Human dermal fibroblasts. Medical search. Frequent questions

ZIKV infection (African lineage MR766) in human dermal fibroblasts, human epidermal keratinocytes, and HaCaT keratinocytes resulted in distinct expression changes in RIG-I-like receptors, such as RIG-I and MDA5. (korea.ac.kr)
Our findings provide important insights into ZIKV tropism and subsequent antiviral signaling pathways that regulate ZIKV replication in human dermal fibroblasts and human epidermal keratinocytes. (korea.ac.kr)
Our previously-obtained impressive results of highly increased C2C12 mouse myoblast adhesion to amine plasma polymers (PPs) motivated current detailed studies of cell resistance to trypsinization, cell proliferation, motility, and the rate of attachment carried out for fibroblasts (LF), keratinocytes (HaCaT), rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), and endothelial cells (HUVEC, HSVEC, and CPAE) on three different amine PPs. (nature.com)
After the solution conformed around the finger, Takeuchi applied human epidermal keratinocytes to the outside. (cbs58.com)
1999. Response of normal human keratinocytes to sulfur mustard (HD): Cytokine release using a non-enzymatic detachment procedure. (cdc.gov)

Dermal fibroblasts are cells within the dermis layer of skin which are responsible for generating connective tissue and allowing the skin to recover from injury. (wikipedia.org)
Using organelles (particularly the rough endoplasmic reticulum), dermal fibroblasts generate and maintain the connective tissue which unites separate cell layers. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, dermal fibroblasts create long fibrous bands of connective tissue which anchor the skin to the fascia of the body. (wikipedia.org)
Using FGF stimulate fibroblast activity is a more effective means of sealing tissue than current tissue sealants due to the robust nature of collagen which makes up connective tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Dermal fibroblasts are the primary cell type in the connective tissue of the skin. (cbs58.com)
In systemic sclerosis, the skin develops more compact collagen fibers in the reticular dermis, epidermal thinning, loss of rete pegs (epithelial extensions that project into the underlying connective tissue), and atrophy of dermal appendages. (msdmanuals.com)

Like corneal fibroblasts, dermal fibroblast proliferation can be stimulated by the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF). (wikipedia.org)
As noted "The injured dermis is also repaired by the recruitment and proliferation of fibroblasts producing extracellular matrix and keratinocyte growth promoting factors. (wikipedia.org)
In the present study, we examined the effect of Aristolochia bracteolata extract on Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and Human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) proliferation and migration during in vitro wound healing and its underlying mechanism. (phcogj.com)
The second occurs by influx of growth factors secreted by macrophages, platelets and fibroblasts, by fibroblast proliferation and subsequent synthesis and remodelling of collagenous dermal matrix. (worldwidewounds.com)

Furthermore, dermal fibroblasts are less likely to replicate in either in vivo and in vitro environments than are other fibroblast types. (wikipedia.org)
Hayflick, L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. (nature.com)
Here, we developed CellAgeClock, a new epigenetic clock that measures subtle ageing changes in primary human cells in vitro . (biorxiv.org)
Our method expands the scope of CpG methylation profiling from measuring human chronological and biological age from human samples in years, to accurately and rapidly detecting anti-ageing potential of drugs using human cells in vitro , providing a novel accelerated discovery platform to test sought after geroprotectors. (biorxiv.org)
In-vitro studies reveal that these plant stem-cell extracts and their secondary metabolites minimize the damaging effects of sun exposure on collagen in human skin by reducing the generation of UV-induced inflammatory cytokines and free radicals, while also raising energy stores in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to boost cellular metabolism and increase collagen synthesis. (lifeextension.com)

Dermal fibroblasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells within the body. (wikipedia.org)
Yet, by differentiating mesenchymal stem cells from other regions of the body and injecting them into the wound site, scientists can restore dermal fibroblasts to burned regions of the body. (wikipedia.org)
Because human mesenchymal stem cells are known to be sensitive to their mechanical environments, we investigated the mechanotransductive potential of Descemet membrane-like microtopography (DLT) to differentiate human mesenchymal stem cells into CEC-like cells. (lww.com)

Mutational identification of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 genes in craniosynostosis in Indian population. (cdc.gov)
Skull base morphology in fibroblast growth factor receptor type 2-related faciocraniosynostosis: a descriptive analysis. (cdc.gov)
Hearing, Speech, Language, and Communicative Participation in Patients With Apert Syndrome: Analysis of Correlation With Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Mutation. (cdc.gov)

The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to quantitatively analyze the gene expression changes in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) by hydroxytyrosol. (zeyton.pt)
This study evaluated the effect of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) gene silencing using MMP-2 shRNA expression plasmids (pMMP-2) on IR induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage by MTT, dead green, γH2AX and comet assays in human normal dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The aim of the present investigation is to study the effect of MMP-2 gene silencing by transfection of MMP-2 shRNA expression plasmids (pMMP-2on radiation-induced DNA damage in human normal dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and MCF-7 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we studied the underlying MFF mechanism in the UVA-induced photography of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFS). (fgf-erk.com)
A primary culture of HDFS has been isolated from normal human face skin. (fgf-erk.com)

Current methods to derive induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from human dermal fibroblasts by viral infection rely on expensive and lengthy protocols. (columbia.edu)
To circumvent these obstacles, we have developed two methods for the investigation of human neural cells in culture. (lu.se)
As these kinds of health effects data become available and methods to assess levels of significant human exposure improve, these MRLs will be revised. (cdc.gov)

Their physiological accuracy, however, is hampered by the lack of an easily accessible human cell source that is readily expandable and capable of efficient differentiation. (duke.edu)
One example of further differentiation of dermal fibroblasts is that upon injury, dermal fibroblasts can give rise to myofibroblasts, fibroblast cells with smooth muscle characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
Firstly, we present a robust 2-week protocol for the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into forebrain neural progenitor cells. (lu.se)

More attempts were generally required to successfully reprogram xeno-free fibroblasts to iPS, as compared to xenogenic cultured fibroblasts. (biomedcentral.com)
The oral fibroblasts generally proved to be more difficult to reprogram than dermal fibroblasts. (biomedcentral.com)

Immunosuppressed mice received either samples of Poieskin ® ( n = 8) or human STSG ( n = 8) immediately after longitudinal acute full-thickness excision of size 1 × 1.5 cm, applied on the skeletal muscle plane. (frontiersin.org)
Our previous findings indicate increased expression of the GC-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), full-thickness skin from older donors and during the inflammatory phase of mouse skin WH. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Altered redox signalling in senescent human dermal fibroblasts. (unamur.be)
After analysis of the different biomarkers studied, a substantial and comparable enrichment of senescent fibroblasts was measured several days after both X-ray and proton irradiations whatever the dose rate applied. (unamur.be)

Generate a bank of fibroblasts and corresponding induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that represent the breadth of healthy adult chronological age from a human cohort extensively phenotyped for key physical and functional measures of biological age. (salk.edu)

By creating the extracellular matrix between the dermis and epidermis, fibroblasts allow the epithelial cells of the epidermis to affix the matrix, thereby allowing the epidermal cells to effectively join together to form the top layer of the skin. (wikipedia.org)
Use of Dermagraft, a cultured human dermis, to treat diabetic foot ulcers. (japmaonline.org)

Fli1 haploinsufficiency increases the proportions of Th2- and Th17-like Tregs in bleomycin-induced profibrotic skin conditions, in which IL-33-producing dermal fibroblasts contribute to Th2-like Treg transdifferentiation, suggesting a critical role of Fli1 deficiency in the interaction of dermal fibroblasts with immune cells in pathological skin fibrosis. (biomedcentral.com)
T cells may accumulate, and extensive fibrosis in the dermal and subcutaneous layers develops. (msdmanuals.com)

Metadichol® Induced the Expression of Neuronal Transcription Factors in Human Fibroblast Dermal Cells. (fortunepublish.com)

A keratinocyte is the main type of cell that makes up the human epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, he said. (cbs58.com)

The robotic finger was first submerged in a solution of collagen, which is a fibrous protein, and human dermal fibroblasts, the two major components that make up human skin. (cbs58.com)

This technique prospectively isolates fully reprogrammed iPSCs, and depletes both parental and "contaminating" partially reprogrammed fibroblasts, thereby substantially reducing the time and reagents required to generate iPSC lines without the use of defined small molecule cocktails. (columbia.edu)
The iPSC lines used in this study were derived from 76 unique samples from a variety of tissue sources, including fresh or frozen fibroblasts generated from biopsies harvested from healthy or disease patients. (columbia.edu)
Generation of two human isogenic iPSC lines from fetal dermal fibroblasts. (mpg.de)

Therefore, we aimed to compare the efficiency of using humanized culture conditions, specifically human platelet lysate to fetal bovine serum, for iPS generation from different sources, and to evaluate their stemness. (biomedcentral.com)
iPS were generated via a platelet lysate or fetal bovine serum-based culturing protocol from matched dermal, buccal and gingival human fibroblasts, isolated from healthy donors ( n = 2) after informed consent, via episomal plasmid transfection. (biomedcentral.com)

Dermal cells differentiate into myofibroblasts by altering their actin gene expression (which is silenced in dermal fibroblasts). (wikipedia.org)
We show that human and chimpanzee cells differentiate in a similar man¬ner and that the difference in interspecies protein abundance is higher than transcript-level differences, suggesting that post-transcriptional mechanisms play a role in the difference between human and chim¬panzee brain development. (lu.se)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of Angelica acutiloba root ethanol extract (AAEE) to promote collagen synthesis and inhibit collagen degradation in human dermal fibroblasts. (toxicolres.org)
With increasing age, collagen synthesis decreases and MMP-1 levels increase naturally in human skin. (toxicolres.org)
Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 and palmitoyl tripeptide-1 are two peptides that stimulate new collagen synthesis in specialized skin cells known as fibroblasts . (lifeextension.com)

Dermal fibroblasts are responsible for creating the ECM which organizes the stratified squamous epithelial cells of the epidermis into a unified tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Nitric oxide-mediated Bcl-2 stabilization potentiates malignant transformation of human lung epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
Epithelial cells and stromal cells (including fibroblasts) provide more than structural support, they are increasingly recognised as key players in the immune response, acting as non-professional APCs through interactions with antigen experienced T cells that migrate to the lung. (bvsalud.org)

Dermal fibroblast transcriptome indicates contribution of WNT signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of Apert syndrome. (cdc.gov)
Using a multi-omics approach, we demonstrate that TEs introduce a layer of transcriptome complexity to the human brain. (lu.se)

Glucocorticoids (GC) drive multiple adverse effects in skin e.g. epidermal thinning, dermal atrophy and impaired wound healing (WH). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
We also reported protection from age-induced dermal atrophy and improved W. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Here, we provide evidence that exposure of human skin fibroblasts to a Radio Electric Asymmetric Conveyer (REAC), an innovative device delivering radio electric conveyed fields at a radiofrequency of 2.4 GHz, afforded remarkable commitment toward cardiac, neuronal, and skeletal muscle lineages. (nih.gov)
Scholars@Duke publication: Efficient transdifferentiation of human dermal fibroblasts into skeletal muscle. (duke.edu)
Consequently, skeletal muscle models are being developed to study human pathophysiology and regeneration. (duke.edu)
MYOD1, a master gene regulator, induces transdifferentiation of a variety of cell types into skeletal muscle, although inefficiently in human cells. (duke.edu)
Here we used MYOD1 to establish its capacity to induce skeletal muscle transdifferentiation of human dermal fibroblasts under baseline conditions. (duke.edu)

Microdroplets of silicone are dispersed within the dermal tissues. (medscape.com)

For example, when a dermal fibroblast and a corneal fibroblasts are placed in the same concentrations of fibroblast growth factor, dermal fibroblast will not differentiate or change. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, we have used this protocol to differentiate PSCs from humans and chimpanzees. (lu.se)

One major factor contributing to the time required to derive lines is the ability of researchers to identify fully reprogrammed unique candidate clones from a mixed cell population containing transformed or partially reprogrammed cells and fibroblasts at an early time point post infection. (columbia.edu)
After examining the CD markers of the fibroblast cells, researchers at BioMed Central discovered that these cell lack "distinctive markers" confirming that these cells can be further differentiated. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike other fibroblast cell types, dermal fibroblasts are far less likely to change into other cell types. (wikipedia.org)
As noted by Dr. J. Lewis and Dr. A. Johnson authors of Microbiology of the Cell, "fibroblasts from the skin are different" and behave differently from other fibroblast cells to identical chemical stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
Dermal fibroblasts require far higher concentrations of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in order to undergo cell replication. (wikipedia.org)
2 Despite having high metabolic activity, human CECs (hCECs) do not proliferate in vivo because these cells arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. (lww.com)
As demonstrated on LF fibroblasts, the resistance to trypsin was similar in serum-supplemented and serum-free media, i.e., medium without cell adhesion-mediating proteins. (nature.com)
Enhanced cortical neural stem cell identity through short SMAD and WNT inhibition in human cerebral organoids facilitates emergence of outer radial glial cells. (mpg.de)
A recent study demonstrated the transdifferentiation of T helper type 2 cell (Th2)-like regulatory T cells (Tregs) in SSc lesional skin through interleukin (IL)-33 produced by fibroblasts. (biomedcentral.com)
Importantly, the IL-4-producing cell proportion was significantly higher in wild-type Tregs cocultured with Fli1 +/− fibroblasts than in those cocultured with wild-type fibroblasts, which were canceled by neutralizing anti-IL-33 antibody. (biomedcentral.com)
However, a recent study has demonstrated that activated fibroblasts regulate tissue-localized transdifferentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) into T helper type 2 cell (Th2)-like cells through IL-33 in SSc lesional skin [ 2 ], suggesting that activated dermal fibroblasts amplify an aberrant immune response characteristic of SSc. (biomedcentral.com)
The overarching goal of the SD-NSC Human Cell Models of Aging Core is to create and make available powerful, new human cell-based models to enable studies into the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of human aging. (salk.edu)
Drive technology development to create novel organoid and hybrid-cell models to investigate the role of cellular heterogeneity in human tissue and organ aging. (salk.edu)
1998. Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). (cdc.gov)
For example, despite improvements in cell culture techniques and developments in dermal matrices, tissue-engineered skin substitutes have yet to achieve widespread use by clinicians. (worldwidewounds.com)

Immunologic mechanisms and heredity (certain human leukocyte antigen subtypes) play a role in etiology. (msdmanuals.com)

GENERAL INFORMATIONHDFCs-Neo (UBP-0008-Neo) are isolated from normal human neonatal foreskin tissue. (ubpone.com)
Normal or cancer tissue is composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular constituents mainly fibroblasts. (biomedcentral.com)
Injectable soft tissue fillers are generally injected into the dermal layer. (medscape.com)
The use of an acellular dermal regenerative tissue matrix in the treatment of lower extremity wounds: a prospective 16-week pilot study. (japmaonline.org)
However, the skin is the largest organ in the human body, and a large area of metabolic tissue. (promocell.com)
Neuroscience focusing on human development and disease has long been hampered due to ethical rea¬sons, low tissue availability, and low translatability from animal models. (lu.se)

Without fibroblasts, the wound site cannot regenerate extracellular matrix and epidermis skin cells cannot proliferate over the wound site. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, without dermal fibroblasts the skin cannot properly recover from injury. (wikipedia.org)
Neutrophil elastase and skin fibroblast elastase are two types of elastase enzymes that can degrade elastin in the skin. (toxicolres.org)
Asian lineage ZIKV (PRVABC59) infection also showed a distinct pattern of antiviral immunity in human skin cells, compared with other ZIKV strains. (korea.ac.kr)
Fli1 expression is suppressed in dermal fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and perivascular inflammatory cells in involved and noninvolved skin of patients with SSc [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Vitamins are part of the antioxidant system of human skin, and are detectable in different layers, so the topical application can be an alternative to maintain the functionality of the system. (intechopen.com)
Dermal fillers, which aim to reduce lines in the skin, often contain hyaluronic acid. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Healing of diabetic foot ulcers and pressure ulcers with human skin equivalent: a new paradigm in wound healing. (japmaonline.org)
Graftskin, a human skin equivalent, is effective in the management of noninfected neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective randomized multicenter clinical trial. (japmaonline.org)
The humanlike skin is made using the same building blocks as human skin, Takeuchi said. (cbs58.com)
In the trials, the elastic human skin moved freely while the finger made different motions, Takeuchi said. (cbs58.com)
Collagen is a major component of human skin and has healing properties, according to a 2021 study. (cbs58.com)
If the hand were soft like human skin, the robot could be less precise since more surface area on the mug would be covered as the soft skin conforms to the handle, he said. (cbs58.com)
The appearance of skin aging is caused by underlying damage to collagen and reduced fibroblast size, both caused by ROS which regulates collagen metabolism. (promocell.com)
When researchers topically applied a cream containing pentapeptide-18 twice a day to the aging facial skin of human volunteers between the ages of 39 and 64, they observed an 11.6% reduction in wrinkle depth. (lifeextension.com)

FBN2 silencing recapitulates hypoxic conditions and induces elastic fiber impairment in human dermal fibroblasts. (mcgill.ca)

Since dermal fibroblasts play a critical role in wound healing, researchers are attempting to generate mature dermal fibroblasts to repair second and third degree burns. (wikipedia.org)
Xeno-free dermal, buccal and gingival fibroblasts can successfully generate iPS with a comparable genotype/phenotype to their xenogenic counterparts. (biomedcentral.com)

The exposure of humans to ionizing radiation (IR) induces several types of genetic and somatic mutations leading to several types of cancers including breast cancer [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
UV radiation that causes oxidative stress and hence aging induces the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade dermal collagen and other proteins from the extracellular matrix (Caravalhaes Lago, 2019). (promocell.com)

Overproduction of the growth factor of human base fibroblasts (HFGF-2), a difficult protein to bend, driven to a reconstruction of the bacterial protein. (fgf-erk.com)
As an example of protein therapy, a completed phase I/II trial associated recombinant human collagen with wound healing and pain reduction in RDEB. (medscape.com)

Transcriptomics evaluation of hexavalent chromium toxicity in human dermal fibroblasts. (cdc.gov)

Although SSc pathogenesis has yet to be fully disclosed, the canonical wisdom is that dermal fibroblast activation is the final consequence of its sequential pathological processes, such as initial vascular injury due to autoimmune attack and subsequent chronic inflammation [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Overall, we used transdifferentiation to achieve the robust derivation of human skeletal myotubes and have described the signalling pathways and mechanisms regulating this process. (duke.edu)

Additionally, ZIKV infections in human neural progenitor cells induced the robust activation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling, followed by highly enhanced IFN-stimulated gene expression. (korea.ac.kr)

When the body sustains a third degree burn, the skin's dermal layer is completely destroyed by heat (and the all fibroblast cells within the wound site perish). (wikipedia.org)
By restoring fibroblasts to the burned regions, the body can restore the ECM within the wound site and recover from the injury. (wikipedia.org)
This study assessed the manufacturing reliability and in vivo efficacy of a large-size good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compatible bio-printed human DES, named Poieskin ® , for acute wound healing treatment. (frontiersin.org)

This study is demonstrated using UVA-induced cellular aging model of human dermal fibroblast. (zeyton.pt)
This makes direct-induction protocols particularly well-suited for creating cellular models of human aging. (salk.edu)

The ULK3 Kinase Is Critical for Convergent Control of Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Activation by CSL and GLI. (harvard.edu)

Zika virus was first detected in Brazil in 2015 and has since spread with the same speed as chikungunya virus through South and Central America and the Caribbean Islands, despite a shorter and lower viremia in humans and a longer replication period in the vector ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)

Our results show for the first time the feasibility of using a physical stimulus to afford the expression of pluripotentiality in human adult somatic cells up to the attainment of three major target lineages for regenerative medicine. (nih.gov)
Overall, our findings highlight the importance of TEs as regulatory agents and their dynamic activity during development, adult life, and disease in the human brain. (lu.se)
Secondly, we have developed an all-in-one vector-based strategy to convert adult human dermal fibroblasts directly from Huntington's disease (HD) patients and control individuals into induced neurons (iNs). (lu.se)

For this purpose, a model of ionizing radiation-induced senescence based on an established X-ray irradiation protocol was first developed and validated in normal human dermal fibroblasts. (unamur.be)

Discovery and characterization of LNCSOX17 as an essential regulator in human endoderm formation. (mpg.de)

Engraftment was comparable for both groups: 91.8% (SD = 0.1152) for the Poieskin ® group versus 100% (SD = 0) for the human STSG group. (frontiersin.org)

Public health officials and others concerned with appropriate actions to take at hazardous waste sites may want information on levels of exposure associated with more subtle effects in humans or animals (LOAELs) or exposure levels below which no adverse effects (NOAELs) have been observed. (cdc.gov)
Estimates of exposure levels posing minimal risk to humans (Minimal Risk Levels or MRLs) have been made for chlorine dioxide and chlorite. (cdc.gov)
An MRL is defined as an estimate of daily human exposure to a substance that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of adverse effects (noncarcinogenic) over a specified duration of exposure. (cdc.gov)
Appropriate methodology does not exist to develop MRLs for dermal exposure. (cdc.gov)

In the present study, we aimed to investigate PD-L1 expression in primary normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) in response to DSBs. (elsevierpure.com)
A classic paper that describes the limited replicative lifespan of normal human cells. (nature.com)

Although the detailed mechanism explaining Fli1 downregulation in SSc is still unknown, an epigenetic mechanism is reported at least in dermal fibroblasts [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The CellAgeClock outperforms other epigenetic clocks in measuring subtle ageing changes in primary human cells in culture. (biorxiv.org)

Recent studies demonstrated that the most accurate molecular method to measure human age is based on CpG methylation profiles, as exemplified by several epigenetics clocks that can accurately predict an individual's age. (biorxiv.org)

Anatomy36

Organisms7

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs122

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes50

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Named Groups1

Health Care2

Keratinocytes5

Connective tissue6

Proliferation4

Vitro5

Mesenchymal stem3

Growth factor r3

HDFs5

Methods3

Differentiation3

Reprogram2

Full-thickness2

Senescent2

Pluripotent Stem1

Dermis2

Fibrosis2

Transcription Factors1

Keratinocyte1

Fibrous1

IPSC3

Fetal2

Cells differentiate2

Synthesis3

Epithelial3

Transcriptome2

Atrophy2

Skeletal muscle5

Tissues1

Differentiate2

Cell15

Antigen1

Tissue6

Skin15

Elastic1

Generate2

Induces2

Protein2

Toxicity1

Pathological1

Pathways1

Gene expression1

Wound3

Cellular2

Activation1

Replication1

Adult3

Radiation-induced1

Characterization1

Comparable1

Exposure4

Normal2

Epigenetic2

Molecular1