• Until recently, the principal source of human embryonic stem cells has been donated embryos from fertility clinics. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1998, privately funded research led to the breakthrough discovery of human Embryonic stem cells (hESC). (wikipedia.org)
  • In May 2005, the House of Representatives voted 238-194 to loosen the limitations on federally funded embryonic stem-cell research - by allowing government-funded research on surplus frozen embryos from in vitro fertilization clinics to be used for stem cell research with the permission of donors - despite Bush's promise to veto if passed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Senate passed the first bill, 63-37, which would have made it legal for the Federal government to spend Federal money on embryonic stem cell research that uses embryos left over from in vitro fertilization procedures. (wikipedia.org)
  • The third bill would encourage research that would isolate pluripotent, i.e., embryonic-like, stem cells without the destruction of human embryos. (wikipedia.org)
  • Embryonic stem cells come from human embryos that are three to five days old. (healthline.com)
  • However, in recent years, there has been controversy surrounding the way human embryonic stem cells are obtained. (healthline.com)
  • The early mammalian embryo consists of the extra-embryonic cell layers-the trophoblast and a body of cells called the inner cell mass (ICM), which eventually become the embryo proper. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • In rodents, and even in some preliminary trials in humans, human embryonic stem cells have been shown to bridge gaps in spinal cord injuries , allowing restoration of motor functions. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • The predominant bioethical concern arising from this technology is that the blastocyt-stage embryo must be destroyed in the process of isolating and separating the embryonic stem cells from the inner mass region of the pre-embryo. (jcpa.org)
  • The destruction of the pre-embryo has been the critical issue in the U.S. behind imposing limits on federal government-sponsored research in embryonic stem cells. (jcpa.org)
  • In 2000, the National Institutes of Health issued guidelines for the use of embryonic stem cells in research, specifying that scientists receiving federal funds could use only extra embryos that would otherwise be discarded. (cnn.com)
  • Above, a human stem cell colony, which is no more than 1 millimeter wide and comprises thousands of individual stem cells, grows on mouse embryonic fibroblast in a research laboratory in September 2001. (cnn.com)
  • In November 2010, William Caldwell, CEO of Advanced Cell Technology, said the FDA had granted approval for his company to start a clinical trial using cells grown from human embryonic stem cells. (cnn.com)
  • Above, dozens of packages containing frozen embryonic stem cells remain in liquid nitrogen in a laboratory at the University of Sao Paulo's human genome research center in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in March 2008. (cnn.com)
  • 5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
  • Finally, and inexorably, a true professional scientist poses clearly challenging questions to his research colleagues, and to the scientific enterprise in general, about the dubious "scientific" justification for the current rush to clone human beings - for both "therapeutic" and for "reproductive" purposes. (lifeissues.net)
  • But he is equally concerned about the unethical aspects inherent in the rush to perform " therapeutic " human cloning research, including the abuses to all vulnerable human patients who would be required to participate in clinical trials. (lifeissues.net)
  • Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and thera- peutic techniques. (who.int)
  • This is therapeutic cloning. (who.int)
  • This cell then has therapeutic cloning: the global the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the debate somatic cell was taken. (who.int)
  • Pluripotent stem cells can also be derived from Somatic cell nuclear transfer which is a laboratory technique where a clone embryo is created from a donor nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
  • Several participants reported interest among the scientific and medical communities of their countries and regions in the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques to produce cloned human embryos for time-limited basic research on ageing and genetic diseases. (who.int)
  • No ethical problems were envisaged with the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques which would lead directly to cloned differentiated cells or tissues such as skin, for future use by the nuclear donor. (who.int)
  • The related concept of Longevity Determination , however, is the result of a species-specific genomic expression during early development that positions the somatic tissues of an organism to survive long after its reproductive period has been completed. (agemed.org)
  • Plant propagation using artificial or synthetic seeds devel- oped from somatic and not zygotic embryos opens up new vistas in agriculture. (petitesoeurli.fr)
  • 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
  • … "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • As sexually reproducing, diploid, multicellular eukaryotes, humans rely on meiosis to serve a number of important functions, including the promotion of genetic diversity and the creation of proper conditions for reproductive success. (asu.edu)
  • The use of the technique of nuclear transfer for reproduction of human beings is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and controversies and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
  • 2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
  • 7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
  • Claims that you could clone individual treatments of human beings to treat common diseases like diabetes, suggests you need a huge supply of human eggs. (wikiquote.org)
  • This means that critical medical treatments can be refused patients or removed from them without their consent, live organs can be removed, or, as bioethicist Dr. Richard Frye (Senior Scholar, The Hastings Center) publishes, we have a strong moral obligation to use such non-person human beings ("possible people") in purely experimental destructive research for the greater good of society IN PLACE OF THE HIGHER PRIMATES WHO ARE PERSONS. (lifeissues.net)
  • human beings have developed innovative technologies to treat and cure disease, to enhance human living conditions, and to protect or improve the environment. (jcpa.org)
  • The report arose out of a recommendation for the Committee to review the report of the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) of the NHMRC entitled Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Considerations Relevant to Cloning of Human Beings (hereafter the AHEC Report ). (edu.au)
  • In 1995, the NIH Human Embryo Research Panel advised the administration of President Bill Clinton to permit federal funding for research on embryos left over from in vitro fertility treatments and also recommended federal funding of research on embryos specifically created for experimentation. (wikipedia.org)
  • At this point, the Congress intervened and passed the Dickey-Wicker Amendment in 1995 (the final bill, which included the Dickey Amendment, was signed into law by Bill Clinton) which prohibited any federal funding for the Department of Health and Human Services be used for research that resulted in the destruction of an embryo regardless of the source of that embryo. (wikipedia.org)
  • Five years later, the first successful human in vitro fertilization resulted in the birth of Louise Brown in England. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using in vitro fertilization, doctors created embryos and then tested them for the genetic disease. (cnn.com)
  • A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
  • … "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)
  • A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)
  • The ICM continues to differentiate into three germ layers-ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, each of which follows a specific developmental destiny that takes them along an ever-specifying path at which end the daughter cells will make up the different organs of the human body. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • This paper outlines the debates prompted through a reproduction mechanism involv- by progress in cloning research, with special ing male and female germ cells. (who.int)
  • Reproductive cloning versus germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)
  • Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)
  • Other regions reported that some individuals and religious leaders might consider reproductive cloning acceptable in certain cases such as otherwise untreatable infertility, or to avoid inherited genetic diseases. (who.int)
  • While these models can replicate aspects of the early-stage development of human embryos, they cannot and will not develop to the equivalent of postnatal stage humans. (frogheart.ca)
  • Unicellular for those cells that are derived from human organisms are primed to replicate (clone) pre-embryos, which seem to have a high themselves by nature. (who.int)
  • WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
  • WHA50.37, which states "the use of cloning for the replication of human individuals is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
  • Ethically, since eventually all such "research" will be applied to people, he cautions against the abuse of women "egg" donors, and against the premature use of vulnerable sick human patients for testing supposedly "patient-specific" stem cells in supposed "therapies", pointing to the obvious violations of standard international research ethics guidelines such clinical trials would necessarily entail. (lifeissues.net)
  • General Assembly the adoption of a declaration on human cloning by which Member States were called upon to prohibit all forms of human cloning inasmuch as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life. (who.int)
  • However, many of these countries, and others, prohibit the production of human embryos specifically for research. (who.int)
  • Further, the ISSCR Guidelines prohibit the transfer of any embryo model to the uterus of a human or an animal. (frogheart.ca)
  • The stem cells suits human needs, does not cause harm and can be obtained from both adult and fetal does not conflict with religious beliefs, it has tissues, umbilical cord and early embryos. (who.int)
  • Stem cells may be derived from adult tissues but the most potent are extracted from developing human embryos. (edu.au)
  • But in order to become a part of medical history, parahuman reproduction and human genetic engineering must circumvent the recalcitrance of an antiquated culture. (lifeissues.net)
  • The Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction organized a second interregional and interdisciplinary meeting on cloning (Geneva, 24 October 1997), in conjunction with a regular session of its Scientific and Ethical Review Group. (who.int)
  • 7LPHOLPLWHG EDVLF UHVHDUFK LQYROYLQJ FORQHG KXPDQ HPEU\RV Some countries allow research, within prescribed time limits, on "spare embryos" obtained in assisted reproduction programmes and destined to be destroyed. (who.int)
  • Recording and contextualizing the science of embryos, development, and reproduction. (asu.edu)
  • Similarly, there was interest in using the procedure to produce cloned tissue and organs for possible future transplantation in the nuclear donor and perhaps other tissue- compatible recipients. (who.int)
  • This process gets rid of unneeded cells and is particularly important for "sculpting" tissue and organ structure during development of the embryo (or larval metamorphosis in insects), but may occur at any time even in adult cells when a tissue needs to be remodeled. (agemed.org)
  • I study this question directly in the tissue where most new point mutations originate - the human testis - by asking how cell fate decisions and stem cell dynamics in this organ influence germline mutation rates and human disease. (ox.ac.uk)
  • So why are editors giving that name to stem cell-based models of human development? (frogheart.ca)
  • While organoids, chimeras, embryo models, and other stem cell-based models are useful research tools offering possibilities for further scientific progress, limitations on the current state of scientific knowledge and regulatory constraints must be clearly explained in any communications with the public or media. (frogheart.ca)
  • In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)
  • While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)
  • When the nucleus of a stem cell has been the technique of cloning. (who.int)
  • The con- is removed and replaced by a nucleus of cept of human cloning has long been in the another cell type, the stem cell will then imagination of many scientists, scholars and be reprogrammed to produce the product fiction writers [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • This issue was considered by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in its report entitled Human Cloning: Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research (hereafter the Andrews Report , after the Chair of the Committee, Mr Kevin Andrews, MP) released in September 2001. (edu.au)
  • Stem cell technology in humans derives from earlier and complementary work in animal studies. (edu.au)
  • Moreover, most early-stage embryos that are produced naturally (that is, through the union of egg and sperm resulting from sexual intercourse) fail to implant and are therefore wasted or destroyed. (wikiquote.org)
  • This occurs when plants grow and develop naturally without any human interference. (petitesoeurli.fr)
  • Humans and animals alike naturally synthesize endocannabinoids, chemical compounds that activate the same receptors as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of marijuana ( Cannabis sativa ). (medscape.com)
  • This involves fertilizing an embryo in a laboratory instead of inside the female body. (healthline.com)
  • Cold Spring Harbor, NY -- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press announced the release of Genetic Counseling: Clinical Practice and Ethical Considerations, available on its website in Hardcover and Paperback formats. (cshlpress.com)
  • A closeup of a microscope slide taken in 2000 at the Reproductive Genetics Institute's Chicago laboratory shows transplanted stem cells taken from the umbilical cord blood of a baby named Adam Nash. (cnn.com)
  • This raises ethical concerns for people who believe that the destruction of a fertilized embryo is morally wrong. (healthline.com)
  • Cloning technology, however, is perceived as having the potential for reproductive cloning, which raises serious ethical and moral concerns. (who.int)
  • It was a logical and attractive next step to progress to studies in humans, and in 2000 I joined the Clinical Genetics Research Group of Professor Andrew Wilkie at the MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (MRC WIMM) in Oxford, as a Senior Postdoctoral Fellow. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Summary information is provided here on the outcome of the meetings held during the last three months of 1997, in which the ethical, scientific and social implications of cloning were discussed in relation to the potential biomedical applications of this technique in such areas of human health as reproductive health, xenotransplantation and medical genetics. (who.int)
  • 1997. Metabolic activation of aromatic amines by human pancreas. (cdc.gov)
  • In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
  • It is quite possible that the advances in human biology in the remainder of the twentieth century will be remembered as the most significant scientific achievement of the animal species known as Homo sapiens . (lifeissues.net)
  • I quickly became aware that molecular biology was an essential research tool and as I had no formal background in this field, I trained at Cornell Medical School and Rockefeller University (New York), where I cloned and characterized several Drosophila developmental genes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • During this time, I also broadened my interests in developmental biology to higher organisms and decided to move to the UK to switch my attention to the study of nervous system patterning in the chick embryo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • MRC WIMM, RDM and Medical Sciences are a perfect fit for my wide-ranging scientific interests, covering fields such as genomics, ageing, reproductive biology, evolution, clinical and population genetics, epidemiology, Ethics and developmental biology to name but a few. (ox.ac.uk)
  • But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
  • These stem cells can differentiate into all other cells in the human body and are the subject of much scientific research. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, since they must be derived from early human embryos their production and use in research has been a hotly debated topic. (wikipedia.org)
  • These developments prompted the federal government to create regulations barring the use of federal funds for research that experimented on human embryos. (wikipedia.org)
  • In response to the panel's recommendations, the Clinton administration, citing moral and ethical concerns, declined to fund research on embryos created solely for research purposes, but did agree to fund research on left-over embryos created by in vitro fertility treatments. (wikipedia.org)
  • The recent desperation to clone human embryos may be seriously undermining accepted ethical principles of medical research, with potentially profound wider consequences. (lifeissues.net)
  • And he also agrees that if we don't find global agreement on human cloning, "we can probably expect dire consequences for the future of biomedical research and its impact on society at large. (lifeissues.net)
  • As he has questioned the HFEA before, would not the use of vulnerable human patients in clinical trials be premature, dangerous, and unethical given the already acquired knowledge in the research community that such supposed "patient-specific" stem cells would most probably cause serious immune rejection reactions in these patients? (lifeissues.net)
  • increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
  • An in-depth analysis aiming at re-defining this terminology according to the new developments in human embryo research would be highly beneficial . (lifeissues.net)
  • 3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
  • To facilitate discussion, it was agreed to distinguish between human cloning for reproductive purposes, that is to produce a human individual, and human cloning for nonreproductive purposes, that is to produce embryos for basic and applied research. (who.int)
  • Some countries have proposed a total ban on any research involving the cloning of human embryos. (who.int)
  • If "possible people" like "embryos" means that they can be mutilated and destroyed in destructive experimental research for "the greater good of society", then what's wrong with using adult "possible people" for such purposes too? (lifeissues.net)
  • Unlike some recent media reports describing this research, the ISSCR advises against using the term "synthetic embryo" to describe embryo models, because it is inaccurate and can create confusion. (frogheart.ca)
  • Assisted reproductive technology (ART) and embryo research have posed many challenges to the different timeframes of science, ethics and law. (edu.au)
  • Today, I am still based at the MRC WIMM where I am currently Associate Professor of Human Genetics and head a research lab focusing on studying new mutations occurring in the male germline. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Many politicians, religious leaders, and bioethicists believe that any destruction of the pre-implanted embryo or fertilized egg is akin to murder. (jcpa.org)
  • Human embryos do not possess "human status": "In fact, the only result we can see of a law commanding doctors to treat the microscopic embryo as a 'patient' is a not-so-subtle conferring of 'human status' on embryos, which the Council has allegedly disavowed because of disagreement over the moral status of embryos. (lifeissues.net)
  • 1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
  • More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
  • In humans there are many types of stem cells, each with varying levels of potency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cloning also might be done with stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
  • Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)
  • During the process of harvesting embryotic stem cells, the embryo is destroyed. (healthline.com)
  • Similarly, when the fertilized egg divides from two cells into four cells, each of these four cells has the potential to individually form a human fetus. (jcpa.org)
  • Contrary to popular belief, stem cells are present in the human body throughout life and are found in many adult organs. (jcpa.org)
  • The human sex chromosomes, called X and Y, are structures in human cells made up of tightly bound deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, and proteins. (asu.edu)
  • Meiosis, the process by which sexually-reproducing organisms generate gametes (sex cells), is an essential precondition for the normal formation of the embryo. (asu.edu)
  • However, it appears that the ability of the In its simplest form, cloning is defined stem cells to transform is limited, except as the exact replication of cells. (who.int)
  • The unique properties of human stem cells have aroused considerable optimism about their potential as new pathways for alleviating human suffering caused by disease and injury. (edu.au)
  • Even if you don't have a religious view of the sanctity of life, you have to ask is there going to be a massive trade in human eggs from poor women to rich countries. (wikiquote.org)
  • said Sean Tipton, a spokesman for the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, which represents fertility doctors and lobbied the council hard. (lifeissues.net)
  • II - from embryos that have been frozen for 3 (three) years or more, as of the date of publication of this Law, or that were frozen at the date of publication of this Law, after 3 (three) year period has lapsed, as of the date when it was actually frozen. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • Aging is not normally observed in wild populations, but typically manifests itself in zoos, as virtually all post-reproductive feral creatures are removed from the population by predators once they lose their agility. (agemed.org)
  • This work has important implications for disease and has attracted attention on the impact of paternal age on new mutations - selfish selection is predicted to be particularly relevant to disease risk in ageing reproductive populations. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, ethical problems were foreseen with the production by cloning of fully formed and functioning organs, as participants could not envisage how such organs could be made without first producing a cloned embryo and allowing it to grow, at least partially, through the fetal stage of development. (who.int)
  • One of the less convincing aspects of the last fortnight's flurry of announcements about advances in simulating early human development (see here) concerned their name. (frogheart.ca)
  • To claim that the fundamental stages of embryo development that we learnt at school - fertilisation, cleavage and compaction - could now be bypassed to achieve the same result would be wrong. (frogheart.ca)
  • The development of the human blood-CSF-brain barrier. (cdc.gov)
  • This technique is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
  • Considered contrary to the moral law, since (it is in) opposition to the dignity both of human procreation and of the conjugal union. (wikiquote.org)
  • The rationale for the total and partial bans is usually based on concerns about the violation of human dignity. (who.int)
  • 1979. Chemicals and industrial processes associated with cancer in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Humans typically develop as either male or female, primarily depending on the combination of sex chromosomes that they inherit from their parents. (asu.edu)
  • The basic techniques of of the implanted nucleus, when it fully cloning have been known for some time, and develops. (who.int)
  • Studies can be iterative starting on a small scale leading towards pivotal non-clinical IND/IDE-enabling trials in support of FDA or OUS-FDA submissions. (upenn.edu)
  • Aging is a physical process that doesn't normally reveal itself until after the completion of a species-specific interval of reproductive competence during which adults rear their progeny from childhood to independence (See Life History ). (agemed.org)
  • CR has been effective in all species in which it has been tried (although the jury is still out on humans). (agemed.org)
  • Believing that early human embryos -- indeed even human newborns and young children -- are just "possible people", Hare's edict for sound public policy would be one that "produces that set of people, of all possible sets of people, which will have in sum the best life, i.e., the best possible set of future possible people. (lifeissues.net)
  • In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. (wikiquote.org)
  • un tel dialogue prendra en considération non seulement les bienfaits scientifiques mais également les implications morales, éthiques et juridiques. (who.int)
  • The participants reviewed information from their organizations, countries and regions, which included statements made by governments and professional societies, general articles, and reports of official meetings and public debates, illustrating attitudes and responses to the potential uses of cloning in the area of human health. (who.int)
  • It appeared that the nature and extent of public information and debate on cloning and its potential advantages and disadvantages in the area of human health varied around the world. (who.int)
  • She is a member of the advisory board for CIHR's Institute for Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction (IMNA) and serves on international editorial boards in the field of law, ethics and neuroscience, including Neuroethics, the Springer Book Series Advances in Neuroethics, and the Palgrave-MacMillan Book Series Law, Neuroscience and Human Behavior. (frogheart.ca)
  • It leaves one breathless to see how far our culture has come to caving in to political correctness -- without the least consideration as to the destructive and lethal consequences not only to these "embryos" but to adult members of our society at large. (lifeissues.net)
  • In humans, sex determination is the process that determines the biological sex of an offspring and, as a result, the sexual characteristics that they will develop. (asu.edu)
  • A recent UNESCO draft document, although rather vague and deficient in itself, probably does the best job of at least initially identifying and describing some of these new reproductive technologies in relatively simple form, with a few generalized helpful sketches online. (lifeissues.net)
  • We are invested in understanding the value proposition of emerging technologies under consideration and how they target unmet clinical needs. (upenn.edu)
  • To refer to an already existing human embryo, who science has documented for over a hundred years is a new already living human being, as "a child to be" or "future child" is ridiculous on its face, and oddly reminiscent of the draconian government public policies of recent major bioethics British eugenicist and Oxford don R. M. Hare (mentor of Peter Singer). (lifeissues.net)