Huayou cobalt. Medical search. Frequent questions

On March 30, 2023, PT Vale Indonesia Tbk and China's Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Co. announced a collaboration with global automaker Ford Motor Co. for a HPAL project, which aims to enhance sustainable nickel production in Indonesia, with the resulting nickel products being integrated into Ford's battery raw material supply chain. (wikipedia.org)
Cobalt demand has grown by 21% between 2016 and 2018 and CRU forecasts that it will increase a further 55% out to 2023, due to the increasing uptake of electric vehicles. (crugroup.com)
New York, May 29, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- In 2023, the cobalt sulphate market will be worth US$4.09 billion . (globenewswire.com)
Another major mining project being undertaken by Chinese investors is Huayou Cobalt's Arcadia Lithium Mine, just outside Harare, which is expected to start exports on a larger scale in 2023 with projections of earning US$ 500 million a year from US$2 million in 2017. (co.zw)

Chinese firm Huayou Cobalt will temporarily cease buying from two artisanal mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Reuters reported. (agmetalminer.com)
The report, This is what we die for: Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo power the global trade in cobalt , traces the sale of cobalt, used in lithium-ion batteries, from mines where children as young as seven and adults work in perilous conditions. (amnesty.org)
Cobalt mined by child laborers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo may be entering the supply chains of major tech companies like Apple, Samsung, and Microsoft, as well as auto manufacturers like Volkswagen and Daimler AG, according to an investigation from Amnesty International and Afrewatch , a DRC-based non-government organization. (theverge.com)
It is also the world's second biggest producer of cobalt after the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with production jumping from 2,700 tons in 2021 to 10,000 in 2022. (thediplomat.com)
This cobalt was cleaned and sorted to be bagged and tagged for buyers in Kamilombe in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (ases.org)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which is one of the world's poorest nations, produces about 70% of the world's cobalt. (ases.org)

Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Co. Ltd. (congomines.org)
Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Co launched a ₩1.2 trillion ($769 million) JV with LG Chem to make precursors. (bestmag.co.uk)
Partnering with Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Co., Ltd. (Huayou), the Pomalaa Block Project will operate under PT Kolaka Nickel Indonesia (KNI), with a total investment package of Rp67.5 trillion (US$4.29 billion) for a High-Pressure Acid Leach (HPAL) based processing plant and mine. (vale.com)

During 2021, Guangxi B&M and Zhejiang B&M were established, with B&M later integrated into Huayou Cobalt's system in August. (wikipedia.org)
It is understood that, as the largest cobalt product supplier in China, Huayou Cobalt's new energy business has been supported by the development of cobalt and nickel resources, extending to the manufacture of ternary lithium battery materials. (energy-storage.com.cn)
This investment follows Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt's initial outlay of US$422m to acquire the mine. (ntu.edu.sg)

On May 7th, 2018, Huayou Cobalt signed a joint-venture agreement with LG Chem, resulting in the establishment of Huajin New Energy Material (Quzhou) Co. Ltd. In 2018, Huayou Holdings became a shareholder of B&M Science and Technology Co., Ltd. In 2019, Huayou initiated nickel mining and smelting operations in Indonesia. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to the plants in Morocco, LG Chem and Huayou Cobalt agreed to cooperate in Indonesia, which is actively promoting the battery manufacturing and electric vehicle sector based on its cost competitiveness as it has the world's largest nickel reserves and production. (greencarcongress.com)
The US$4.51 billion project is also joined by PT Vale Indonesia and Huayou Cobalt, targeting 120 kilotons of mixed hydroxide precipitate (MHP). (digitimes.com)
Earlier this year, China's Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt announced plans to set up a joint venture with EVE Energy, Glaucous International, and Lindo Investment to develop a $2.08bn nickel and cobalt project in Indonesia. (mining-technology.com)
The case studies included in the report are the Rio Tuba Nickel Mining Corporation (Rio Tuba) in the Philippines and two Chinese companies operating in Indonesia (Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt and CNGR Advanced Materials). (goodelectronics.org)

In response to this, several enterprises, including Yahua Group, Huayou Cobalt Industry, and China Mining Resources, are accelerating their acquisition of overseas lithium mines. (asiatechobserver.com)
Several Chinese mining companies operate across the landlocked African nation: Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, Sinomine Resource Group, Chengxin Lithium Group, Yahua Group, and Canmax Technologies. (thezimbabwemail.com)

LG Chem announced that it will make inroads into the lithium-phosphate-iron (LFP) cathode materials business in partnership with China's Huayou Group. (greencarcongress.com)
LG Chem and Huayou Group signed a comprehensive memorandum of understanding (MOU) to enter the LFP cathode material market jointly and to strengthen their cathode supply chain. (greencarcongress.com)
LG Chem and Huayou Group's subsidiary Youshan will build a LFP cathode material plant in Morocco, which sits on the world's largest reserve of phosphate rocks. (greencarcongress.com)
LG Chem will also promote the lithium conversion plant business with Huayou Cobalt in Morocco. (greencarcongress.com)
LG Chem and Huayou Cobalt will work together for the vertical integration of the cathode materials supply chain, ranging from HPAL to precursor production, to meet the IRA standards. (greencarcongress.com)
LG Energy Solutions already partners with Huayou Cobalt through its parent company LG Chem. (electrive.com)
The parent company LG Chem already launched a joint venture with B&M , a Huayou Cobalt subsidiary, to produce cathode materials in mid-2022. (electrive.com)

The Chinese company has opted to pause purchases from the mines until it is sure the cobalt mined there is free from human rights abuses. (agmetalminer.com)
In 2014 approximately 40,000 children worked in mines across southern DRC, many of them mining cobalt, according to UNICEF. (amnesty.org)
The investigation is based on interviews with 87 people who work or have worked in informal, artisanal cobalt mines in the DRC, including 17 children between the ages of 9 and 17. (theverge.com)
Prolonged exposure to cobalt dust has been linked to 'hard metal lung disease,' which is potentially fatal, and many artisanal mines are poorly constructed and ventilated. (theverge.com)
According to estimates from UNICEF, there were about 40,000 children working in mines across the DRC's southern region in 2014, and the US Department of Labor has listed Congolese cobalt as a good produced by child labor since 2009. (theverge.com)
A new lawsuit accuses several of the world's largest technology firms of knowingly profiting from children laboring under brutal conditions in African cobalt mines. (kpax.com)
The lawsuit claims the companies are "aiding and abetting the cruel and brutal use of young children" in cobalt mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo. (kpax.com)
It says hundreds of Congolese children have been forced by extreme poverty to work in the cobalt mines, digging in underground tunnels with primitive equipment for as little as $2 per day. (kpax.com)

Sales of cobalt sulphate are projected to grow consistently at a pace of 8.3% , reaching a value of US$ 9.09 billion by 2033 .The growth of the market is driven by the increasing demand for cobalt sulfate in the battery industry, particularly for lithium-ion batteries. (globenewswire.com)
A process is described for the selective removal of nickel from acidic cobalt sulphate solution with Dow ion exchange resin XFS 4195. (ddbojarska.pl)

The plant is slated for mass production by 2026 with an annual capacity of 50,000 metric tons and is expected to meet the soaring demand for LFP cathode materials, which is gaining popularity due to their price competitiveness over nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) cathodes. (greencarcongress.com)

Huayou Cobalt Co., Ltd was founded in the year 2002. (wikipedia.org)
Huayou Cobalt is a new high-tech enterprise founded in 2002 and specializing in research and development, manufacturing business of new energy Li-ion battery materials and new cobalt materials. (huayou.com)
Huayou was founded in 2002 and over the past two decades the company has become a multinational corporation with a revenue base of more than US$48 billion, ranking it among the top 500 enterprises in China. (co.zw)

The ceremony was hosted by Guangxi Huayou Lithium Industry Co. Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Huayou Cobalt. (asiatechobserver.com)
The report documents how traders buy cobalt from areas where child labour is rife and sell it to Congo Dongfang Mining (CDM), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Chinese mineral giant Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Ltd (Huayou Cobalt). (amnesty.org)

Miners working in areas from which CDM buys cobalt face the risk of long-term health damage and a high risk of fatal accidents. (amnesty.org)
Amnesty International researchers also found that the vast majority of miners spend long hours every day working with cobalt without the most basic of protective equipment, such as gloves, work clothes or facemasks to protect them from lung or skin disease. (amnesty.org)
Since then, the government has encouraged artisanal miners to dig for cobalt in areas deemed unsuitable for industrial mining, and it has passed regulations on environmental and safety practices. (theverge.com)
Currently, the majority of the cobalt supply comes from the DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) where, in addition to the large-scale global mining companies, artisanal miners utilise small pockets of land not owned by large-scale miners to produce cobalt. (crugroup.com)
Close to 10-30% of this cobalt comes from artisanal miners, mostly operating illegally. (ases.org)

Glencore reported first-half cobalt production of 14.3 kt, compared with 21.3 kt in H1 2019. (agmetalminer.com)
It says the company "removed" six cobalt refiners from its supply chain in 2019 for being unable to meet Apple's safety standards. (kpax.com)
Aug 01, 2019 · Then an oxide reagent is used to separate the cobalt from the nickel. (ddbojarska.pl)

Cobalt sulfate, also known as cobaltous sulfate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CoSO₄. (globenewswire.com)
This research report aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the cobalt sulfate market, including its current trends, growth factors, challenges, and future prospects. (globenewswire.com)
The global cobalt sulfate market is segmented by application, region, and company. (globenewswire.com)
North America is the largest market for cobalt sulfate, and it is expected to continue to be the largest market during the forecast period. (globenewswire.com)
The growth of the North American market is driven by the increasing demand for cobalt sulfate in the battery industry, particularly for lithium-ion batteries. (globenewswire.com)
The United States is the largest market for cobalt sulfate in North America. (globenewswire.com)
Europe is the second largest market for cobalt sulfate, and it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period. (globenewswire.com)
Germany, France, and the United Kingdom are the largest markets for cobalt sulfate in Europe. (globenewswire.com)
The growth of the Asia Pacific market is driven by the increasing demand for cobalt sulfate in China, India, and Japan. (globenewswire.com)
China is the largest market for cobalt sulfate in Asia Pacific. (globenewswire.com)
The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the cobalt sulfate market, including the market size, growth drivers, challenges, and opportunities. (globenewswire.com)

Ford is adding lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cell chemistry to its portfolio, alongside its existing nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) chemistry. (theautochannel.com)
Both metals are vital for the production of NMC (nickel, manganese, and cobalt) batteries, currently the lithium-ion battery type most commonly used in EVs . (thediplomat.com)
Both sides plan to build a factory for cathode precursor materials made of nickel, cobalt and manganese in South Korea and set up a joint venture. (electrive.com)

On January 10th, 2018, Huayou entered into a contract with POSCO for the Li-ion battery new energy material project, focusing on precursor and cathode material production in Tongxiang. (wikipedia.org)
After ten years of development, Huayou Cobalt has accomplished headquarter layout in Tongxiang, resource guarantee abroad, manufacturing base in China and market layout in the world, formed three business segments including resources, nonferrous metals and new materials and created a new energy lithium battery industrial ecology from development and metallurgy of cobalt and nickel resources, intensive processing of li-ion cathode materials, to resource recycling and reusing. (huayou.com)

Volkswagen Group China signed two Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) with Huayou Cobalt and Tsingshan Group to set up two Joint Ventures (JV) to cover the upstream and downstream of the cathode supply chain in March 21st, 2022. (wikipedia.org)
We embarked on this journey last year, on April 20 2022, when our parent company, Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Company Limited, acquired the PLZ asset and began building one of the world's most sophisticated plants for the processing of hard rock lithium mineral resource," he said. (co.zw)
This chart shows cobalt demand by industry in 2022. (ases.org)
The signing of our cooperation agreement with Huayou on September 13, 2022, adds to another development project we officially announced to the public. (vale.com)

the company is already the world's largest producer of cobalt. (ntu.edu.sg)
Huayou is the world's biggest producer of cobalt, a metal used in EV batteries. (insiderzim.com)
The Chinese company is the world's biggest producer of cobalt, one of the key components in batteries. (insiderzim.com)
Lithium-ion battery producer Zhejian Huayou Cobalt followed in December by purchasing an 87% stake in Zimbabwe's Arcadia Lithium Project for $528m from Australia's Prospect Resources. (co.zw)

In July last year, Huayou Cobalt and the chairman of three listed companies including Hezong Technology and Yiwei Lithium Energy just organized a delegation to Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province for investigation and exchange, and they intend to jointly build the world's largest lithium iron phosphate battery material base. (energy-storage.com.cn)

Quzhou Huayou Cobalt New Material Co Ltd founded on May 30, 2011 with a registered capital of 700 million yuan($101 million) (the registered capital was increased to 1.2 billion yuan in January 2016). (wikipedia.org)
On June 27, 2012, the construction of Huayou's cobalt new material project with an annual capacity of 10,000 tons in Huayou Quzhou commenced. (wikipedia.org)
Huayou New Energy Technology (Quzhou) Co. Ltd. was established on May 16th, 2016. (wikipedia.org)
LGES operates a battery factory in Nanjing, while Huayou Cobalt is in Quzhou. (electrive.com)

South Korean battery cell manufacturer LG Energy Solution (LGES) announced a joint venture with Huayou Recycling, a subsidiary of Huayou Cobalt, to set up two battery recycling plants in China. (electrive.com)
From the end of 2024, battery scrap from the LGES plant in Nanjing and used batteries collected by Huayou Recycling will be delivered to the joint venture company to recover nickel, cobalt and lithium - which will then be brought back to the LGES plant in Nanjing. (electrive.com)

According to the Cobalt Institute and S&P Global, world demand for cobalt will quadruple by 2030, driven by its use in portable electronics and EVs, some of which is taking place to meet growing climate change concerns (see Figure 3). (ases.org)

Major electronics brands, including Apple, Samsung and Sony, are failing to do basic checks to ensure that cobalt mined by child labourers has not been used in their products, said Amnesty International and Afrewatch in a report published today. (amnesty.org)
Amnesty International contacted 16 multinationals who were listed as customers of the battery manufacturers listed as sourcing processed ore from Huayou Cobalt. (amnesty.org)

Huayou, one of the world's biggest companies in the battery metals business, has announced a deal to buy Prospect Resources, which is developing a lithium mine in Zimbabwe. (insiderzim.com)
Jun 05, 2020 · If the nickel content is less than the cobalt content, separation of the two metals prior to reduction is indicates, using the 'Soluble Cobaltic Ammine' method. (ddbojarska.pl)

In 2006, Huayou established its first cobalt mine and smelter in Congo. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, its new Zimbabwean lithium assets dovetail well with ZHC's significant cobalt and copper mining operations in Democratic Republic of Congo. (ntu.edu.sg)
The subsidiary, Congo Dongfang Mining International (CDM), processes cobalt ore and sells it to companies in China and South Korea, where it is used to manufacture lithium-ion batteries for use in smartphones and electric cars. (theverge.com)

183 companies have yet to confirm if they will implement it, including: Southern Copper, Zijn Mining, ArcelorMittal, Grupo Mexico, Saudi Arabian Mining Company, Ganfang Lithium Co, Boashan Iron & Steel Co, China Northern Rare Earth High-Tech Co, POSCO and Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt. (churchofengland.org)

Amnesty International's investigation uses investor documents to show how Huayou Cobalt and its subsidiary CDM process the cobalt before selling it to three battery component manufacturers in China and South Korea. (amnesty.org)
One of the largest mineral processors in the country is Huayou Cobalt subsidiary CDM. (amnesty.org)
The report , released today, lays out how cobalt mined by children as young as seven is sold to a DRC-based subsidiary of Huayou Cobalt, a Chinese company. (theverge.com)

Chinese mining company Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt (ZHC) has announced that it will invest a further US$300m in its Arcadia lithium mine in Zimbabwe. (ntu.edu.sg)
What you need to know about Chinese battery giant Huayou. (insiderzim.com)
The Chinese company Huayou Cobalt is one of the most important suppliers of battery raw materials worldwide. (electrive.com)
Sabrin Chowdhury, Fitch Solutions' mining analyst, says high lithium prices, significant reserves and a strong demand outlook from the battery sector in the coming decade cement a bullish outlook towards Chinese investment into Africa for strategic minerals, including lithium and cobalt. (co.zw)
In the DRC, Chinese companies have gained control of a sizeable share of the country's mining sector, including key cobalt and lithium resources. (co.zw)
The lawsuit targets a pair of mining companies, the British-based firm Glencore and the Chinese company Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, which it says supply cobalt to all the defendants. (kpax.com)

Battery Minerals: Is the Energy Transition Dependent on the DRC's Cobalt? (ases.org)
The DRC's cobalt is critical to achieving the energy transition's pathway of limiting global temperature increase to below 2°C (or at 1.5°C) by 2050. (ases.org)

In the cobalt and copper sectors, the main products are crude cobalt hydroxide and electrolytic copper. (wikipedia.org)

The DRC produces at least 50% of the world's cobalt. (amnesty.org)
The DRC accounts for at least 50 percent of the world's cobalt supply. (theverge.com)

Only one company, Huayou Cobalt, has provided a response. (business-humanrights.org)
Prospect is owned by Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Company Limited. (co.zw)
One company admitted the connection, while four were unable to say for certain whether they were buying cobalt from the DRC or Huayou Cobalt. (amnesty.org)
Five denied sourcing cobalt from via Huayou Cobalt, though they are listed as customers in the company documents of battery manufacturers. (amnesty.org)
Out of seven bidders, the company decides to go with Huayou. (insiderzim.com)
Li Zhongning, Chief of Social Responsibility Office of the Group, was invited to attend the meeting on behalf of the Company, and made a keynote report on the implementation of social responsibility of overseas projects of Huayou Cobalt at the meeting. (huayouholding.com)
Through sharing the case of Huayou's responsible management achievements, he introduced how Huayou respond to the crisis, face up to the difficulties, and finally turn the crisis into an opportunity, which also highlight that Huayou attaches great importance to social responsibility, and has been aiming at improving the sustainable development of the Company and realizing the transparency of the supply chain, so as to promote the implementation of responsible procurement. (huayouholding.com)

Miner Glencore reported its first-half production results , detailing a 33% decline in cobalt production. (agmetalminer.com)

Prospect Lithium Zimbabwe , part of China's Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt , opened a USD 300 million lithium processing plant in Goromonzi, about 80 kilometers southeast of Harare, the country's capital. (thezimbabwemail.com)

According to the report, Huayou will continue to cooperate with the Better Mining program developed by RSG Group. (agmetalminer.com)

Reuters says,'Switching to LFP batteries from current nickel-cobalt chemistries comes with a bet that U.S. and European consumers and commercial fleet buyers will accept a slight cut in driving range between charges in return for a lower priced vehicle. (theautochannel.com)

Throughout its history, Huayou Cobalt has focused on various aspects, including research, development, and manufacturing, with a particular emphasis on new energy Li-ion battery materials and advanced cobalt materials. (wikipedia.org)
At the same time, Huayou Cobalt plans to establish an investment fund in partnership, and the future investment targets of the fund will mainly focus on the fields related to new energy lithium battery materials. (energy-storage.com.cn)
However, in less than a year, Huayou Cobalt announced the termination of the layout of lithium iron phosphate materials. (energy-storage.com.cn)
Huayou chairman Chen Xuehua said the acquisition is part of his company's strategy to build its battery materials arm. (insiderzim.com)
The acquisition of Arcadia complements our existing battery metal mining operations in southern Africa and represents a logical transaction for Huayou as we continue to build a new energy materials business division. (insiderzim.com)

We are strengthening our collaboration again by working with Huayou to build a nickel processing plant with HPAL technology in Sorowako, South Sulawesi. (vale.com)

Cobalt and copper are also key inputs in the manufacturing of batteries. (ntu.edu.sg)
This is increasingly evident in African states that have substantial untapped cobalt, copper, and lithium resources. (ntu.edu.sg)
Jun 01, 2007 · The developed new technique in present work can effectively recover copper, nickel and cobalt from the acidic pressure leaching solutions of Jinbaoshan low-grade sulfide flotation concentrates. (ddbojarska.pl)

The African resource industry group, Indonesian nickel industry group, new material industry group, new energy industry group and recycling industry group constitutes the five major industries of Huayou. (wikipedia.org)

Huayou Cobalt, a leading player in the cobalt industry, recently marked the initiation of its first lithium salt production line in China, signifying the project's transition into the production commissioning phase. (asiatechobserver.com)

These units collectively contribute to various aspects of the industrial ecosystem related to new energy lithium batteries, including cobalt and nickel mineral development, refining processes, Li-ion battery cathode material production, as well as reusing and recycling. (wikipedia.org)
There are real and significant problems in the supply chain of cobalt, a critical battery mineral. (ases.org)

Regarding the reason for the termination, Huayou Cobalt explained that it is to further concentrate advantageous resources, improve the efficiency of capital use, focus on the new energy lithium battery ternary material industry chain, and accelerate the layout of upstream nickel, cobalt and lithium resources, and downstream product development and capacity expansion. (energy-storage.com.cn)

Crucially, none provided enough details to independently verify where the cobalt in their products came from. (amnesty.org)
Amnesty says that none of the companies provided enough information to independently verify the origin of their cobalt supply. (theverge.com)

Insisting on transformation path of "Controlling the Resources Upstream, Developing the Markets Downstream, Enhancing the Capability in the Middle" and the development strategy of "Two New Areas and Three Trends", Huayou Cobalt aims to become the leader of global Li-ion new energy material industry at the same time of maintaining the international leadership in cobalt industry. (huayou.com)

At the meeting, Li Zhongning introduced the fulfillment of social responsibility in overseas projects of Huayou Cobalt and shared the responsible cobalt supply chain due diligence management practice of Huayou. (huayouholding.com)

HPAL entails laterite ore being fed into an autoclave along with sulfuric acid at temperatures up to 270°C and pressures up to 725 psi to separate the nickel and other byproducts (e.g. cobalt) from the ore. (theassay.com)

Huayou consists of an integrated industrial structure made up of resources, smelting and material recycling, and constructed an operation of overseas resources, domestic and global manufacturing. (co.zw)

Around the world, companies engaged in the energy transition seem to be making record profits, while the Congolese workers who are bringing cobalt to global markets are falling further into poverty. (goodelectronics.org)
Li Zhongning said that while Huayou is growing and developing, all kinds of crises and opportunities from the sustainability of global cobalt supply chains have come together. (huayouholding.com)

After decades of development, Huayou Cobalt has established an integrated industrial chain around Li-ion battery material. (wikipedia.org)

Overall, the demand for green mobility is expected to increase the demand of Li-ion cobalt options despite an alternative battery makeup that relies on lithium, iron and phosphate (LFP) currently comprising about 30% of all EVs sold. (ases.org)

Green Minerals and Cobalt: Will There Be Enough for the Transition? (ases.org)
The International Energy Agency's (IEA) recent roadmap for net zero by 2050 highlights supply shortages of these minerals, such as lithium, nickel, cobalt and vanadium, in relation to available demand. (ases.org)
It is not clear that current measures will produce enough of the necessary minerals, including cobalt, in view of the IEA report and others with similar conclusions. (ases.org)

The project will have 120,000tpa of nickel and 15,000tpa of cobalt capacity. (mining-technology.com)

Huayou Holding Group Co., Ltd. (huayouholding.com)

Manufacturers covet cobalt for its use in a variety of high-tech capacities, including lithium-ion batteries. (agmetalminer.com)
Most cell phones, computers, cordless electronics and EVs use Li-ion batteries and often have cobalt in their makeup (see Figure 2). (ases.org)
Cobalt provides batteries with thermal stability, longevity, range and high energy density. (ases.org)
Cobalt is an essential element in the rechargeable lithium batteries that fuel many electronic devices. (kpax.com)

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