AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHumanitiesInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
Human ExperimentationEthics Committees, ResearchStem CellsAdult Stem CellsEthics, ResearchSperm-Ovum InteractionsEmbryonic Stem CellsHematopoietic Stem CellsEthical ReviewResearch SubjectsFertilization in VitroCell DifferentiationOvuleConflict of InterestOvumInformed ConsentGovernment RegulationBiomedical ResearchAlstroemeriaGerm Cells, PlantStem Cell TransplantationUrochordataFertilizationClone CellsResearch DesignResearchClinical Trials as TopicPluripotent Stem CellsHematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationStem Cell NicheSeedsPollen TubeUnited StatesNeural Stem CellsInduced Pluripotent Stem CellsMultipotent Stem CellsMesenchymal Stem Cell TransplantationStarfishRosaEndospermFlowersPhloroglucinolPollenEgg YolkMesenchymal Stromal CellsStem Cell FactorStem Cell ResearchCell LineageArabidopsisPlant StemsCells, CulturedEgg ProteinsFetal Stem CellsArabidopsis ProteinsResearch Support as TopicGene Expression Regulation, PlantCell ProliferationMolecular Sequence DataEgg ShellHematopoietic Stem Cell MobilizationEgg WhiteZea maysNeoplastic Stem CellsBase SequenceResearch PersonnelBone Marrow CellsPlant ProteinsGenes, PlantRegenerationCell Culture TechniquesReproductionOctamer Transcription Factor-3Cloning, MolecularMice, Inbred C57BLCell LineCell SeparationNursing ResearchFlow CytometryTranslational Medical ResearchRegenerative MedicineAmino Acid SequenceHematopoiesisSignal TransductionPhenotypeTransplantation, AutologousTime FactorsEmbryo ResearchPeripheral Blood Stem Cell TransplantationAntigens, CD34Embryo, MammalianTransplantation, HomologousTotipotent Stem CellsParasite Egg CountModels, BiologicalGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalHealth Services ResearchRNA, MessengerGene Expression ProfilingReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionSOXB1 Transcription Factors
BlastocystEmbryonic stem cellDollyAdultScientistsEthicalPluripotentMammalianBiologyNucleusBeingsDiseasesInvolvesAsexualEthically unacceptableEarly embryosNuclear transferOrganismsUmbilical cordDifferentiationGerm cellsDivideGenesAlzheimer'sSCNTDifferentiateTissuesOrganismTissueSpermTherapiesGenetically EngineeredRaisesVitroCommonlyWoman's uterusOutlawsGestationDividesResearchersOvumChromosomesEmbryo is destroyedProhibitPrecludeNaturallyPossibilitiesProcessInfertilityPrimatesTypes of stem cellsTherapeutic purposesTechniqueReplicationPotentialPrinciplesSpinal cord injPhysiologyTransplantsEthicsIdenticalDebateDevelopsWomb
Blastocyst13
  • The tricked eggs divide for four or five days until they reach 50 to 100 cells - the blastocyst stage. (newscientist.com)
  • A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)
  • From there, Dr. Brinster became interested in modifying the development of animals and their germ lines, and he went on to become the first person to show that it was possible to colonize a mouse blastocyst with stem cells from older embryos. (avma.org)
  • Moreover, Dr. Brinster first demonstrated that teratocarcinoma cells could combine with blastocyst cells to form adult chimeric mice, establishing the feasibility of this approach to change the genetic character of mice. (avma.org)
  • Stem cells were then derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. (scienceblog.com)
  • The Korean researchers who performed this stem cell research improved upon their protocols that yielded the first embryonic stem cell line from a cloned human blastocyst. (scienceblog.com)
  • After many divisions in culture, this single cell forms a blastocyst (an early stage embryo with about 100 cells) with almost identical DNA to the original donor who provided the adult cell - a genetic clone. (eurostemcell.org)
  • To produce Dolly, the cloned blastocyst was transferred into the womb of a recipient ewe, where it developed and when born quickly became the world's most famous lamb. (eurostemcell.org)
  • In therapeutic cloning, the blastocyst is not transferred to a womb. (eurostemcell.org)
  • Instead, embryonic stem cells are isolated from the cloned blastocyst. (eurostemcell.org)
  • Most researchers obtain embryonic stem cells from the inner mass of a blastocyst, an embryonic stage when a fertilized egg has divided into 128 cells. (jcpa.org)
  • The stem cells derived from the inner mass of a blastocyst lack the ability to form a fetus when implanted into a woman, but are self-renewing and can be maintained for long periods of time in the laboratory as undifferentiated stem cells. (jcpa.org)
  • In the first 4 - 5 days after fertilization, the early-stage embryo (or blastocyst) is comprised of about 150 cells, within which there is a region called the Inner Cell Mass containing the stem cells. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Embryonic stem cell4
  • Scientists have isolated the first human embryonic stem cell lines specifically tailored to match the nuclear DNA of patients, both males and females of various ages, suffering from disease or spinal cord injury. (scienceblog.com)
  • Each of the 11 new human embryonic stem cell lines was created by transferring the nuclear genetic material from a non-reproductive cell of a patient into a donated egg, or "oocyte," whose nucleus had been removed. (scienceblog.com)
  • One of the next preclinical steps, according to the authors, is to evaluate, in the lab, differentiated patient-specific human embryonic stem cell lines for immune-system tolerance, therapeutic efficacy and safety. (scienceblog.com)
  • To date, no human embryonic stem cell lines have been derived using therapeutic cloning, so both these possibilities remain very much in the future. (eurostemcell.org)
Dolly3
  • Even the world's most famous sheep clone, Dolly, who died recently suffered from problems linked to this gene. (irfi.org)
  • It seems that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing, and the authors have allowed themselves to over-interpretate their interesting results,' said Professor Ian Wilmut of the Roslin Institute, in Edinburgh, leader of the team, which cloned Dolly the sheep. (irfi.org)
  • Cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is the technique used to produce Dolly the sheep, the first animal to be produced as a genetic copy of another adult. (eurostemcell.org)
Adult21
Scientists25
  • Swann hopes to be the first to harvest embryonic stem cells from human parthenogenetic blastocysts, but other scientists are trying different approaches. (newscientist.com)
  • As the cell begins to divide, scientists believe stem cells can be extracted and grown into tissue or organs. (boloji.com)
  • Since stem cells have the ability to turn into various other types of cells, scientists believe that they can be useful for treating and understanding diseases. (healthline.com)
  • Scientists are hoping that the cells can be made from someone's own skin to treat a disease. (healthline.com)
  • Paris, France - Scientists have created eggs using the cells of male mice for the first time, leading to the birth of seven mice with two fathers, according to research hailed as revolutionary. (iol.co.za)
  • The research, published in the journal Nature, was carried out by a team of scientists in Japan, led by developmental biologist Katsuhiko Hayashi of the Osaka and Kyushu universities. (iol.co.za)
  • The scientists took skin cells from the tail of a male mouse and, in a dish, turned them into what are called induced pluripotent stem cells, which can become any type of cell. (iol.co.za)
  • The work also moves scientists one step closer to the goal of transplanting healthy cells into humans to replace cells damaged by diseases such as Parkinson's and diabetes. (scienceblog.com)
  • From the 31 nuclear-transfer blastocysts, the scientists derived 11 stem cell lines. (scienceblog.com)
  • In the middle of the year 2001 a group of scientists said cloning humans might be easier than cloning animals. (irfi.org)
  • Many scientists were dismayed and scientists involved in animal cloning warned of the many practical problems in cloning. (irfi.org)
  • Scientists at Duke University Medical Center in North Carolina say the reason of all these problems may be one specific gene, which is responsible for controlling the way in which cells grow. (irfi.org)
  • The new work by scientists in Pittsburgh provides an explanation for why hundreds of attempts to clone monkeys have all failed despite successes in several other mammals. (irfi.org)
  • The scientists said they suspect that similar roadblocks exist for all primates -- the evolutionary grouping that includes monkeys and humans. (irfi.org)
  • In the light of this information, Congress could settle for less stringent restrictions on embryo cloning studies, which scientists favor. (irfi.org)
  • The newly discovered obstacle makes it more likely than ever that rogue scientists' recent claims to have created cloned babies were fraud. (irfi.org)
  • Scientists want to make cloned human embryos to get embryonic stem cells, which live inside early embryos and have the potential to cure a wide array of diseases. (irfi.org)
  • This policy is similar to that of other countries, including Israel, where scientists are funded by Government to study embryonic stem cells despite the aforementioned bioethical issue. (jcpa.org)
  • Since discovery of genes scientists have been researching a way to temper with them to achieve a desirable effect. (freeonlineresearchpapers.com)
  • Scientists at Oregon Health & Science University and the Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC) have successfully reprogrammed human skin cells to become embryonic stem cells capable of transforming into any other cell type in the body. (ohsu.edu)
  • While regarded by many top scientists as the Holy Grail of medicine, others consider embryonic stem-cell research sacrilegious. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • A number of large biotech companies and scientists are looking toward stem cells as the basis for a therapeutic solution to cure such illnesses as blindness, diabetes and spinal cord injuries. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • Because the early stem cells have the ability to become any one of the hundreds of different kinds of human cells, scientists are working on research using these cells with the aim of creating therapies to treat a variety of diseases. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • 1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
  • The con- is removed and replaced by a nucleus of cept of human cloning has long been in the another cell type, the stem cell will then imagination of many scientists, scholars and be reprogrammed to produce the product fiction writers [ 1 ]. (who.int)
Ethical18
  • The recent desperation to clone human embryos may be seriously undermining accepted ethical principles of medical research, with potentially profound wider consequences. (lifeissues.net)
  • In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
  • A trick that persuades human eggs to divide as if they have been fertilised could provide a source of embryonic stem cells that sidesteps ethical objections to existing techniques. (newscientist.com)
  • This should remove the ethical objections that some people have to harvesting from donated human embryos. (newscientist.com)
  • This could eliminate one of the main sources of ethical controversy in this research," says Bob Lanza, head of research at the cloning company Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Massachusetts. (newscientist.com)
  • The bill also applies Federal ethical regulations on human subject research and outlaws the transfer of cloned embryos to a woman's uterus or to any artificial womb. (boloji.com)
  • Reproductive cloning in humans and therapeutic cloning in primates: is the ethical debate catching up with the recent scientific advances? (bmj.com)
  • File photo: The technique pioneered in the proof-of-concept experiment is a long way from potentially being used in humans, with obstacles including a low success rate, adaptation concerns and wide-ranging ethical considerations. (iol.co.za)
  • In a Science "Policy Forum" related to the team's latest findings, David Magnus and Mildred Cho from Stanford University in Palo Alto, CA discuss international oversight and ethical issues in oocyte donation, including the need to promote realistic expectations of the outcomes of stem cell research. (scienceblog.com)
  • While iPSCs avoid the ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cells, the methods used to derive them sometimes induce mutations in cancer causing genes, making them unsuitable for therapeutic purposes. (the-scientist.com)
  • While women have always been paid for donating their eggs for in vitro fertilization, ethical guidelines have prevented researchers from paying women for their eggs. (the-scientist.com)
  • Another noteworthy aspect of this research is that it does not involve the use of fertilized embryos, a topic that has been the source of a significant ethical debate. (ohsu.edu)
  • Stem cells are at the forefront of medical research and incite some of the most controversial ethical and religious debates worldwide. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • The use of the technique of nuclear transfer for reproduction of human beings is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and controversies and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
  • Ethical concerns relate to the risk of causing physical and psychological harm, lack of respect for ethical research standards, exploitation of the poor and conflict of interest if financial interests are involved. (who.int)
  • This technique is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
  • 3 The resolution recognizes the need to respect the freedom of ethical scientific research and to ensure access to the benefits of its application. (who.int)
  • Cloning technology, however, is perceived as having the potential for reproductive cloning, which raises serious ethical and moral concerns. (who.int)
Pluripotent12
  • But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
  • Embryonic stem cells are known as pluripotent stem cells. (healthline.com)
  • These new types of cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (healthline.com)
  • Hwang and colleagues report that the cells are chromosomally normal, self-renewing and "pluripotent" - meaning they have the ability to form the three major types of cells in the early embryo that give rise to all other cells in the body. (scienceblog.com)
  • The first pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been generated from somatic cell nuclear transfer, according to a study published today (October 5) in Nature . (the-scientist.com)
  • The advance here is the proof that somatic cell nuclear transfer can work [in human cells] and can fully reset the donor cell genome to a pluripotent state," said Harvard Medical School's George Daley , who was not affiliated with the study. (the-scientist.com)
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer has shown limited success in animal studies, which have successfully isolated pluripotent cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • A couple of studies show some success in generating early microscopic embryos, but this [study] is the first successful pluripotent stem cell line," said Daley. (the-scientist.com)
  • The resulting clone developed into a microscopic embryo, which survived long enough for pluripotent stem cell lines to be derived. (the-scientist.com)
  • Noggle said the findings may also pave the way for better induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which form when somatic cells are regressed to a pluripotent state through the use of genetic factors. (the-scientist.com)
  • This could help researchers identify abnormalities in iPSC differentiation, correct them, and develop pluripotent stem cells that don't harbor tumorigenic qualities and do not require the use of human embryos. (the-scientist.com)
  • These cells are considered pluripotent . (thefutureofthings.com)
Mammalian4
  • There are now two ways to create new mammalian life, including humans. (cbc-network.org)
  • Today, this technique continues to form the foundation for research on mammalian embryos, including technologies such as transgenic engineering, embryonic stem cell therapy, human in vitro fertilization, mammalian cloning, and knockout engineering. (avma.org)
  • This picture shows a mammalian egg cell, held by a blunt pipette on the left hand side, with genetic material being introduced via a narrow pipette on the right hand side. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • The early mammalian embryo consists of the extra-embryonic cell layers-the trophoblast and a body of cells called the inner cell mass (ICM), which eventually become the embryo proper. (thefutureofthings.com)
Biology8
  • It is quite possible that the advances in human biology in the remainder of the twentieth century will be remembered as the most significant scientific achievement of the animal species known as Homo sapiens . (lifeissues.net)
  • In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
  • This is junk biology since implanting isn't the act of asexual reproduction: SCNT cloning is. (cbc-network.org)
  • Nonetheless, the research marks "a milestone in reproductive biology", they commented in Nature. (iol.co.za)
  • My main research interests are driven by some of the most fundamental questions in biology: how can the genetic information encoded within a single cell (the fertilised egg) be accurately copied during development and coherently translated into reproducible patterns to organise coherent multi-cellular organisms? (ox.ac.uk)
  • I quickly became aware that molecular biology was an essential research tool and as I had no formal background in this field, I trained at Cornell Medical School and Rockefeller University (New York), where I cloned and characterized several Drosophila developmental genes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • MRC WIMM, RDM and Medical Sciences are a perfect fit for my wide-ranging scientific interests, covering fields such as genomics, ageing, reproductive biology, evolution, clinical and population genetics, epidemiology, Ethics and developmental biology to name but a few. (ox.ac.uk)
  • One of the greatest controversies triggered tissue, a stem cell encoding for heart tissue by the rapid pace of evolution in biology, will eventually develop into heart tissue particularly in genomics and biotechnology, and so on. (who.int)
Nucleus9
  • In therapeutic cloning on the other hand, genetic material from a body cell is inserted into an egg cell, replacing the nucleus. (boloji.com)
  • In the case of asexually creating a human, the biotechnologist removes the nucleus from a mature human egg (an oocyte). (cbc-network.org)
  • The nucleus of a body cell from the DNA donor is removed, and put into the place formerly occupied by the egg's nucleus. (cbc-network.org)
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer typically involves the transfer of genomic information from a somatic cell into an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has been removed. (the-scientist.com)
  • Instead of removing the egg genome prior to nuclear transfer, he and his colleagues added the somatic cell nucleus directly to the intact egg. (the-scientist.com)
  • Experiments on amphibian eggs (frog spawn) have proved that it is relatively easy to transfer a new nucleus (from a body cell) into an egg cell which will then usually develop normally according to the genetic information in the transplanted nucleus. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • It involves transplanting the nucleus of one cell, containing an individual's DNA, into an egg cell that has had its genetic material removed. (ohsu.edu)
  • When the nucleus of a stem cell has been the technique of cloning. (who.int)
  • The basic techniques of of the implanted nucleus, when it fully cloning have been known for some time, and develops. (who.int)
Beings9
  • Finally, and inexorably, a true professional scientist poses clearly challenging questions to his research colleagues, and to the scientific enterprise in general, about the dubious "scientific" justification for the current rush to clone human beings - for both "therapeutic" and for "reproductive" purposes. (lifeissues.net)
  • Claims that you could clone individual treatments of human beings to treat common diseases like diabetes, suggests you need a huge supply of human eggs. (wikiquote.org)
  • And now Washington joins the infamous list with Senate Bill 5594, a thoroughly disingenuous piece of legislation that purports to outlaw the cloning of human beings, but by manipulating language and redefining terms, actually permits human cloning and gestation of the resulting cloned embryos through the ninth month. (cbc-network.org)
  • Can Human beings be Cloned? (irfi.org)
  • human beings have developed innovative technologies to treat and cure disease, to enhance human living conditions, and to protect or improve the environment. (jcpa.org)
  • 2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
  • 7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
Diseases12
  • The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)
  • There are high hopes that stem cells, which can develop into many different cell types, could be used to treat a range of diseases. (newscientist.com)
  • However, the Senate bill does allow for therapeutic cloning, known as 'nuclear transplantation', for research on therapies that could cure several serious and life-threatening diseases. (boloji.com)
  • The Society is concerned that a ban on nuclear transplantation might thwart research directed at finding cures and treatments for diseases and disabilities which solely, predominantly or differently affect women,' says their president, Phyllis Greenberger. (boloji.com)
  • The potential of therapeutic cloning for treating, and perhaps curing, a variety of debilitating diseases demands that the scientific community be allowed to continue this promising work. (boloji.com)
  • While stem-cell research holds enormous potential for treating or even curing some diseases, the cloning of a human being is morally and ethically unacceptable…Any attempt to clone a human being is in direct conflict with the public policies of this state. (cbc-network.org)
  • This could allow us to create cells that are useful for transplantation for a variety of diseases without the problem of immunological rejection," said Noggle in a press briefing. (the-scientist.com)
  • The stem cells could be studied in the laboratory to help researchers understand what goes wrong in diseases like these. (eurostemcell.org)
  • While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)
  • Diseases or conditions that might be treated through stem cell therapy include Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cardiac disease and spinal cord injuries. (ohsu.edu)
  • This is a remarkable accomplishment by the Mitalipov lab that will fuel the development of stem cell therapies to combat several diseases and conditions for which there are currently no treatments or cures," said Dr. Dan Dorsa, Ph.D. , OHSU Vice President for Research. (ohsu.edu)
  • Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is a well-researched lncRNA in the context of ocular diseases, which has been shown to exert its biological effects through several signaling pathways and downstream targets. (bvsalud.org)
Involves7
  • One IVF technique involves injecting sperm directly into eggs in the lab and then implanting them into the woman's womb. (newscientist.com)
  • Human cloning involves creating embryos with the intent of implanting them in women to produce children. (boloji.com)
  • Currently, the procedure for isolating non-reproductive cells for the nuclear transfer method involves animal enzymes and serum. (scienceblog.com)
  • Since the growth involves nuclear division by mitosis and cell division, the resulting cells are identical. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • It involves introduction of modified DNA into embryonic stem-cells, which will take up the DNA and hopefully express the desired genes. (freeonlineresearchpapers.com)
  • A few years ago, in an article in the The Times of London newspaper, the author, Michael Gove, made the following statement: "Embryonic stem-cell experimentation involves not just the destruction of human life but the creation of life with the specific intent to destroy it. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
Asexual4
  • The second way to reproduce is a strictly human invention - known as "asexual" reproduction - or more commonly, cloning. (cbc-network.org)
  • Cloning of a human being" means asexual reproduction by implanting or attempting to implant the product of nuclear transplantation [e.g., an embryo] into a uterus or substitute for a uterus with the purpose of producing a human being. (cbc-network.org)
  • Originally the term clone was used to cover plant material simply derived from asexual reproduction or vegetative reproduction - tubers, plantlets, offsets etc. and cuttings, grafts etc. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Amoeba reproduces solely by asexual reproduction to produce genetically identical offspring, and some animals alternate between sexual and asexual stages which result in clones being formed. (biotopics.co.uk)
Ethically unacceptable2
  • WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
  • WHA50.37, which states "the use of cloning for the replication of human individuals is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
Early embryos2
  • Using this method of embryo manipulation, he next worked out many aspects of the metabolism and development of eggs and early embryos. (avma.org)
  • However some believe that there are a variety of advantages in being able to clone agricultural animals by splitting early embryos. (biotopics.co.uk)
Nuclear transfer11
  • More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
  • The primary cloning technique is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT). (cbc-network.org)
  • This method is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" or SCNT. (scienceblog.com)
  • From the 185 donated oocytes, endowed with the genetic material from a different person (or in one case, the same person), the researchers report development of 31 hollow balls of cells called "human nuclear-transfer blastocysts. (scienceblog.com)
  • The single cell line generated in the 2004 Science paper resulted from nuclear transfer in which the oocyte and non-reproductive ("somatic") cell came from the same healthy female. (scienceblog.com)
  • The ten additional new lines resulted from nuclear transfer with skin cells of males or females and oocytes from biologically-unrelated females. (scienceblog.com)
  • A breakthrough in somatic cell nuclear transfer opens the possibility of producing human embryonic stem cells with a patient's own genes. (the-scientist.com)
  • In humans, somatic transfer has been less fruitful-the egg cell quits dividing and often dies after nuclear transfer. (the-scientist.com)
  • The technique used by Drs. Mitalipov, Paula Amato, M.D. , and their colleagues in OHSU's Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, is a variation of a commonly used method called somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. (ohsu.edu)
  • The key to this success was finding a way to prompt egg cells to stay in a state called "metaphase" during the nuclear transfer process. (ohsu.edu)
  • Several years of monkey studies that utilize somatic cell nuclear transfer have never successfully produced monkey clones. (ohsu.edu)
Organisms3
  • Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
  • It is known that in simpler organisms the differentiation process is less inflexible, and that damage to the body can be overcome due to cells re-growing lost tissue. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Unicellular for those cells that are derived from human organisms are primed to replicate (clone) pre-embryos, which seem to have a high themselves by nature. (who.int)
Umbilical cord2
  • Cord blood stem cells are harvested from the umbilical cord after childbirth. (healthline.com)
  • In the laboratory, cells have been taken from human embryos (normally obtained via an abortion) or from foetal blood cells in umbilical cord. (biotopics.co.uk)
Differentiation7
  • In addition, researchers must develop methods to efficiently direct the differentiation of embryonic stem cells to specific stable cell types. (scienceblog.com)
  • For the first time researchers can now compare iPSC differentiation to the same process an egg goes through after the transfer of a somatic cell genome. (the-scientist.com)
  • Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)
  • Cellular differentiation begins with the fertilized egg which serves as the identifying characteristic of an embryonic stem cell. (jcpa.org)
  • It has been discovered that plant cells which have apparently finished differentiation can be encouraged to revert to an unspecialised state called a callus , which can be caused to grow on special liquid/gel media. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • The term stem cell can be defined by two very important qualities: the cell has the ability to self-renew and, in a more general sense, the cell has not completed differentiation into its final state. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • This general definition includes a wide variety of cells with varying degrees of differentiation potential. (thefutureofthings.com)
Germ cells1
Divide9
  • Other improvements over the last paper include the reduced use of animal products in laboratory procedures and better evidence that the cell lines matched the patients' cells and did not have a parthenogenetic origin, where unfertilized eggs can divide on their own. (scienceblog.com)
  • The egg is artificially stimulated to divide and behave in a similar way to an embryo fertilised by sperm. (eurostemcell.org)
  • It had been thought that in mammals (including Man), the situation was somewhat different and that it was very difficult to persuade nuclei from differentiated cells to divide again, when inserted into other cells. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • In embryos, cells derived from a fertilised egg divide repeatedly to produce tissues for the developing foetus. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • In an embryo, some dividing cells are becoming differentiated according to their function, but there are also unspecialised stem cells which may be persuaded to divide into different types of cells, depending on the body's requirements. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • At the top of the list comes the zygote-a fertilized egg, which of course has the ability to divide and differentiate into all cell types in the body and create a new organism. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • As the embryonic cells divide and the daughter cells differentiate, they become increasingly specific. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • In the normal course of gestation, these cells will divide and split off from one another to become every cell in the human body, forming the various organs and tissues. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • This cell then has therapeutic cloning: the global the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the debate somatic cell was taken. (who.int)
Genes3
  • Later, Dr. Brinster began to wonder whether he could inject genes instead of mRNA into the eggs. (avma.org)
  • But in many animals other than humans, one of these genes is turned off. (irfi.org)
  • Cells become cancerous by accumulating, stepwise, a series of several mutations that alter the function of genes important for cell growth. (agemed.org)
Alzheimer's1
  • For instance, it may be possible one day to produce cardiac tissue to repair a heart damaged in a heart attack, nerve tissue to repair spinal cord injuries and cell therapies to treat people suffering from Alzheimer's or ALS. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
SCNT1
  • If the authors of this bill really meant what they appear to have written, their legislation would ban all human cloning, since as we have seen, biologically, a new human organism, that is, a new human being, comes into existence with the completion of SCNT. (cbc-network.org)
Differentiate8
  • Eventually, the cells begin to differentiate, taking on a certain function in a part of the body. (healthline.com)
  • They can differentiate into all types of specialized cells in the body. (healthline.com)
  • The breakthrough has created a way to "de-differentiate" the stem cells. (healthline.com)
  • For example, the stem cells can differentiate into cells that display characteristics of skin and retina cells, muscle cell bundles, bone matrix cells and cells of the gastrointestinal and respiratory lining. (scienceblog.com)
  • The ICM continues to differentiate into three germ layers-ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, each of which follows a specific developmental destiny that takes them along an ever-specifying path at which end the daughter cells will make up the different organs of the human body. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • A particular field encouraged by the foundation is stem-cell research, with the great hope that it will result in the ability to get cells to differentiate into neurons and support cells to bridge the gap of a spinal cord injury. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • The have been applied to both the plant and ani- stem cells possess pluripotential charac- mal kingdoms without even stirring a ripple teristics, and can differentiate into various of concern in international conscience [ 2 ]. (who.int)
  • It is now widely recognized that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the capacity to differentiate into a wide array of cell types. (bvsalud.org)
Tissues4
  • These stem cells come from developed organs and tissues in the body. (healthline.com)
  • The related concept of Longevity Determination , however, is the result of a species-specific genomic expression during early development that positions the somatic tissues of an organism to survive long after its reproductive period has been completed. (agemed.org)
  • In addition to their ability to supply cells at the turnover rate of their respective tissues, they can be stimulated to repair injured tissue caused by liver damage, skin abrasions and blood loss. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • Further investigations have shown that lncRNAs have altered expression patterns in ocular tissues and cell lines during pathological conditions. (bvsalud.org)
Organism9
  • XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • … "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • At that point - and this is important to understand - there is no more cloning to be done since a new human organism now exists. (cbc-network.org)
  • If the cloned human organism is to be experimented upon and destroyed, the process is often called "therapeutic cloning. (cbc-network.org)
  • Or to put it the other way around, cloning, not implantation, is what produces a new and distinct human organism. (cbc-network.org)
  • These stem cells are genetically matched to the donor organism, holding promise for studying genetic disease. (eurostemcell.org)
  • Internal signals producing apoptosis depend on interactions of several proteins and may serve to protect the organism from cancer by killing cells that have pre-cancerous changes. (agemed.org)
  • The first three divisions of the zygote give birth to eight totipotent cells, each of which also has the ability to become an entire organism. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
Tissue5
  • If there are intact cells in this tissue they have been 'stored' frozen. (wikiquote.org)
  • It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
  • This means they can potentially produce new cells for any organ or tissue. (healthline.com)
  • The mass of undifferentiated tissue can be divided into individual cells without damage, and then left to grow into more masses of tissue, similar to an embryo inside a seed. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • I study this question directly in the tissue where most new point mutations originate - the human testis - by asking how cell fate decisions and stem cell dynamics in this organ influence germline mutation rates and human disease. (ox.ac.uk)
Sperm5
  • Swann's team tricked the eggs into dividing by injecting phospholipase C-zeta (PLC-zeta), an enzyme produced by sperm that Swann discovered two years ago with Cardiff colleague Tony Lai. (newscientist.com)
  • Moreover, most early-stage embryos that are produced naturally (that is, through the union of egg and sperm resulting from sexual intercourse) fail to implant and are therefore wasted or destroyed. (wikiquote.org)
  • The first is that great old standard, "sexual" reproduction, in which sperm meets egg. (cbc-network.org)
  • The cells were then used to create eggs, which were fertilised with the sperm of a different male mouse and implanted into the uteruses of surrogate female mice . (iol.co.za)
  • Theoretically, the technique could allow two same-sex male partners to have a baby, one providing the sperm and the other the egg, said Gonen, who was not involved in the research. (iol.co.za)
Therapies3
  • Ethically, since eventually all such "research" will be applied to people, he cautions against the abuse of women "egg" donors, and against the premature use of vulnerable sick human patients for testing supposedly "patient-specific" stem cells in supposed "therapies", pointing to the obvious violations of standard international research ethics guidelines such clinical trials would necessarily entail. (lifeissues.net)
  • Thus, a kind of 'regenerative medicine' gives people access to therapies derived from their own cells. (boloji.com)
  • It is believed that stem cell therapies hold the promise of replacing cells damaged through injury or illness. (ohsu.edu)
Genetically Engineered1
  • Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)
Raises1
  • But the breakthrough raises the prospect of a raft of new reproductive possibilities, including that gay male couples - or even a single man - could have a biological child without needing a female egg . (iol.co.za)
Vitro4
  • … "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • As part of the study, Noggle and his colleagues developed new protocols that allow women to choose between giving their eggs to research or in vitro fertilization programs. (the-scientist.com)
  • As most women will not donate altruistically, this has left researchers working with the poor-quality eggs rejected from in vitro fertilization. (the-scientist.com)
  • According to the researcher's new protocols, women are paid to donate, but only later choose whether their eggs should go to research or in vitro fertilization. (the-scientist.com)
Commonly2
  • When the cloning process is used in this way, to produce a living duplicate of an existing animal, it is commonly called reproductive cloning. (eurostemcell.org)
  • One important distinction is that while the method might be considered a technique for cloning stem cells, commonly called therapeutic cloning, the same method would not likely be successful in producing human clones otherwise known as reproductive cloning. (ohsu.edu)
Woman's uterus1
  • As the fertilized egg divides from one cell into two, physicians can separate these two cells and implant each one of them into a woman's uterus to generate two genetically identical children. (jcpa.org)
Outlaws1
  • It's easy to do: First, write a proposed law that you claim outlaws human cloning. (cbc-network.org)
Gestation2
  • your supposed cloning ban actually authorizes human cloning, implantation, and gestation through the ninth month. (cbc-network.org)
  • That is what New Jersey legislators did when they passed and then Governor James McGreevey signed S-1909 last year, a law that was sold to the public as outlawing human cloning but which actually permits the creation of cloned human life, and its implantation and gestation up to and including the very moment prior to the emergence of the cloned baby from the birth canal. (cbc-network.org)
Divides5
  • The zygote divides into two cells, then four cells, and so on. (healthline.com)
  • When a stem cell divides, it can either remain a stem cell or turn into a differentiated cell, such as a muscle cell or a red blood cell. (healthline.com)
  • Similarly, when the fertilized egg divides from two cells into four cells, each of these four cells has the potential to individually form a human fetus. (jcpa.org)
  • However, by the time the fertilized egg divides into 8 or 16 cells something changes and each respective cell, if separated, no longer has the potential to create a fetus. (jcpa.org)
  • Metaphase is a stage in the cell's natural division process (meiosis) when genetic material aligns in the middle of the cell before the cell divides. (ohsu.edu)
Researchers6
  • Using a fluorescent protein and a drug called reversine, the researchers managed to duplicate the X chromosome in the cells, creating an XX set. (iol.co.za)
  • Before patient-specific stem cells can potentially be used in the clinic, a variety of issues must be addressed, the researchers emphasized. (scienceblog.com)
  • The researchers generated these stem cell lines ten times more efficiently than in their 2004 Science study, using improved laboratory methods. (scienceblog.com)
  • Before the technique will ever make it to the clinic, however, researchers must find a way to remove genomic material from the egg cell. (the-scientist.com)
  • The researchers also say finding that the gene works in a different way in humans from animals such as rats and mice has raised questions about large areas of medical research. (irfi.org)
  • Through moving findings between monkey cells and human cells, the researchers were able to develop a successful method. (ohsu.edu)
Ovum2
  • Reproductive cloning versus germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)
  • HN - 2008 BX - Von Ebner's Glands MH - Cumulus Cells UI - D054885 MN - A05.360.319.114.630.535.200.500 MN - A06.407.312.497.535.300.500 MN - A11.436.300.500 MS - The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. (bvsalud.org)
Chromosomes5
  • Human eggs contain two sets of chromosomes, one of which is normally jettisoned within two hours of fertilisation. (newscientist.com)
  • The genetically modified egg now has 46 chromosomes, the full human compliment. (cbc-network.org)
  • Just like humans, male mice have both an X and Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. (iol.co.za)
  • In the end, the egg cell contained three sets of chromosomes-two from the diploid somatic cell, and one from the haploid egg. (the-scientist.com)
  • the reliability of the process could be increased, and it has transpired that cloned offspring effectively age prematurely - due to progressive deterioration of structures called telomeres at the edges of chromosomes. (biotopics.co.uk)
Embryo is destroyed2
  • During the process of harvesting embryotic stem cells, the embryo is destroyed. (healthline.com)
  • The controversy arises for some people because, in the course of harvesting these cells, the embryo is destroyed. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Prohibit2
  • Their 'Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2002' would prohibit human reproductive cloning by imposing significant criminal and civil penalties in the form of fines (at least $1 million) and up to ten years in prison. (boloji.com)
  • General Assembly the adoption of a declaration on human cloning by which Member States were called upon to prohibit all forms of human cloning inasmuch as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life. (who.int)
Preclude1
  • And if they don't know them, then even the international research ethics guidelines would preclude them from performing such research. (lifeissues.net)
Naturally1
  • The embryos appear to undergo the same changes as naturally fertilised eggs, producing waves of calcium ions across the cell every 20 to 30 minutes. (newscientist.com)
Possibilities1
  • If embryonic stem-cell research offers real possibilities for future cures then, from a Jewish point of view, it may be pursued with caution, humility, and strict supervision. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Process8
  • If it is to be brought to birth, the process is usually called "reproductive cloning. (cbc-network.org)
  • During the process, around 6% of the cells lost their Y chromosome, leaving only an X chromosome, meaning they were what is known as XO. (iol.co.za)
  • Jonathan Bayerl and Diana Laird, stem cell and reproductive experts at the University of California, San Francisco, said it was not known if the process would even work with human stem cells. (iol.co.za)
  • To achieve this success, Scott Noggle at the New York Stem Cell Foundation Laboratory took a unique approach to the process. (the-scientist.com)
  • Aging is a physical process that doesn't normally reveal itself until after the completion of a species-specific interval of reproductive competence during which adults rear their progeny from childhood to independence (See Life History ). (agemed.org)
  • The predominant bioethical concern arising from this technology is that the blastocyt-stage embryo must be destroyed in the process of isolating and separating the embryonic stem cells from the inner mass region of the pre-embryo. (jcpa.org)
  • Viewed in this way, identical (non-fraternal) twins are fairly commonplace examples of a natural cloning process. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • The research team found that chemically maintaining metaphase throughout the transfer process prevented the process from stalling and allowed the cells to develop and produce stem cells. (ohsu.edu)
Infertility1
Primates1
  • You can't say, taking this information in isolation, that it's easier to clone primates and humans,' he said. (irfi.org)
Types of stem cells1
Therapeutic purposes2
  • In the best case, an early embryo consisting of a few cells may form, but these are not capable of giving rise to human life, nor hESCs for therapeutic purposes. (the-scientist.com)
  • The triploid cells aren't suitable for therapeutic purposes, and future efforts will be focused on trying to eliminate the [egg cell] genome," said Daley, who wrote an accompanying News & Views in Nature . (the-scientist.com)
Technique3
  • Gonen estimated that "scientifically speaking" the technique could be ready for humans in around 10 to 15 years. (iol.co.za)
  • Although some of the practical difficulties of cloning whole mammals have been overcome, there is little likelihood of applying this cloning technique to humans. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • A thorough examination of the stem cells derived through this technique demonstrated their ability to convert just like normal embryonic stem cells, into several different cell types, including nerve cells, liver cells and heart cells. (ohsu.edu)
Replication2
  • However, it appears that the ability of the In its simplest form, cloning is defined stem cells to transform is limited, except as the exact replication of cells. (who.int)
  • Topics covered will include cell membrane structure and function, metabolism, cell motility and division, genome structure and replication, the regulation of gene expression and protein production, genotype to phenotype relationship, and basic principles of inheritance. (middlebury.edu)
Potential8
  • These blastocysts should in theory yield stem cells, but because they are parthenogenetic - produced from the egg only - they cannot be viewed as a potential human life, says Karl Swann of the University of Wales College of Medicine in Cardiff, UK. (newscientist.com)
  • However, more research is needed to help understand the potential uses of amniotic fluid stem cells. (healthline.com)
  • In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)
  • in other words, it has the potential to become any type of cell. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • This lack of potential for development puts embryonic human life in a separate category. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and thera- peutic techniques. (who.int)
  • Examining the data available in public databases, we have collected the literature containing the latest discoveries pertaining to human stem cells and their potential in both fundamental research and clinical applications. (bvsalud.org)
  • As research in this field continues to evolve, it is imperative to explore and exploit the vast potential of miRNAs and lncRNAs as therapeutic agents. (bvsalud.org)
Principles1
  • The principles of cloning have been applied to some more fundamental experimentation in plants and animals. (biotopics.co.uk)
Spinal cord inj2
  • In their new paper, Science author Woo Suk Hwang from Seoul National University in Seoul, Korea and colleagues replaced the nuclei from donated oocytes with nuclei from skin cells from male and female patients, ranging in age from 2 to 56, who had spinal cord injuries, juvenile diabetes and the genetic disease "congenital hypogamma-globulinemia. (scienceblog.com)
  • In rodents, and even in some preliminary trials in humans, human embryonic stem cells have been shown to bridge gaps in spinal cord injuries , allowing restoration of motor functions. (thefutureofthings.com)
Physiology4
  • For his pioneering work in the field of genetics, Dr. Ralph L. Brinster, the Richard King Mellon Professor of Reproductive Physiology at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, has been awarded the 2010 National Medal of Science. (avma.org)
  • The laboratory will emphasize plant identification, various aspects of plant ecology and physiology, plant morphology, and plant use by humans. (middlebury.edu)
  • AN - check the tag INFANT HN - 2008 FX - Child Nutrition FX - Infant Nutrition Physiology FX - Milk FX - Milk, Human DH - Adolescent Nutrition DI - 052508 MN - SP6.021.067 MS - Nutrition of persons 10 through 19 years of age. (bvsalud.org)
  • check the tag ADOLESCENCE HN - 2008 BX - Nutrition in Adolescence FX - Adolescent Nutrition Physiology MH - Peritoneal Stomata UI - D054048 MN - A01.047.025.600.700 MN - A10.810 MS - Natural openings in the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus in the PERITONEUM, delimited by adjacent mesothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)
Transplants1
Ethics2
  • But Josephine Quintavalle of Comment on Reproductive Ethics, a London-based pro-life lobby group greeted the new procedure with caution. (newscientist.com)
  • Research ethics and lessons from Hwanggate: what can we learn from the Korean cloning fraud? (bmj.com)
Identical1
  • Another long-term hope for therapeutic cloning is that it could be used to generate cells that are genetically identical to a patient. (eurostemcell.org)
Debate2
  • Agreeing with the premise of an earlier article in the same journal, he agrees that we "must not let our debate get completely derailed by vested interests, whether politically or economically motivated", and that the failure to find global agreement on human cloning at the U.N. could result in "reproductive" human cloning [and all the abuses of women that would entail]. (lifeissues.net)
  • On April 11, 2003, Washington Post Staff Writer, Rick Weiss, reported 'New research suggests that it may be a lot harder to clone people than to clone other animals, an unexpected scientific twist that could influence the escalating congressional debate over human cloning and embryo research. (irfi.org)
Develops1
Womb1
  • To be sure, viewed through the lens of Jewish law, even the embryo outside the womb is human life. (jewishvaluesonline.org)