Indoleamine-PyrroleIndolamine-2,3-dioxygenaseDendritic cellsPathwayEnzymeInhibitorsHomogentisateGeneCofactorInhibitsMacrophagesImmunosuppressiveGeneticsEffectorIDO1SubstrateOxygenaseInterferonInhibitor2023InfectionReceptorsTissuesClinicalNitrogenPrognosisMechanisticMetabolismCompound2017RoleMechanismsELISAGenomeProteinsMSCsGenesLiverAromatic1997InflammatoryPrimarilyMetabolicActivationProtein expressionDisease
Indoleamine-Pyrrole1
- Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO or INDO EC 1.13.11.52) is a heme-containing enzyme physiologically expressed in a number of tissues and cells, such as the small intestine, lungs, female genital tract or placenta. (wikipedia.org)
Indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase1
- It is one of three enzymes that catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway, the O2-dependent oxidation of L-tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine, the others being indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). (wikipedia.org)
Dendritic cells3
- Thus, we studied the roles of Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the hemocyanin activation of murine APCs, both in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, using hemocyanins from Megathura crenulata (KLH), Concholepas concholepas (CCH) and Fissurella latimarginata (FLH). (exeter.ac.uk)
- IDO1 is widely expressed in a variety of human tissues as well as in macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). (thermofisher.com)
- We have shown in vitro that depletion of this amino acid which is also likely to occur in vivo inhibits mTOR dependent signaling in human dendritic cells 5 . (fu-berlin.de)
Pathway3
- Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway. (wikipedia.org)
- We further showed that KLH and FLH induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, a key event involved in the TLR signaling pathway. (exeter.ac.uk)
- We have recently shown that the Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO) pathway impacts in vivo growth of Eimeria falciformis measured as oocyst output 1 . (fu-berlin.de)
Enzyme7
- Epacadostat (INCB24360), navoximod (GDC-0919), and linrodostat (BMS-986205) are potent inhibitors of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme and are in clinical trials for various cancers. (wikipedia.org)
- In particular, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induces an enzyme of tryptophan catabolism, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which is responsible for conversion of tryptophan and other indole derivatives to kynurenine. (nih.gov)
- Elevated kynurenine levels have been found in humans in a number of diseases and after interferon treatment, and the enzyme is induced in rodents after administration of interferon inducers, or influenza virus. (nih.gov)
- E05 478 566 350 170 or Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays,E05 478 566 350 170 or Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays,Human proteins, cDNA and human recombinants are used in human reactive ELISA kits and to produce anti-human mono and polyclonal antibodies. (kamiyabio.com)
- Influenza infection stimulates protective host immune responses but paradoxically enhances lung indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) activity, an enzyme that suppresses helper/effector T cells and activates Foxp3-lineage regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs). (elsevierpure.com)
- Therefore, induction of the host tryptophan catabolizing enzyme, indoleamine-2,3-dioxgenase-1 (IDO1), by interferon gamma (IFNγ) is one of the primary protective responses against chlamydial infection. (duke.edu)
- A deficiency of the hepatic enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGO) forces the accumulation of homogentisic acid, which is rapidly cleared in the kidney and excreted. (medscape.com)
Inhibitors4
- COX-2 inhibitors down-regulate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, leading to a reduction in kynurenine levels as well as reducing proinflammatory cytokine activity. (wikipedia.org)
- This contrasts with its paralog, the human indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (hIDO1), which has been extensively studied in the literature and for which several inhibitors are already in clinical trials. (unamur.be)
- iii) screen hIDO1 (human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitors and evaluate their effect on downstream TRP-catabolizing enzymes. (bvsalud.org)
- Clinical trials in both humans and dogs with cancer have demonstrated that propranolol blockade can improve responses to radiation therapy, cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors. (bvsalud.org)
Homogentisate1
- Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) gene variants, their analysis and genotype-phenotype correlations in the largest cohort of patients with AKU. (cdc.gov)
Gene7
- In humans is encoded by the IDO1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- D ) A heat map illustrating the kinetics of gene expression in immDCs treated with hk L. monocytogenes or infected with virulent L. monocytogenes (WT) and corresponding mock-infected controls on a Sentrix Human-6 Expression BeadChip array. (jci.org)
- Human phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase: resolution of the gene structure and the molecular basis of Refsum's disease. (medlineplus.gov)
- Pathological and Prognostic Indications of the mdig Gene in Human Lung Cancer. (nih.gov)
- Gene expression profiling was performed using Whole Human Genome 4x44K Oligonucleotide Microarrays. (biomedcentral.com)
- In recent years, the human gene Bin1 has emerged as one of the most important genes in affecting the incidence of sporadic AD. (mainlinehealth.org)
- The present invention provides a simple and robust human liver cell-based system in which persistent hepatitis C infection, persistent hepatitis B infection or ethanol exposure induces a clinical Prognostic Liver Signature (PLS) high-risk gene signature. (sumobrain.com)
Cofactor1
- These enzymes use an Fe(II) cofactor and 2-oxoglutarate co-substrate to oxidize organic substrates. (rcsb.org)
Inhibits1
- citation needed] 1-Methyltryptophan is a racemic compound that weakly inhibits indoleamine dioxygenase, but is also a very slow substrate. (wikipedia.org)
Macrophages5
- We show in human listeriosis that DCs expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), together with macrophages, are major cellular components of suppurative granulomas in vivo. (jci.org)
- Macrophages play a significant role in many processes, such as the human immune function, parasite infection, and tissue remodeling by secreting cytokines and producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. (frontiersin.org)
- The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Haemophilus ducreyi infection induces activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in nonpolarized but not in polarized human macrophages. (iu.edu)
- Haemophilus ducreyi-induced interleukin-10 promotes a mixed M1 and M2 activation program in human macrophages. (iu.edu)
Immunosuppressive2
- Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
- Heme-based tryptophan dioxygenases are established immunosuppressive metalloproteins with significant biomedical interest. (ku.edu)
Genetics2
Effector2
- Prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2) is a key effector secreted by MSCs to exert immunomodulatory effects. (techscience.com)
- Previous studies ( Aggarwal and Pittenger, 2005 ) have demonstrated that PGE-2 acts as the major effector in regulating the immune activities of MSCs. (techscience.com)
IDO11
- Full length human recombinant protein of human IDO1 produced in HEK293T cell. (thermofisher.com)
Substrate5
- Here, we synthesized two mechanistic probes to specifically test if the α-amino group of the substrate directly participates in a critical step of the O atom transfer during catalysis in human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). (ku.edu)
- Substitution of the nitrogen atom of the substrate to a carbon (probe 1) or oxygen (probe 2) slowed the catalytic step following the first O atom transfer such that transferring the second O atom becomes less likely to occur, although the dioxygenated products were observed with both probes. (ku.edu)
- This combined synthetic, biochemical, and biophysical study establishes the catalytic role of the α-amino group of the substrate during the O atom transfer reactions and thus represents a substantial advance to the mechanistic comprehension of the heme-based tryptophan dioxygenases. (ku.edu)
- Under normoxic conditions, prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) hydroxylate the cite-specific proline residues of HIF-1α in a reaction that uses O 2 as a substrate. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Here we have determined crystal structures of substrate and product complexes of E. coli AlkB at resolutions from 1.8 to 2.3 A. Whereas the Fe-2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase core matches that in other superfamily members, a unique subdomain holds a methylated trinucleotide substrate into the active site through contacts to the polynucleotide backbone. (rcsb.org)
Oxygenase1
- MDIG, a 2‑oxoglutarate‑dependent oxygenase, acts as an oncogene and predicts the prognosis of multiple types of cancer. (nih.gov)
Interferon1
- The T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma signature is hallmarked by up-regulation of CCL8, interferon-γ, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase, VSIG4 and Toll-like receptors. (haematologica.org)
Inhibitor1
- In this study, we screened the bioactive molecules that can specifically enhance the secretion of a PGE-2 of MSCs and identified trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) as an inhibitor of MSC aging in long-term culture. (techscience.com)
20231
- 21(2): 159-165, 2023 Jun. (bvsalud.org)
Infection2
- Cattle, goats, and sheep are the primary reservoirs of human infection. (cdc.gov)
- IDO can be regulated by IFN-γ and we have investigated the role of the latter during infection 2,3 . (fu-berlin.de)
Receptors2
- However, hemocyanin-induced proinflammatory effects in APCs from Dectin-1 knock-out (KO) and Dectin-2 KO mice were independent of both receptors. (exeter.ac.uk)
- 2014). Human NK cells: From surface receptors to the therapy of leukemias and solid tumors. (springer.com)
Tissues3
- Immune tolerance co-evolved as a safety system that maintains a state of immune unresponsiveness to autoantigens and self-tissues ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
- MSCs were initially isolated from bone marrow but are now known to exist in a wide range of tissues in the human adult, including brain, thymus, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and dental pulp [ 11 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The mechanisms of immunity to Rickettsia conorii that have been elucidated in mouse models have not been evaluated in human tissues. (utmb.edu)
Clinical1
- 2 , 3 These lymphomas have a distinct clinical behavior and a bad prognosis. (haematologica.org)
Nitrogen1
- Escherichia coli AlkB and the homologous human proteins ABH2 and ABH3 (refs 5, 7) promiscuously repair DNA and RNA bases damaged by S(N)2 alkylation reagents, which attach hydrocarbons to endocyclic ring nitrogen atoms (N1 of adenine and guanine and N3 of thymine and cytosine). (rcsb.org)
Prognosis2
- Overexpression of human IDO (hIDO) is described in a variety of human tumor cell lineages and is often associated with poor prognosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Although computed tomography is highly sensitive in the diagnosis of PC [ 2 ], its unfavorable prognosis may be attributed to a relatively late diagnosis time. (aging-us.com)
Mechanistic1
- New mechanistic insights to PLOD1-mediated human vascular disease. (nih.gov)
Metabolism2
- Environmentally-induced mdig contributes to the severity of COVID-19 through fostering expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor NRPs and glycan metabolism. (nih.gov)
- The mTOR and GCN2 (an eIF-2α kinase) pathways on the host cell side are key regulators of cell growth and metabolism and can be triggered by depletion of particular amino acids. (fu-berlin.de)
Compound1
- By screening the compound library for PGE-2 secretion, the antioxidant trolox was verified as a stimulator of MSCs to secrete PGE-2. (techscience.com)
Role4
- Phytanic acid: production from phytol, its breakdown and role in human disease. (medlineplus.gov)
- Abnormal methylation of Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) is associated with a substantial role in the malignant phenotype of tumor patients. (hindawi.com)
- Most of the existing Leishmania-related research about TLR-2 agonists was focusing on their role as adjuvants in the vaccine, few studied its therapeutic effect. (bvsalud.org)
- Although the role of AlkB in DNA repair has long been established based on phenotypic studies, its exact biochemical activity was only elucidated recently after sequence profile analysis revealed it to be a member of the Fe-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily. (rcsb.org)
Mechanisms4
- Structure of human phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase identifies molecular mechanisms of Refsum disease. (medlineplus.gov)
- Carbon storage regulator A contributes to the virulence of Haemophilus ducreyi in humans by multiple mechanisms. (iu.edu)
- This paper aims to explore the therapeutic effect of TLR-2 agonist Pam3CSK4 on Leishmania-infected mice and the underlying immune molecular mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)
- Four mechanisms of warmth loss (1) Conductionwhen child is on a chilly surface (2) Convectionheat is transferred to cool air transferring across the surface of the infants skin (three) Evaporationevaporation of moisture from moist hair or body surfaces dissipates heat (4) Radiationheat from infants physique radiates to a colder surface, such as chilly incubator wall c. (ehd.org)
ELISA2
- Depending on the epitopes used human ELISA kits can be cross reactive to many other species. (kamiyabio.com)
- Description: This CD Trp ELISA kit is a 1.5 hour solid-phase ELISA designed for the quantitative determination of Human Trp. (maracpe.org)
Genome1
- We decided to investigate parts of the genome located between 2 open reading frames (ORFs) because they are considered potentially variable since they are subject to lower selection pressure than the adjacent genes. (cdc.gov)
Proteins1
- He also mapped the non-structural proteins and accessory proteins of SARS-CoV-2. (mainlinehealth.org)
MSCs3
- NK expansion and activation were stimulated by culture with artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) and IL-2, in the presence or absence of BM-MSCs. (springer.com)
- The results demonstrated that trolox can resist aging, promote proliferation, and enhance PGE-2 secretion of MSCs without affecting their surface marker expression. (techscience.com)
- Thus, PGE-2 secretion is considered as an immune ability and activated ability of MSCs. (techscience.com)
Genes1
- 5′-GACGTG-3′) on the promoter region in various target genes ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Liver1
Aromatic1
- 1997. Metabolic activation of aromatic amines by human pancreas. (cdc.gov)
19973
- 1997 Oct;17(2):190-3. (medlineplus.gov)
- 1997 Jul 10;337(2):133-4. (medlineplus.gov)
- 1997 Oct;17(2):185-9. (medlineplus.gov)
Inflammatory1
- Her research interests include T cell biology (development, differentiation, and tolerance) and human and mouse immune responses in infectious and inflammatory diseases. (iu.edu)
Primarily1
- Modern humans (Homo sapiens, primarily ssp. (kamiyabio.com)
Metabolic1
- Figure 2: Six major metabolic pathways. (nature.com)
Activation1
- Celastrol showed a potent inhibitory activity against HIF-1 activation induced by hypoxia in various human cancer cell lines. (spandidos-publications.com)
Protein expression2
- Cells and supernatants were then harvested to assess ( A ) IDO protein expression and tryptophan levels, ( B ) COX-2 protein expression and PGE metabolite levels, and ( C ) TNF-α concentration. (jci.org)
- A proprietary antibody for hTDO2 was generated to screen 15 different human cancer types (60 samples each) for TDO2 protein expression. (bmj.com)
Disease3
- Mukherji M, Chien W, Kershaw NJ, Clifton IJ, Schofield CJ, Wierzbicki AS, Lloyd MD. Structure-function analysis of phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase mutations causing Refsum's disease. (medlineplus.gov)
- These spacers were then tested in 159 additional isolates obtained from different geographic areas or different hosts or were implicated in different manifestations of human disease caused by C . burnetii . (cdc.gov)
- In humans, the disease may appear in 2 forms, acute and chronic ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)