Human infections of influenza. Medical search. Frequent questions

HPAI A(H5N1) virus infections have been reported in more than 890 people with approximately 50% case fatality proportion since 1997, including 20 cases and 7 deaths in Hong Kong during 1997-2003, and more than 870 cases reported in 22 countries since November 2003. (cdc.gov)
Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. (cdc.gov)
In recent years there has been a change in the primary subtypes and frequency of reports of human A(HxNy) in the region, with a reduction of A(H7N9) and A(H5N1), and conversely an increase of A(H5N6) and A(H9N2). (who.int)
Between December 15, 2014, and May 29, 2015, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) confirmed more than 200 findings of birds infected with highly-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N2), (H5N8), and (H5N1) [1] viruses. (cdc.gov)
HPAI H5N1 viruses that have caused human infections with high mortality in other countries). (cdc.gov)
2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
So far, the majority of the human H5N1 (haemagluttinin type 5 and neuraminidase subtype 1) infections have been linked to close contact with infected domestic birds during home slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering and preparation for cooking. (who.int)
The presence of the H5N1 virus in Africa is of great concern to human and animal health due to several factors requiring urgent action by Member States. (who.int)
The number of humans infected by H5N1 is increasing. (who.int)
During November 2014-April 2015, a total of 165 case-patients with influenza virus A(H5N1) infection, including 6 clusters and 51 deaths, were identified in Egypt. (cdc.gov)
however some, such as H5N1, have caused serious infections in people. (who.int)
The ALI HBE cells and the human monocytes were co-infected with influenza A Hemagglutinin Type 1 and Neuraminidase Type 1 (H1N1) and Hemagglutinin Type 5 and Neuraminidase Type 1 (H5N1) strains. (news-medical.net)
The BA.1- and BA.5-induced interferon responses were seen to protect ALI HBE cells and human monocytes from influenza A H1N1 and H5N1 infections. (news-medical.net)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
Most bird flu viruses don't infect humans, but some strains - particularly H5N1 and H7N9 - can, in rare cases, spread to humans and cause serious illnesses. (everydayhealth.com)
There have been a few cases of H5N1 in humans who've eaten food made with raw, contaminated poultry blood, but there's no evidence that people have been infected with bird flu from eating properly cooked poultry. (everydayhealth.com)
The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
Identification of Human Case of Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Infection, India. (bvsalud.org)

LPAI A(H7N9) virus infection was reported in more than 1500 people in China, particularly during epidemics from 2013-2017, including cases exported to Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Canada. (cdc.gov)
The most recent H7N9 virus infection was reported in China in 2019. (cdc.gov)
January 26 and February 6, Yueyang City Miluo City, the emergence of avian influenza H7N9 confirmed cases of human infection case. (flutrackers.com)
In this study, we aimed to assess host differentially expressed gene signatures in respiratory tract epithelial cells after influenza A virus pdmH1N1 or H7N9 infection. (aacc.org)
The PCA analysis results showed that after 12 and 36 hours infection, there are significant different transcriptome profiling pattern between pdmH1N1 and H7N9. (aacc.org)
After 12 hours infection, 2313(5.40%) transcripts in pdmH1N1 infected NHBE cells, and 7125(15.94%) transcripts in H7N9 infected cells showed significant differences. (aacc.org)
ATP12A, KRT4, and CEACAM5 gene expression decreased 1273-540 fold 36 hours after H7N9 infection. (aacc.org)
H7N9 virus infection induced strong immune response, however cellular repair mechanisms were inhibited at the same time. (aacc.org)
Differential expression of specific factors observed between avian H7N9 and pdmH1N1 influenza virus strains could explain the variation in disease pathogenicity. (aacc.org)
Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. (aacc.org)
January 24, 2017, Qianxinan health department in the strengthening of monitoring, from Wangmu County, 1 case of unexplained pneumonia cases detected H7N9 avian influenza virus subtype positive, January 25 by the provincial disease control department diagnosed as human infection H7N9 avian flu cases, the Patient is currently hospitalized. (flutrackers.com)
Long-term clinical prognosis of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses in China after hospitalization. (ox.ac.uk)
Background:Mainland China has experienced five epidemics of human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection since 2013. (ox.ac.uk)
Interpretation:Patients who survived severe illness from A(H7N9) virus infection had evidence of persistent lung damage and long-term pulmonary dysfunction. (ox.ac.uk)
Isolation of H5N6, H7N9 and H9N2 avian influenza A viruses from air sampled at live poultry markets in China, 2014 and 2015. (cdc.gov)
Viral genome and infectious avian influenza A viruses of H5N6, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes were detected predominantly from particles larger or equal to 1 microm in diameter in the air sampled with cyclone-based bioaerosol samplers at the live poultry markets in Guangzhou. (cdc.gov)
This may explain epidemiological observations in which some patients with H7N9 infection reported being in markets but no direct contact with live poultry or poultry stalls. (cdc.gov)
The genesis and source of the H7N9 influenza viruses causing human infections in China. (ox.ac.uk)
A novel H7N9 influenza A virus first detected in March 2013 has since caused more than 130 human infections in China, resulting in 40 deaths. (ox.ac.uk)
The H7N9 outbreak lineage has spread over a large geographic region and is prevalent in chickens at live poultry markets, which are thought to be the immediate source of human infections. (ox.ac.uk)
Specificity, kinetics and longevity of antibody responses to avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in humans. (ox.ac.uk)
ObjectivesThe long-term dynamics of antibody responses in patients with influenza A(H7N9) virus infection are not well understood.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal serological follow-up study in patients who were hospitalized with A(H7N9) virus infection, during 2013-2018. (ox.ac.uk)
HAI antibody responses were compared by clinical severity.ResultsOf 67 patients with A(H7N9) virus infection, HAI antibody titers reached 40 on average 11 days after illness onset and peaked at a titer of 290 after three months, and average titers of ≥80 and ≥40 were present until 11 months and 22 months respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
HAI antibody responses were significantly higher in patients who experienced severe disease, including respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome, compared with patients who experienced less severe illness.ConclusionsPatients with A(H7N9) virus infection who survived severe disease mounted higher antibody responses that persisted for longer periods compared with those that experienced moderate disease. (ox.ac.uk)
Scientists are to create mutant forms of the H7N9 bird flu virus that has emerged in China so they can gauge the risk of it becoming a lethal human pandemic. (abc.net.au)

Human infections have occurred with different subtypes of low pathogenic and highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses . (cdc.gov)
The designation of "low" versus "highly" pathogenic avian influenza A virus refers to specific criteria, including mortality in experimentally infected poultry, and not to the severity of illness with human infections. (cdc.gov)
The Clade typing of HA gene showed the virus belonged to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4. (flu.org.cn)
Highly-pathogenic avian influenza A H5 viruses have been identified in birds in the United States since December 2014. (cdc.gov)
A large dependence on poultry as the main form of animal protein consumption in the normal diet means that highly pathogenic avian influenza also poses a significant threat to food security. (who.int)
On August 14, 2013, infection caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N7) virus was initially detected on a layer farm in Ostellato, Ferrara Province, Italy, representing the start of an epizootic that affected another 5 poultry farms in Ferrara and Bologna Provinces (Emilia-Romagna Region) during the next 3 weeks. (blogspot.com)
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)

Avian influenza subtype A(HxNy) viruses are zoonotic and may occasionally infect humans through direct or indirect contact, resulting in mild to severe illness and death. (who.int)
An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
H5N6 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). (wikipedia.org)
A time series analysis of the association of influenza and meningococcal disease using hospitalizations in 9 states from 1989-2009 included in the State Inpatient Databases from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the proportion of positive influenza tests by subtype reported to the Centers for Disease Control. (nih.gov)
The influenza-subtype-attributable fraction was estimated using the model coefficients. (nih.gov)
In Europe, avian influenza viruses of subtype H7 have been responsible for several disease outbreaks among poultry, which resulted in human infections ( 1 , 2 ). (blogspot.com)
Past, present, and possible future human infection with influenza virus A subtype H7. (blogspot.com)
So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
Among the many achievements ofo his team are the identification and characterization of several "new" viruses, including the human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human coronavirus NL63, the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and a new influenza A virus subtype (H16). (ed.ac.uk)
All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)

Therefore, the authors modified the experimental procedures by increasing the median tissue culture infectious dose to 109and by inoculating via the intratracheal route, testing these procedures with H1N1 strains (A/Bilthoven/3075/1978 and A/Netherlands/26/2007) and H3N2 strains (A/Bilthoven/16190/1968 and A/Netherlands/177/2008) of seasonal influenza virus. (eur.nl)
In conclusion, the above H1N1 and H3N2 strains cause severe pneumonia in ferrets by use of the modified experimental procedures and provide a good model for pneumonia caused by seasonal influenza A virus infection in humans. (eur.nl)
The vaccine strains for the upcoming influenza season are selected annually by the Food and Drug Administration's Vaccines and Related Biologic Products Advisory Committee based on WHO's recommended Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine composition. (medscape.com)
Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)
It is active against influenza A and B including strains resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors. (medscape.com)
Influenza viruses circulating in swine are closely related to the human H1N1 and H3N2 strains and reports of sporadic cross-species transfer of swine and avian influenza viruses to humans have been documented repeatedly during recent decades [ 18 ]. (vetres.org)
Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
For those patients hospitalized with avian influenza, mortality is more than 50 percent for all of the strains combined. (everydayhealth.com)
HPV infections have received particular attention in recent years, as high-risk strains have been linked to some cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Neutralizing antibodies that target epitopes conserved among many strains of influenza virus have been recently isolated from humans. (caltech.edu)
Here we demonstrate that adeno-associated viruses (AAV) encoding two such broadly neutralizing antibodies are protective against diverse influenza strains. (caltech.edu)
Serum from mice that received a single intramuscular AAV injection efficiently neutralized all H1, H2 and H5 influenza strains tested. (caltech.edu)
After infection with diverse strains of H1N1 influenza, treated mice showed minimal weight loss and lung inflammation. (caltech.edu)
St. Jude researchers and physicians study how new influenza strains emerge in humans and cause disease. (stjude.org)
Humans and ferrets share similar lung physiology, and both are known to be susceptible to and transmit the same strains of IAVs, thus making ferrets an ideal model to study IAV infection in the URT. (jcvi.org)

Subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses that have been virologically confirmed to have infected people include A(H6), A(H7), A(H9), and A(H10) viruses. (cdc.gov)
During this period, there were 1972 human infections with nine different A(HxNy) subtypes notified in the WPR. (who.int)
Annual Seasonal Flu Outbreaks Caused by Influenza A and B Virus Infections Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by different types and subtypes of influenza viruses. (vitrosens.com)
In Europe, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently have a high prevalence in commercial farms. (vetres.org)
Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)

Human infections with avian influenza A viruses are uncommon but have occurred sporadically in many countries, usually after unprotected exposures (e.g. not using respiratory or eye protection) to infected poultry or virus-contaminated environments and have resulted in mild-to-severe illness with a wide range of symptoms and complications. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H6N1) virus infection was reported in one person with moderate lower respiratory tract disease in Taiwan in 2013. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H7N2) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with conjunctivitis (pink eye), mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, or lower respiratory tract disease in the U.K. and U.S. since 2002. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H7N3) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with conjunctivitis or mild upper respiratory tract symptoms in the U.K. and Canada since 2004. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H10N3) virus infection was reported in one person with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure in China in 2021, and in another person with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure in China in 2022. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H10N7) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with conjunctivitis or mild upper respiratory tract symptoms in Egypt in 2004 and Australia in 2010. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H10N8) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with severe pneumonia with respiratory failure, including a few deaths, in China since 2013. (cdc.gov)
The lesions were associated with the presence of influenza virus antigen in respiratory epithelium by immunohistochemistry. (eur.nl)
During periods of low influenza activity, influenza testing should be performed upon admission in all patients who require hospitalization with acute respiratory illness (with or without fever), who have been in contact with a person diagnosed with influenza, or who have recently traveled from a location known to have influenza activity. (medscape.com)
In hospitalized patients with respiratory failure who are receiving mechanical ventilation, including those in whom influenza testing results were negative based on upper respiratory tract specimens, endotracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens should be collected for influenza testing as soon as possible. (medscape.com)
Clinicians should consider the possibility of HPAI H5 virus infection in persons showing signs or symptoms of respiratory illness who have relevant exposure history. (cdc.gov)
Flu is short for influenza, a respiratory infection caused by a virus . (medlineplus.gov)
The model accounts for the autocorrelation of meningococcal disease and influenza between weeks, temporal trends, co-circulating respiratory syncytial virus, and seasonality. (nih.gov)
We analyzed the synchrony of seasonal peaks in hospitalizations for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and meningococcal disease. (nih.gov)
Among the workers, infection with highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was confirmed for 3 who had conjunctivitis but no respiratory symptoms. (blogspot.com)
In a recent study posted to the bioRxiv* preprint server, researchers in Germany and the United Kingdom investigated the interferon responses induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-variants BA.1 and BA.5, and their efficacy in protecting cells from influenza A virus super-infection. (news-medical.net)
Influenza A virus is a main cause of winter epidemics that results in increments in respiratory morbidity. (biomedcentral.com)
Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
Acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) are the most common respiratory infectious diseases among humans globally. (frontiersin.org)
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) have resulted in significant morbidity and mortality globally. (frontiersin.org)
Fungal diseases, including histoplasmosis, continue to produce new respiratory infections during outbreaks or pandemics of other respiratory infections (eg, COVID-19). (cap.org)
Providers need to consider fungal respiratory infections in appropriate settings, particularly when COVID-19 testing is negative. (cap.org)
Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? (mdpi.com)
Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. (mdpi.com)
Ron's work focuses on the molecular biology of respiratory viruses, in particular influenza A virus. (ed.ac.uk)
(La Jolla, California)-May 26, 2020- Scientists from the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile examined changes in the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiome during an influenza A virus (IAV) infection. (jcvi.org)
The complete results, Microbiome disturbance and resilience dynamics of the upper respiratory tract during influenza A virus infection , are published in the journal Nature Communications . (jcvi.org)
Influenza A virus is a highly infectious upper respiratory tract disease in humans and animals caused by a negative-sense segmented RNA virus. (jcvi.org)
Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)

MDCK cells were used for the propagation of influenza virus H1N1 (A/WSN/33), H9N1 (1P10), and H9N1 (1WF10). (cdc.gov)
These clinical practice guidelines are an update to the guidelines published by the IDSA in 2009, prior to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. (medscape.com)
Of 23 influenza A (H1) viruses that were collected during May 21--September 9 (three from Asia, 18 from Latin America, and two from the United States) and analyzed at CDC, 17 (74%) were antigenically similar to A/New Caledonia/20/99, the H1N1 component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Over 20 years, 12.8% (95% CI, 9.1-15.0) of meningococcal disease can be attributable to influenza in the preceding weeks with H3N2 accounting for 5.2% (95% CI, 3.0-6.5), H1N1 4.3% (95% CI, 2.6-5.6), B 3.0% (95% CI, 0.8-4.9) and pH1N1 0.2% (95% CI, 0-0.4). (nih.gov)
One study analyzed the clinical data of adult patients with pandemic H1N1 2009 infection admitted to the ICU. (medscape.com)
The recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from North American and Eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. (vetres.org)
The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. (vetres.org)
In April 2009, a new A(H1N1) influenza virus was identified containing a distinct combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine influenza lineages as well as from avian and human lineages [ 8 , 21 ], which rapidly reached pandemic proportions. (vetres.org)
however, there was a substantial number of hospitalized young individuals without previous underlying health problems, attesting to the pathogenic potential of A(H1N1) 2009 in humans. (vetres.org)
The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)

A small number of human infections with avian influenza A viruses have been attributed to exposure to infected wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Clinical illness associated with human infections with avian influenza A viruses does not necessarily correlate with virus pathogenicity in infected birds. (cdc.gov)
These are the first reported infections with these viruses in US wild or domestic birds. (cdc.gov)
While these recently-identified HPAI H5 viruses are not known to have caused disease in humans, their appearance in North American birds may increase the likelihood of human infection in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Previous human infections with other avian viruses have most often occurred after unprotected direct physical contact with infected birds or surfaces contaminated by avian influenza viruses, being in close proximity to infected birds, or visiting a live poultry market. (cdc.gov)
For more information on the origin of the recently-identified HPAI H5 viruses in the United States, their clinical presentation in birds, and their suspected clinical presentation in humans, please see https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/hpai/hpai-background-clinical-illness.htm . (cdc.gov)
however, people with close or prolonged unprotected contact with infected birds or contaminated environments may be at greater risk of infection. (cdc.gov)
Humans can be infected through unprotected contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces. (wikipedia.org)
Some infections have been identified where no direct contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces has been known to had occurred. (wikipedia.org)
Avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, is an infectious viral disease of birds. (who.int)
Campitelli L , Mogavero E , De Marco MA , Delogu M , Puzelli S , Frezza F , Interspecies transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared domestic poultry in Italy. (blogspot.com)
Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
Bird flu, or avian flu, is a type of infection that occurs mainly in birds. (everydayhealth.com)
Apart from sporadic cases, widespread infections and deaths of wild birds from HPAIV infection have never been reported before 2005. (nature.com)
In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
Avian conjunctivitis is a bacterial eye infection in birds that often impact many species of songbirds. (maine.gov)
These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species, but rarely infect humans. (maine.gov)
It is deadly to birds, but not considered contagious to humans. (maine.gov)
The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)

A deadly strain of bird flu known to infect humans is spreading rapidly and silently through chicken populations across China. (abc.net.au)

Member States in the Western Pacific Region (WPR) communicate and notify the World Health Organization of any human cases of A(HxNy) through the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) mechanism. (who.int)
On 3 October, the World Health Organization said wider surveillance was urgently required to better understand the risk and the recent increase of spill over to humans. (wikipedia.org)
Our research has provided important breakthroughs in several major influenza outbreaks over the years, leading to our designation as a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Influenza and an NIH Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance. (stjude.org)

Pregnant patients may receive any licensed, recommended, age-appropriate influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
Of the 19 influenza A (H3) viruses (one from Europe, 12 from Latin America, three from Asia, two from Oceania, and one from the United States) that were characterized, 18 (95%) were antigenically similar to A/Wisconsin/67/2005, the H3N2 component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine, whereas one (5%) had reduced titers to A/Wisconsin/67/2005. (cdc.gov)
The B component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine belongs to the B/Victoria lineage. (cdc.gov)
Ten (43%) of the B/Victoria-lineage viruses were similar to B/Ohio/01/2005, the B component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine, whereas 13 (57%) had reduced titers to B/Ohio. (cdc.gov)
While vaccination against meningococcal disease is the most important prevention strategy, influenza vaccination could provide further protection, particularly in young children where the meningococcal disease vaccine is not recommended or protective against the most common serogroup. (nih.gov)
The vaccine does not contain any live virus and thus cannot cause HPV infection. (msdmanuals.com)
For more information, see the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) HPV (Human Papillomavirus) vaccine information statement . (msdmanuals.com)
This evolutionary arms race between vaccine design and viral mutation contributes to annual influenza epidemics worldwide, which on average results in 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and up to 291,000 to 646,000 deaths annually. (jcvi.org)

This association can be used to help in the prevention and mitigation of influenza epidemics. (scirp.org)
Fdez-Arroyabe, P. (2012) Influenza epidemics and Spanish climatic domains. (scirp.org)
bacterial and virus co-infection during seasonal influenza epidemics are commonly associated with increase hospital admissions, severe disease and deaths. (jcvi.org)

Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of influenza were released on December 19, 2018, by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). (medscape.com)
The ACIP also publishes recommendations on the use of antiviral agents for prevention and treatment of influenza . (medscape.com)
Researchers from the Cluster of Excellence ImmunoSensation2 at the University of Bonn, together with Japanese researchers, want to exploit this for the treatment of influenza. (uni-bonn.de)
The researchers want to harness this dependence for the treatment of influenza infections. (uni-bonn.de)

LPAI A(H7N4) virus infection was reported in one person with pneumonia in China in 2017. (cdc.gov)
The primary complication of seasonal influenza in humans is viral pneumonia. (eur.nl)
A conventional animal model-intranasal inoculation of ferrets with 106median tissue culture infectious dose of virus-results in disease that is neither consistent nor comparable with severe viral pneumonia in humans. (eur.nl)
LPAI A(H10N5) virus infection was reported in one person with severe pneumonia who died in China in late 2023. (cdc.gov)
The percentage of deaths attributable to pneumonia and influenza as reported by the 122 Cities Mortality Reporting System remained below the epidemic threshold. (cdc.gov)
US researchers believe they have found a way that influenza makes people more prone to potentially deadly pneumonia. (abc.net.au)

Influenza A(H9N2) viruses were ubiquitously isolated every month during the study period from air and environmental swabs, and different lineages of H9N2 virus were isolated from markets where chickens and minor land-based poultry were sold. (cdc.gov)
Preliminary analyses suggest that the virus is a reassortant of H7, N9 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses, and carries some amino acids associated with mammalian receptor binding, raising concerns of a new pandemic. (ox.ac.uk)

Flu tests are also used to watch for flu outbreaks in the community and for identifying the type of flu virus that is causing the infection. (medlineplus.gov)
Notably, since 2000, outbreaks of avian influenza caused by high and low pathogenicity influenza A(H7N1) viruses and low pathogenicity A(H7N3) viruses occurred on poultry farms located mainly in northeastern Italy ( 3 ). (blogspot.com)

Antibody titers against H3N2v and historical seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses were measured with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay at Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), the University of Iceland, and other partners, has explored the ecology and movement of AI viruses in the North Atlantic region since 2010. (usgs.gov)
St. Jude is one of only six Collaborating Centers operating under the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). (stjude.org)

This document updates Member States on the current situation and recommends interventions to further enhance pandemic influenza preparedness and response. (who.int)
Pandemic influenza, and primarily avian influenza, is a serious concern for Egypt. (who.int)
The Government of Egypt has taken the threat of pandemic influenza seriously and developed the National Influenza Pandemic Executive Committee (NIPEC). (who.int)
WHO offers technical support to the NIPEC and participated in the development of the Integrated National Plan for avian and pandemic influenza in response to the rapid spread of avian influenza and pandemic influenza, in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (who.int)
This work was funded by the Italian Ministry of Health project "Virological surveillance of epidemic and pandemic influenza" (grant no. 4M13) and by the Emilia-Romagna Region. (blogspot.com)

Human influenza is transmitted by inhalation of infectious droplets and droplet nuclei, by direct contact or indirectly. (who.int)
On October 26, 2021, Thijs Kuiken, a professor of comparative pathology at Erasmus University Medical Centre in Rotterdam, said the rise in human cases could be explained by a new variant which is "a little more infectious" to people. (wikipedia.org)
HHV-4, also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), causes the primary infection infectious mononucleosis , and it is implicated in various diseases, such as African Burkitt lymphoma , other immunoproliferative disorders, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (medscape.com)
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens , their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. (wikipedia.org)
[1] An infectious disease , also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease , is an illness resulting from an infection. (wikipedia.org)
[4] The branch of medicine that focuses on infections is referred to as infectious diseases . (wikipedia.org)
An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as some infections do not cause illness in a host. (wikipedia.org)
St. Jude is distinguished as a Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR) by the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (stjude.org)
of Infectious Disesases, Skåne University Hospital and associate professor at the Department of Infection Medicine, Lund University. (lu.se)

Avian Influenza Weekly Update Number 811 "CDC Update on A(H5N6) Bird Flu: How is the U.S. CDC Monitoring A(H5N6) Infections and Contributing to Global Pandemic Preparedness? (wikipedia.org)
Bird flu is transmitted to humans when these viruses, which are part of a group called avian influenza A viruses, travel from the saliva, mucus , or droppings of an infected bird into a person's eyes, nose, or mouth. (everydayhealth.com)
While bird flu infections are rare, most of them occur in people who've had unprotected contact with an infected bird or a contaminated surface. (everydayhealth.com)
Bird flu in humans can be treated with antiviral drugs, which can hamper the viruses' ability to replicate and help people recover from the illness. (everydayhealth.com)
It presents information on the infection of avian influenza (bird flu) in humans, the instances of infection since 1997, symptoms and antiviral agents. (bvs.br)

Influenza serological testing of stored sera from NHA NES 2010 collection across various age groups, were used in this study to determine the population level of cross-reactive antibodies to H3N2v virus and historical seasonal H3N2 viruses. (cdc.gov)
In addition to HIV-specific immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies, which typically develop three or more weeks following infection, the fourth-generation HIV test detects the p24 antigen that appears as early as two weeks after infection. (aafp.org)
The human body makes rare antibodies effective against all flu viruses and these might be boosted to design a better universal flu treatment, researchers report. (abc.net.au)

In outpatients, rapid molecular assays (ie, nucleic acid amplification tests) are preferred over rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs). (medscape.com)
Rapid influenza antigen tests , or rapid influenza diagnostic tests are the most common type of flu test. (medlineplus.gov)

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the first human case of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus infection in Beijing, so as to provide evidences for prevention and control of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus infection. (flu.org.cn)
The samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, sputum collected at the early stage of diseases were positive for the nucleic acid of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus. (flu.org.cn)
In November and December human cases of H5N6 were reported in China. (wikipedia.org)
In December, H5N6 avian influenza was reported in bird droppings in Hong Kong. (wikipedia.org)
Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)

Rapid detection and characterization of novel influenza A viruses in humans remain critical components of national efforts to prevent further cases, evaluate clinical illness associated with them, and assess any ability for these viruses to spread among humans. (cdc.gov)
These results suggest that early and aggressive treatment action should be taken in patients with a high clinical suspicion of severe influenza infection. (medscape.com)
In clinical trials, single-dose baloxavir is safe and effective in treating patients with uncomplicated influenza. (medscape.com)
We describe the clinical and virologic findings of the investigation conducted with regard to these 3 human cases of influenza A(H7N7) virus infection. (blogspot.com)
One-half of the estimated 1.1 million people in the United States with HIV infection are not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) or are receiving ART that is not sufficiently effective to achieve key clinical outcomes. (aafp.org)
This study aimed at estimating the AH1N1 infection, hospitalization and mortality rates, and at identifying related clinical features in persons who received medical care during the influenza pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
Clinical predictors were identified using multivariate logistic regression with infection as a dependent variable. (biomedcentral.com)
This study identified various signs and symptoms for the clinical diagnosis of AH1N1 influenza and revealed that some of them can be age-specific. (biomedcentral.com)
Herpesviruses establish latent permanent infections in their hosts, although clinical signs of disease may not be detected. (medscape.com)
As one of six U.S. research institutions selected for the CEIRR network, St. Jude serves as a hub of basic and clinical research aimed at understanding and responding to influenza. (stjude.org)
Clinical Microbiology and Infection. (lu.se)
See Clinical Presentation for more detailed information on the signs and symptoms of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)
See Clinical Presentation and Workup for more detailed information on the diagnosis of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)

Mice lacking Nlrp3, Pycard, or caspase-1, but not Nlrc4, exhibited dramatically increased mortality and a reduced immune response after exposure to the influenza virus. (nih.gov)
The mortality of swine influenza virus (SIV) infected pigs is usually low, although morbidity may approach 100% [ 14 ]. (vetres.org)
Circulation of a new IAV in the naïve human population has caused pandemics in the past resulting in significant morbidity and mortality, the most notable in 1918 and 1919, when the Spanish flu killed approximately 20 to 50 million people worldwide. (jcvi.org)

Routine annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged 6 months or older who do not have contraindications. (medscape.com)
Influenza vaccination also must be encouraged to prevent the infection. (medscape.com)

As with other diseases, prevention of influenza is the most effective strategy. (medscape.com)
Antiviral agents available for influenza treatment and/or prevention include neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir) and the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir marboxil). (medscape.com)
All workers (≈200) who participated in depopulating infected premises applied strict infection prevention procedures and were monitored for symptoms. (blogspot.com)
Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Healthcare Personnel During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic, Updates as of February 2, 2022. (dentalcare.com)
Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care. (dentalcare.com)

The efficacy of SM usage to prevent transmission of influenza-like illness (ILI) and laboratory-confirmed influenza have been shown in a number of studies among symptomatic patients ( 12 - 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
HHV-6, which can produce acute infection in CD4 + T lymphocytes, causes roseola infantum , a febrile illness that affects young children. (medscape.com)
Flu infections are a leading cause of illness and death worldwide. (stjude.org)

Conclusions Processing of frozen poultry products may also cause infection, suggesting that process of unquarantined frozen poultry products can also be risky. (flu.org.cn)
The majority of these infections have occurred in poultry, including backyard and commercial flocks. (cdc.gov)
Human infection with avian influenza viruses has not occurred from eating properly cooked poultry or poultry products. (cdc.gov)
Zoonotic infections by avian influenza viruses occur at the human-poultry interface, but the modes of transmission have not been fully investigated. (cdc.gov)
The results highlight the possibility of airborne transmission of avian influenza viruses among poultry or from poultry to humans within such settings. (cdc.gov)
The continuing prevalence of H7 viruses in poultry could lead to the generation of highly pathogenic variants and further sporadic human infections, with a continued risk of the virus acquiring human-to-human transmissibility. (ox.ac.uk)
WHO works with the MoHP to provide seasonal influenza vaccines to vulnerable groups, including health workers in fever and chest hospitals, people working in poultry farms, rapid response teams, veterinarians and pilgrims going to Saudi Arabia for Hajj. (who.int)
During an influenza A(H7N7) virus outbreak among poultry in Italy during August-September 2013, infection with a highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was diagnosed for 3 poultry workers with conjunctivitis. (blogspot.com)
Koopmans M , Wilbrink B , Conyn M , Natrop G , van der Nat H , Vennema H , Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. (blogspot.com)
3) Eating undercooked poultry has also been associated with infections other than influenza, including salmonella (1). (everydayhealth.com)
Direct or indirect contact with diseased poultry is the primary route of HPAIV infections in humans 3 . (nature.com)
Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)

Manual for the laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza. (cdc.gov)
Influenza research database: an integrated bioinformatics resource for influenza research and surveillance. (cdc.gov)
and 4) a national surveillance system that records pediatric deaths associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza. (cdc.gov)
The WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Control of Influenza located at CDC analyzes influenza virus isolates received from laboratories worldwide. (cdc.gov)
WHO supports the implementation of the National Plan through building capacity in surveillance and monitoring of human cases of avian influenza and ensuring a rapid response. (who.int)
WHO and FAO have established a platform for joint risk assessment on avian influenza where both epidemiological and virological surveillance data are shared regularly and a risk assessment report is developed. (who.int)

Members of the human herpesvirus (HHV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) families cause the most common primary viral infections of the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
Nonetheless, many other viral infections can affect the oral cavity in humans, either as localized or systemic infections. (medscape.com)
See Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hepatitis C for information on these viral infections. (medscape.com)
As bacterial and viral infections can both cause the same kinds of symptoms, it can be difficult to distinguish which is the cause of a specific infection. (wikipedia.org)
[12] Distinguishing the two is important, since viral infections cannot be cured by antibiotics whereas bacterial infections can. (wikipedia.org)
In general, viral infections are systemic. (wikipedia.org)
After viral infections clear, the microbiome of the individuals progress towards the healthy microbiome. (jcvi.org)
Given the unequivocal association between viral and bacterial co-infection and influenza disease severity, there is a pressing need to better understand how changes in the host microbiome correlates with viral infections that facilitate opportunistic co-infections. (jcvi.org)

The patient also had co-infection with seasonal influenza A(H3N2) virus. (cdc.gov)
HI A/AICHI/2/1968: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2 virus A/Aichi/2/1968. (cdc.gov)
HI A/VICTORIA/3/1975: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2 virus A/Victoria/3/1975. (cdc.gov)
HI A/BANGKOK/1/1979: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2 virus A/Bangkok/1/1979. (cdc.gov)
HI A/BRISBANE/10/2007: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2 virus A/Brisbane/10/2007. (cdc.gov)
First H3N2 Variant Virus Infection Reported for 2012. (cdc.gov)

The interferon response induced by the Omicron sub-variants could protect the body from influenza-like diseases. (news-medical.net)
Additional information on avian influenza viruses are available in the Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases . (usgs.gov)
Find information, tools and facts about symptoms, risks and how to prevent, treat and manage human diseases and illnesses. (canada.ca)
Diseases caused by helminths are sometimes termed infestations, but are sometimes called infections. (wikipedia.org)
While most bird infections, diseases, and parasites are difficult to identify without testing, finding a dead bird often is not a cause for concern. (maine.gov)

Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)

[ 2 ] Early antiviral therapy must be considered among hospitalized children diagnosed with or suspected to have influenza, especially if they have risk factors such as asthma, cardiac problems, or other conditions, to prevent severe complications and prolonged hospitalization. (medscape.com)
According to a prospective cohort study, as many as 1 in 3 children seeking treatment in the ED for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) at the peak of flu season are at high risk of suffering severe complications. (medscape.com)

Interestingly, the emergence of the Omicron variant in England resulted in a decline in influenza-like illnesses, which had surged during the Delta wave. (news-medical.net)
Results suggest that microbiome disturbance and resilience dynamics may be critical to addressing bacterial co-infections associated with influenza-derived illnesses. (jcvi.org)

318 (2%) were positive for influenza ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)
The majority (92%) of these isolates were tested from mid-May through late June, when 3.6% of specimens tested were positive for influenza. (cdc.gov)
Since July 1, of specimens tested, 0.6% were positive for influenza. (cdc.gov)

Significant downregulation of β-defensin1 gene ( DEFB1 ) expression was observed when human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpCs) were exposed to IAV. (cdc.gov)
Primary human bronchial epithelial cells HBEp cells. (cdc.gov)

On rare occasions, these bird viruses can cross over and infect other species, including cats, pigs and humans and can be a potential cause of pandemics. (who.int)
Three influenza pandemics were recorded in 1918, 1957 and 1968, with the first one resulting in 40-50 million deaths globally. (who.int)

Influenza symptoms may last longer than 1 week. (medscape.com)
16 y who have symptoms of influenza infection or colds, aspirin is not recommended because of an association with Reye syndrome . (medscape.com)
The signs and symptoms of an infection depend on the type of disease. (wikipedia.org)
If a person contracts the avian influenza, they can experience a wide range of flu-like symptoms, though laboratory testing is needed to confirm the diagnoses. (maine.gov)

Good quality serological investigations may be useful in differentiating infection from contamination in these cases and allow for better assessment of the risk of human infection. (who.int)

However, the observed changes in A(HxNy) trends reinforce the need for effective and rapid identification to mitigate the threat of a pandemic from avian influenza if person-to-person transmission were to occur. (who.int)

Mechanistically, NLRP3 inflammasome activation by the influenza virus was dependent on lysosomal maturation and reactive oxygen species (ROS). (nih.gov)
Animal flu Have you have wondered about flu infections in species other than humans? (abc.net.au)
Avian Influenza (AI) is a type A influenza virus naturally found in certain waterfowl and shorebird species. (maine.gov)

The overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed, and the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses remains low. (who.int)

Until more is known about these newly-identified HPAI H5 viruses, public health recommendations are largely consistent with guidance for influenza viruses associated with severe disease in humans (e.g. (cdc.gov)
State health departments are encouraged to investigate potential human cases of HPAI H5 virus infection as described below and should notify CDC within 24 hours of identifying a case under investigation. (cdc.gov)

Swine influenza virus. (medscape.com)

See Treatment and Medication for more detailed information on the management of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)

Inclusion of the p24 antigen shortens the time frame for detecting HIV, increasing the likelihood of identifying people with HIV who recently acquired the infection (i.e., within the previous one to two months). (aafp.org)

Quantifying the fraction of meningococcal disease attributable to influenza could improve understanding of viral-bacterial interaction and indicate additional health benefits to influenza immunization. (nih.gov)
These secondary bacterial infections are a serious concern, exacerbating conditions caused by IAV, as well as many other disease conditions," noted Karen Nelson, PhD , JCVI president and a senior author on the study. (jcvi.org)
Adding to this, Chris Dupont, PhD stated, "There is compelling rationale for the maintenance of a healthy URT microbiome as a potential therapeutic target to prevent IA-associated bacterial co-infections. (jcvi.org)
Study results provide a clear approach for the design of future studies explicitly examining links between IAV and bacterial co-infection, along with the development of therapeutic treatments aimed at the microbiome as a community. (jcvi.org)

If translated to humans, this prophylactic approach may be uniquely capable of protecting immunocompromised or elderly patient populations not reliably protected by existing vaccines. (caltech.edu)

Sialic acid receptor specificity on erythrocytes affects detection of antibody to avian influenza haemagglutinin. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy11

Organisms53

Diseases39

Chemicals and Drugs43

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Phenomena and Processes29

Disciplines and Occupations6

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Humanities1

Information Science7

Named Groups2

Health Care32

Geographicals17

H5N120

H7N925

Highly pathogeni10

Subtype10

Strains17

Subtypes6

Respiratory30

H1N111

Birds20

Infect humans1

World Health Organ3

Vaccine8

Epidemics3

Treatment of influenza4

Pneumonia6

H9N22

Outbreaks2

Centers3

Pandemic influenza5

Infectious9

Bird flu5

Antibodies3

Rapid influenza diagnostic tests2

H5N66

Clinical13

Mortality3

Vaccination2

Prevention5

Illness3

Poultry12

Surveillance6

Viral Infections8

H3N26

Diseases5

Epidemiological and virological1

Complications2

Illnesses2

Positive for influenza3

Bronchial epithelial cells2

Pandemics2

Symptoms4

Serological1

Threat of a pandemic1

Species3

Known influenza1

HPAI2

Swine influenza1

Pediatric Influenza1

Antigen1

Bacterial4

Populations1

Antibody1