populations, and suggest that people with influenza-like illness distance themselves from their pets. (sciencedaily.com)

Phylogenetic trees of influenza viruses will usually display how similar the viruses' hemagglutinin (H or HA) or neuraminidase (N or NA) genes are to one another. (cdc.gov)
Evolution of the H3 influenza virus hemagglutinin from human and nonhuman hosts. (microbiologyresearch.org)
It displays part of hemagglutinin (HA), an influenza protein, on the surface of a microscopic nanoparticle made of nonhuman ferritin. (medscape.com)
The resulting new virus might then be able to infect humans and spread easily from person to person, but it could have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) different than those currently found in influenza viruses that routinely circulate in humans-this could make it seem like a "new" influenza virus to people, one that had not been encountered before. (cdc.gov)
The genetic information in these viruses could reassort to create a new influenza A virus with a hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase gene from the avian virus and other genes from the human virus. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses with a hemagglutinin against which humans have little or no immunity that have reassorted with a human influenza virus are more likely to result in sustained human-to-human transmission and have pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)

Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
A large number of influenza A viruses naturally reside in avian species where they constantly circulate and evolve. (springer.com)

A pandemic can occur when a new and different influenza A virus emerges that infects people, has the ability to spread efficiently among people, and against which people have little or no immunity. (cdc.gov)
Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
This means that you can never develop a permanent immunity to influenza. (webmd.com)

These trials carried out by the U.S. Army led to the conclusion that vaccination reduced the incidence of both mild and severe clinical episodes of influenza and influenza-related mortality. (medscape.com)
Here, we analysed whether the coinciding influenza A H1N1pdm pandemic contributed, together with the Pandemrix vaccination, to the increased incidence of childhood narcolepsy in 2010. (plos.org)
Doctors still stress that it's still very important to get the vaccination as it does cover a number of the current flu strains. (petswelcome.com)
Is there a Vaccination for Canine Influenza? (petswelcome.com)
However, like the vaccination for humans, the canine vaccination does not guarantee your dog will not get the flu. (petswelcome.com)
The vaccination to protect against both strains requires two shots. (petswelcome.com)
Considering the significant role swine play in the evolution and transmission of potential pandemic strains of influenza and the substantial economic impact of swine flu viruses, it is imperative that efforts be made toward the development of more effective vaccination strategies in vulnerable pig populations,' said Erika Petro-Turnquist, a doctoral student and lead author of the study recently published in Frontiers in Immunology . (farms.com)
HealthDay)-Influenza vaccination may have a protective effect for COVID-19-positive patients, according to a brief report recently published in the Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. (medicalxpress.com)
Participants that used social media were younger, secular, and living in high-density agglomerations and had lower influenza vaccination rates. (jmir.org)
Using social media is negatively linked to compliance with seasonal influenza vaccination in this study. (jmir.org)

Avian Influenza (including infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses). (cdc.gov)

Colin Parrish] So, the canine influenza is a different strain from the virus that infects humans. (cdc.gov)

An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
Canada's 2022-2023 national influenza epidemic was declared in epidemiological week 43 (week ending October 29, 2022), relatively early in comparison to historical seasons. (bvsalud.org)
This year marks the return to pre-pandemic-like influenza circulation, following the brief and delayed influenza epidemic declared in the spring of the 2021-2022 season. (bvsalud.org)

This would help assess a novel influenza strain's host range capability. (springer.com)
Seasonal influenza is a perpetual public health challenge, and we continually face the possibility of an influenza pandemic resulting from the emergence and spread of novel influenza viruses," Anthony S. Fauci, MD, director of NIAID, said in a news release. (medscape.com)

It also highlights the need for sharing influenza virus strains and genetic sequence information. (who.int)

The work comes as a salutary reminder that we are constantly at risk of new emergence of zoonotic pathogens and that farmed animals, with which humans have greater contact than with wildlife, may act as the source for important pandemic viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
When used together as a host tropism prediction system, zoonotic strains could potentially be identified based on different protein prediction results. (springer.com)
Current understanding of influenza zoonotic transmission potential of novel strains still remains poorly understood. (springer.com)

Additionally, every few decades a new strain of influenza emerges against which the human population has no pre-existing resistance, causing a flu pandemic. (asbmb.org)

The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
From the prediction models constructed, all achieved high prediction performance, indicating clear distinctions in both avian and human proteins. (springer.com)

Our research has provided important breakthroughs in several major influenza outbreaks over the years, leading to our designation as a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Influenza and an NIH Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance. (stjude.org)

The 1918 influenza pandemic killed more than 500,000 people in the United States and as many as 50 million people worldwide, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. (scienceblog.com)

Progress made in the voluntary application of the International Health Regulations (2005) as related to the risk posed by avian influenza and pandemic influenza is reported in a separate document. (who.int)

The initial goal of the (UA) program is to assess the diversity and prevalence of avian influenza in Alaska's bird populations," said Jonathan Runstadler, veterinarian, assistant professor of molecular biology at UAF's Institute of Arctic Biology, and a lead scientist on the Avian Influenza Program. (scienceblog.com)

Reassortment can occur when two influenza viruses infect a host at the same time and swap genetic information. (cdc.gov)
One possible way that virus reassortment could occur is if a pig were infected with a human influenza A virus and an avian influenza A virus at the same time, the new replicating viruses could reassort and produce a new influenza A virus that had some genes from the human virus and some genes from the avian virus. (cdc.gov)
It is also possible that the process of genetic reassortment could occur in a person who is co-infected with an avian influenza A virus and a human influenza A virus. (cdc.gov)

Reassortment is a process by which influenza viruses swap gene segments. (cdc.gov)
The segmented genome allows influenza A viruses from different species to mix genes (reassortment) and create a new virus if influenza A viruses from two different species infect the same person or animal at the same time. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, careful evaluation of influenza A viruses recovered from humans and animals that are infected with avian influenza A viruses is important to identify genetic reassortment if it occurs. (cdc.gov)
An example of the evolutionary importance of reassortment is the exchange of RNA segments between mammalian and avian influenza viruses that give rise to pandemic influenza. (virology.ws)
I think beside the benefit of genetic reassortment, having a segmented genome in influenza would probably mean all 8 segments can be made into proteins at the same time, shortening replication time. (virology.ws)

Since influenza viruses from swine may infect people, controlling influenza in the swine population has important implications to human health as well. (usda.gov)

Anatomy19

Organisms41

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs59

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Phenomena and Processes64

Disciplines and Occupations6

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Humanities1

Information Science5

Named Groups2

Health Care24

Geographicals6

H1N145

H3N214

Subtypes22

Vaccine58

H5N130

Infections31

Respiratory19

Pigs13

H7N914

Vaccines14

Swine influenza viruses3

Pathogenic14

Outbreak8

Epidemics5

Viral10

Infectious13

Birds24

Poultry13

Types of influenza viruses1

Pandemics6

Antigenic4

Antibodies10

Bird Flu8

Illness6

Hemagglutinin7

Circulate2

Immunity3

Vaccination10

Pathogenicity avian influenza1

Infects1

20224

Novel influenza2

Sharing influenza virus1

Zoonotic4

Emerges1

Avian and human2

Collaborating Center for Influenza1

1918 influenza pandemic1

Posed by avian influenza1

Prevalence of avian influenza1

Occur3

Reassortment5

Infect people1