• Six persons who provided health care to patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and who denied other risk factors have previously been reported to have HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • It may advance to acquired immunodeficiency virus syndrome especially when the patient does not know whether he or she has the infection. (wizzley.com)
  • Unlike HIV-1, infection with either M-tropic or T-tropic strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) can be mediated by CCR5, but not CXCR4. (nih.gov)
  • Usage of these new receptors following experimental infection of non-human primates with SIV strains may provide important insight into viral transmission and the mechanisms of SIV- and HIV-induced acquired immune-deficiency syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • The availability of highly potent antiretroviral treatment during the last decades has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection into a chronic disease. (wjgnet.com)
  • This guidance provides you, blood establishments that collect blood or blood components, including Source Plasma, with FDA's revised donor deferral recommendations for individuals with increased risk for transmitting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. (fda.gov)
  • HIV infection is characterized by progressive immunodeficiency leading to invasion by opportunistic pathogens. (scirp.org)
  • This article presents recent developments in biomedical interventions for prevention of sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. (annals.edu.sg)
  • The first 30 years of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic will be remembered by the way individuals, communities, nations and organisations rallied to put an end the relentless spread of the infection and the death and suffering that it brought. (annals.edu.sg)
  • Jejunal enteropathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: quantitative histology. (bmj.com)
  • Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus in a London health district 1980-4. (bmj.com)
  • Although T lymphocyte immunodeficiency is typically associated with P. jiroveci infection, the integrity of B lymphocyte function is also crucial to the immune response against this infection. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Introduction Infection with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a risk factor for endothelial disease which can manifest as venous thromboembolic disease (VTE), arterial thrombosis and atherosclerosis and microvascular disease specifically thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs) including disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and Thrombotic Thrombocytopaenic Purpura (TTP). (wits.ac.za)
  • Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and latent tuberculosis are at substantial risk for the development of active tuberculosis. (columbia.edu)
  • Plasma viral load in HIV-1 and HIV-2 singly and dually infected individuals in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: significantly lower plasma virus set point in HIV-2 infection than in HIV-1 infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 2-mediated inhibition of HIV type 1: a new approach to gene therapy of HIV-infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • In this dissertation three mathematical studies on the evolution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are presented. (escholarship.org)
  • We use a variety of mathematical approaches (agent-based models, differential equation models, and a hybrid deterministic-stochastic algorithm) to provide insight into the biological dynamics of infection and virus evolution. (escholarship.org)
  • Multiple infection (where cells can be infected with multiple copies of virus) has been documented to occur in HIV infection both \textit{in vitro} and \textit{in vivo} from human tissue samples. (escholarship.org)
  • It has been shown that both multiple infection and recombination can be promoted by direct cell-to-cell transmission of the virus through virological synapses (known as synaptic transmission), as synaptic transmission typically involves the simultaneous transfer of multiple viruses from the source cell to the target cell. (escholarship.org)
  • Multiple infection, recombination, and synaptic transmission are therefore potentially important contributors to virus evolution, which can lead to the infection escaping from immune system responses, forming drug resistance, and overcoming potential vaccines. (escholarship.org)
  • In Chapter 2, we use experimental data and parameterized mathematical models to show that cell-to-cell transmission operates by (i) increasing infection multiplicity, (ii) promoting the co-transmission of different virus strains from cell to cell, and (iii) increasing the rate at which point mutations are generated as a result of more reverse transcription events. (escholarship.org)
  • This work further resulted in the estimation of various parameters that characterize important evolutionary processes, for example, we estimate that during cell-to-cell transmission an average of 3 viruses successfully integrated into the target cell, which can significantly raise the infection multiplicity compared to free virus transmission. (escholarship.org)
  • We apply this method to study the role of multiple infection and intracellular interactions among different virus strains (such as complementation and interference) for mutant evolution. (escholarship.org)
  • Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection must be present for cervical cancer to occur. (medscape.com)
  • Recognition of the etiologic role of human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection in cervical cancer has led to the recommendation of adding HPV testing to the screening regimen in women 30-65 years of age (see Workup). (medscape.com)
  • X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and neoplasia (typically known by the acronym XMEN) is a disorder that affects the immune system in males. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Normally these cells recognize foreign invaders, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, and are then turned on (activated) to attack these invaders in order to prevent infection and illness. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which can take many years to develop if not treated, depending on the individual. (amohn.org)
  • Persons unaware of their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection account for approximately 40% of ongoing transmissions in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • it is an infection with oncogenic strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) that is exacerbated by risk factors such as early sexual activity, early childbearing and HIV coinfection, as well as smoking. (who.int)
  • Cervical cancer is caused mainly by persistent infection by oncogenic strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). (who.int)
  • By testing serum samples taken between 1980 and 1984 from men attending a department of sexually transmitted diseases, it was shown that antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) first appeared in 1981. (bmj.com)
  • Interestingly, A3G had similar inhibitory activity against a related viral RT (from Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus), but no activity against DNA polymerase I. (umsystem.edu)
  • Sagnelli C, Martini S, Pisaturo M, Pasquale G, Macera M, Zampino R, Coppola N, Sagnelli E. Liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection: Diagnostic methods and clinical impact. (wjgnet.com)
  • Due to the scarce data on the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among male-to-female trans-sex workers (TSW) and male sex workers (MSW) in Argentina, the present study aimed to estimate the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Treponema pallidum. (plri.org)
  • An increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was reported in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), without identifying factors associated with atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) events. (natap.org)
  • Details for: Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B and the workplace. (who.int)
  • Recommendations for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Screening in Tuberculosis (TB) Clinics. (cdc.gov)
  • This report provides an update through June 2021 of the results of routine screening for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among members of the active and reserve components of the U.S. Armed Forces and through Dec. 2020 among civilian applicants for military service. (health.mil)
  • These interventions include vaccinating all girls with the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, screening all women with a high-performance test as well as prompt treatment of all women identified with cervical disease, to achieve the set targets. (who.int)
  • BACKGROUND: Recent updates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment guidelines have raised the CD4+ cell count thresholds for antiretroviral therapy initiation from 350 to 500 cells/mm(3) in the United States and from 200 to 350 cells/mm³ in mid- and low-income countries. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis infections were tested among TSW. (plri.org)
  • The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017, often shortened to the HIV/AIDS Prevention Act, is an act of the Parliament of India that provides for controlling and preventing of HIV/AIDS and securing the rights of individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cooper, S.C. and Hillyard, S.E. (1991), "HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus And Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome): An update bibliography", Reference Services Review , Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 17-34. (emerald.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was identified as the cause of AIDS in 1983. (health.mil)
  • HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system and if not treated, can lead to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). (voxafrica.com)
  • HIV is called an immunodeficiency virus because it weakens (causes deficiency) of your immune system. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets the immune system and weakens people's defense against many infections and some types of cancer that people with healthy immune systems can more easily fight off. (amohn.org)
  • Several members of the chemokine-receptor family serve, in conjunction with CD4, as receptors for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) into cells. (nih.gov)
  • The molecular mechanisms leading to synaptic simplification and neuronal apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive subjects are unknown. (jneurosci.org)
  • Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. (nih.gov)
  • We examined the influence of viral load in relation to other risk factors for the heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). (nih.gov)
  • In the present work, mutants that affect p6 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag polyprotein were constructed and analysed. (eurekamag.com)
  • This randomized study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of continued treatment with protease inhibitor plus nucleoside-analogue combination regimens (n = 79) or a change to the simplified regimen of abacavir-lamivudine-zidovudine (n = 84) in patients with suppressed human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA for ⩾6 months who did not have the reverse transcriptase 215 mutation. (uzh.ch)
  • is known to increase the expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) via activating its long terminal repeat (LTR). (eurekamag.com)
  • The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a type of virus called a retrovirus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is divided into type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2). (umsystem.edu)
  • Cellular factors regulate transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Effects of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein on the expression of inflammatory cytokines. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Cytotoxic T cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected patients frequently cross-react with different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clades. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Virions of the p6 truncation mutant B2TAA had a significantly reduced number of Pol proteins (p66, p51 and p34) and an increased amount of incompletely processed Gag proteins compared with the parental virus. (eurekamag.com)
  • To understand the mechanism behind this observation, we applied in vitro biochemical assays, which were performed with four patient-derived reverse transcriptase (RT) proteins isolated from HIV-1B, HIV-1C, CRF01_AE, and CRF02_AG viruses. (umsystem.edu)
  • Preliminary results from in vivo experiments indicated that virus with the N27D mutation is infectious at near wt NC levels. (umd.edu)
  • A mutation that altered the cleavage site between p6 and p1 did not significantly affect virus assembly, virus release or protein processing with the exception of cleavage between p6 and p1. (eurekamag.com)
  • These guidelines update previous CDC recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tuberculosis (TB) among adults and children coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • These guidelines update previous CDC recommendations for treating and preventing active tuberculosis (TB) among adults and children coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (1-3). (cdc.gov)
  • When the HIV virus takes over a CD4 lymphocyte, it makes many copies of itself before killing the CD4 cell and releasing the virus copies. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When a person engages in intimate contact with another person knowing that the person's human immunodeficiency virus status is positive. (ageofconsent.net)
  • This guidance supersedes the guidance entitled, "Revised Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission by Blood and Blood Products" dated April 2020, updated August 2020 (April 2020 guidance). (fda.gov)
  • Under free virus transmission, recombination increases double mutant levels for negative epistasis, but reduces them for positive epistasis. (escholarship.org)
  • For advantageous mutants, double mutant spread is the most important force, and hence free virus transmission leads to fastest invasion due to better mixing. (escholarship.org)
  • For neutral mutants, both production and spread of double mutants are important, and hence an optimal mixture of free virus and synaptic transmission maximizes double mutant fractions. (escholarship.org)
  • We further find that viral complementation can significantly enhance the spread of disadvantageous mutants, but only in select circumstances: it requires the occurrence of direct cell-to-cell transmission through virological synapses, as well as a substantial fitness disadvantage of the mutant, most likely corresponding to defective virus particles. (escholarship.org)
  • In Iowa, the criminal charge of Criminal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus is classified as a Class B felony . (ageofconsent.net)
  • The Iowa code § 709C.1 defines one degrees of the crime criminal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus , each with associated punishments. (ageofconsent.net)
  • Criminal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus is a charge that is unique to Iowa. (ageofconsent.net)
  • Crimes that would be prosecuted as criminal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Iowa will be prosecuted under a different statute depending on the state in which the crime takes place. (ageofconsent.net)
  • The manufacturer states that, for a test to be considered positive with this WB, antibody must be reactive with multiple virus-specific protein bands, i.e., p24, p31, and either gp41 or gp160 (Table 1). (cdc.gov)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus Vpr product is a virion-associated regulatory protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Before her wedding plans in 2009, Floral Okon was unaware of what Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was. (voxafrica.com)
  • Serological evidence for virus related to simian T-lymphotropic retrovirus III in residents of west Africa. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • In order to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and the prompt initiation of therapy for treatment and prevention to improve outcomes in these patients, a deeper knowledge of the relationship between rituximab use and the incidence of Pneumocystis pneumonia and the characteristics of Pneumocystis pneumonia in non-human immunodeficiency virusinfected patients with lymphoma is required. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Factors associated with uptake of Isoniazid Preventive Therapy among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected clients in Zimbabwe. (uwc.ac.za)
  • Context: Since 2007, the concept of community care centers (CCC) has evolved to provide care, support, and treatment services to the people living with human immunodeficiency virus in a community-based environment so as to bridge the gap between secondary/tertiary level institutional and home-based care. (nursingcenter.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression is mediated by nuclear events. (duke.edu)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus encodes a gene product termed tat that is able to activate viral gene expression when present in trans. (duke.edu)
  • A myriad of agents can potentially be transmitted through blood transfusions, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. (medscape.com)
  • The foamy virus family: molecular biology, epidemiology and neuropathology. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and -2 in individuals from Guinea-Bissau with single or dual infections: predominance of a distinct HIV-1 subtype A/G recombinant in West Africa. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Specifically, it will be an examination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and how interactions between patients and the health care system can lead to disparity or inequities. (wizzley.com)
  • PCP is commonly reported in non-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive lymphoma patients receiving R-CHOP, and it is thought that rituximab is responsible for its incidence in these individuals[ 2 , 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The study of human immunodeficiency virus dynamics is one of the most important areas in research into acquired immune deficiency syndrome in recent years. (ubc.ca)
  • Biomedical Strategies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Prevention? (annals.edu.sg)
  • Specifically, the magnesium transporter produced from the MAGT1 gene is active in CD8+ T cells, which are especially important in controlling viral infections such as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). (medlineplus.gov)
  • L-735,524 is a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease currently in a Phase II clinical trial. (rcsb.org)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus is a global public health crisis. (wizzley.com)
  • Title : Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Preconception Care Personal Author(s) : Lampe, Margaret A. Published Date : Jul 11 2006 Source : Matern Child Health J. 10(Suppl 1):195-197. (cdc.gov)
  • HIV is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus in the family Retroviridae . (cdc.gov)
  • The virus spreads to all parts of the body in some people who have an exposure. (wizzley.com)
  • All of these tests use HIV antigens derived from disruption of whole virus cultured in human-derived cell lines. (cdc.gov)
  • Increasing numbers of non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone have been diagnosed with Pneumocystis pneumonia. (ijpsonline.com)
  • In particular, affected individuals are vulnerable to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). (medlineplus.gov)
  • As the virus destroys and impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals gradually become immunodeficient. (amohn.org)