• We describe findings from the first large-scale cluster randomized controlled trial in a developing country that evaluates the uptake of a health-protecting technology, insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs), through micro-consumer loans, as compared to free distribution and control conditions. (bse.eu)
  • A decomposition analysis suggests that the huge increase in ownership of insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) played a substantial role, by reducing malaria deaths. (worldbank.org)
  • The majority of human-vector contact occurred indoors in Uganda, ranging from 83 % ( Anopheles funestus sensu lato) to 93 % ( Anopheles gambiae s.l.), which is an important factor for the effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) or indoor residual spraying (IRS). (malariaconsortium.org)
  • In Uganda, 7 % of nets were purchased by households, but the nets were untreated. (malariaconsortium.org)
  • Mosquito nets treated with insecticides-known as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) or bednets-were developed and tested in the 1980s for malaria prevention by P. Carnevale and his team in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. (wikipedia.org)
  • ITNs are estimated to be twice as effective as untreated nets, and offer greater than 70% protection compared with no net. (wikipedia.org)
  • Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are the primary tool for vector control, and optimizing ITN use is a key concern of national programmes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Households in higher wealth quintiles tend to own greater numbers of conical nets, indicating that they have the ability to obtain or purchase these nets on their own, and individuals resident in higher wealth quintile households also use conical nets preferentially. (biomedcentral.com)
  • From about 1980-2005, nets were treated and retreated with treatment kits, making it possible for consumers to purchase their preferred untreated net, and turn it into a treated net. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A recently released study, 'Predictors of Mosquito Net Use in Ghana,' finds that nets purchased through the private sector instead of provided free of charge are more likely to be used by households in malaria-affected areas. (fhi360.org)
  • During the past decade, the malaria control community has been successful in dramatically increasing the number of households that own mosquito nets - particularly insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) - via programmes that made nets available commercially, at subsidized prices, and free of charge to families via mass distributions. (fhi360.org)
  • However, studies show that as many as half of nets owned by households go unused and there are few systematic studies to understand why a family would not use a net already present in the house. (fhi360.org)
  • and if there were support for the commercial market so that those who can afford to purchase a net and want to choose their own nets can do so. (fhi360.org)
  • National malaria vector control programs have mainly been focused on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), which led to a significant reduction across endemic countries [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It might be expected that outdoor feeding would undermine the effectiveness of ITNs that target indoors vectors, but data are limited. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our data therefore do not support the hypothesis that outdoor biting undermines the effectiveness of ITNs in our study area. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The amount spent monthly by a household for vector control and malaria treatment was estimated at 2377 fcfa (3.6 euros) and 4562 fcfa (6.95 euros) respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mortality varies between geographic areas and by a number of other factors including the age and level of education of the mother and household income, with the most deprived, having higher mortality rates. (who.int)
  • One of us (Ritva) used to work on post-conflict Uganda in the 1990s analyzing household survey data on under-5 mortality. (worldbank.org)
  • Postneonatal mortality is much higher in malaria high-risk zones and much lower among households that own an ITN in malaria high-risk zones (both unconditionally and controlling for a wide variety of other factors). (worldbank.org)
  • This collection of facts suggests that ITNs played an important role in the decline of infant mortality in Kenya. (worldbank.org)
  • This conclusion is also compatible with the findings of small-scale experimental and panel studies on the effects of ITNs on malaria prevalence and mortality. (worldbank.org)
  • An improved understanding of transmission that can persist in the context of high coverage of ITNs or IRS, referred to as residual malaria transmission, will be essential to elimination efforts [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ITNs were distributed across Zanzibar through universal coverage campaigns (UCC) in 2012 and 2016 with the goal of achieving one ITN for every two people. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To sustain high coverage, ITNs have also been distributed continuously through health facility and community-based channels beginning in 2014 [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The link between bed net attributes, preferences, and use was investigated using a literature review and review of publicly available, nationally representative household surveys from sub-Saharan Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Programmes that wish to explore the relationship between net attributes, preferences and use rates should include these questions in nationally representative household surveys to be able to capture trends across geographic and socio-economic groups. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ITN ownership skyrocketed in Kenya between 2003 and 2008, going from 8 to 60 percent of households nationally and reaching 75 percent of households in high-risk zones. (worldbank.org)
  • Despite a relatively high price, 52 percent of sample households purchased ITNs, highlighting the role of liquidity constraints in explaining earlier low adoption rates. (bse.eu)
  • The study revealed a high awareness of populations on malaria and ITNs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In three of the four sites, 69-76 % of people with access to ITNs used them. (malariaconsortium.org)
  • The majority of people (81.4%) do self medication - they either buy drugs from the pharmacists, street sellers or they use plants to cure malaria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Any person authorized to do so by the Chief Census Officer may enter any house and interview the members of the household provided that he or she, observes the customs of the people in doing so. (ipums.org)
  • Visit NAP.edu/10766 to get more information about this book, to buy it in print, or to download it as a free PDF. (nationalacademies.org)
  • 2 Comparative price levels of final consumption by private households including indirect taxes. (menelaos-nt.eu)
  • The August 2007 progress report on that grant observed that there was, "Concern with the impact of the switch from chloroquine to ACTs on the program's Phase 2 targets on the Principal Recipient's ability to purchase sufficient drugs to enable it to reach targets and the CCM’s proposal in the Phase 2 request to reduce the program's timeline from 5 to 4 years. (malariamatters.org)
  • Current malaria control strategies in the country consist of the diagnosis and treatment of clinical cases and the promotion of ITNs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To ensure equal treatment and purchasing power parity, this amount is then adjusted through the application of a correction coefficient based on the country in which you have been recruited. (menelaos-nt.eu)
  • This study was designed to assess knowledge, attitude and management of malaria in households living in the cities of Douala and Yaoundé. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A multilevel logistic regression was constructed to assess the odds of a net's use, controlling for background variables and adding random effects variables at the household and cluster level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 6. Your job is to ask questions about everyone who slept in the household on census night (December 4/5 2015) and to record the answers. (ipums.org)
  • An intensive on arrangement underlying antigen-specific immunological cialis flavored (tadalafil) 20 mg where to buy factors secretion and vaccinated pathogenesis and protection https://exhalespa.com/wp-content-old/shop/buy-cialis-flavored-without-a-prescription/ calming needs over understanding, which redecorate undoubtedly benetantrum clinical manlength of existencement. (upb.ro)
  • Mosquito nets treated with insecticides-known as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) or bednets-were developed and tested in the 1980s for malaria prevention by P. Carnevale and his team in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the global resurgence of interest in malaria control about 20 years ago, insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) have been the most widely distributed intervention against malaria and account for a 68% decline in Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ITNs are estimated to be twice as effective as untreated nets, and offer greater than 70% protection compared with no net. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of this paper was to assess standard LLIN indicators by wealth status in Tanzania in 2013, 2 years after the last mass campaign in 2011, and extend the analysis to untreated nets (UTNs) to investigate how households adapt when nets are not continuously distributed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This report summarizes preliminary data from that survey, which determined that 1) 86.1% of surveyed households were in the poorest Kenya socioeconomic quintile and 2) among children aged 6--35 months, 21.5% had experienced an acute respiratory infection and 9.1% had experienced diarrhea in the preceding 24 hours, 28.0% had chronic malnutrition, 66.2% had anemia, and 19.8% had a positive malaria smear. (cdc.gov)
  • To sustain investments and health gains in the fight against malaria, it is important for the National Malaria Control Programme to monitor LLIN coverage especially in the years between mass distributions and to understand what households do if their free nets are deemed unusable. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The use of ITNs in Tanzania has been associated with the reduction of malaria morbidity and mortality, particularly in children under the age of five [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The current study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of at-risk populations for malaria and/or dengue fever in relation to mosquito exposure and household mosquito control practices. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For Mrs Obasola and her household, treating malaria almost became a pass time until she took the advice of a health worker who taught her to sleep inside insecticide-treated mosquito nets, including using other protective mechanisms like wearing long sleeves and covering all water pots and storage tanks to prevent the mosquitoes from breeding in them. (who.int)
  • The programme, named PSI Coverage Plus, was the only major operational ITN distribution initiative between 2002 and 2004 and aimed to target urban and rural retail outlets with Supanet ITNs across all malaria-endemic districts in Kenya. (medscape.com)
  • A new study published in Tropical Medicine and International Health (TMIH) shows that the burden of malaria falls disproportionately on poorer households. (malariamatters.org)
  • report that, "Poorer households bear a greater economic burden from malaria relative to their consumption than better-off households. (malariamatters.org)
  • Households are particularly vulnerable to malaria in the rainy season, when malaria prevalence is highest but liquidity is lower. (malariamatters.org)
  • look at the experience of rural families in an area of epidemic malaria and conclude that, "Malaria poses a significant economic burden on rural households and individuals both through out-of-pocket payment and person-days lost. (malariamatters.org)
  • Malaria Journal reported last year that, "The impacts of malaria on household economic status unfold slowly over time. (malariamatters.org)
  • During March--April 2007, a baseline survey was conducted in enrolled households in all 60 villages to determine the 1) demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics and 2) health behaviors of the two populations. (cdc.gov)
  • A cross-sectional survey was conducted September to October 2013 among 851 households from 9 villages in Ekondo Titi Subdivision using structured questionnaire. (hilarispublisher.com)
  • Between October-December 2013, a household survey was conducted in 3398 households in eight districts in Tanzania. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 86.1% of households were in the poorest Kenya socioeconomic quintile, and 94.8% of respondents were women. (cdc.gov)
  • Households in higher wealth quintiles tend to own greater numbers of conical nets, indicating that they have the ability to obtain or purchase these nets on their own, and individuals resident in higher wealth quintile households also use conical nets preferentially. (dhsprogram.com)
  • A principal component analysis developed by the World Bank was used to categorize the study households into Kenya socioeconomic quintiles ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Alternative strategies to assist households to cope with seasonal liquidity issues, including insurance, should be investigated. (malariamatters.org)
  • Efforts to make LLINs available through commercial markets should be promoted, so those who can afford to buy nets purchase LLINs rather than UTNs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • estimated economic burdens higher than $129.9 million USD each year, with most of the burden at the individual household level (46%, 62%, and 64%) for preventing/controlling mosquitos . (malariamatters.org)
  • reported that almost $85 million USD was the highest household burden (for prevention alone) between 2010 and 2012, while the highest government burden was only $35 million USD (for prevention, awareness campaigns, and control combined). (malariamatters.org)
  • Tchinda reported that only 52% of households possess any net, only 36% own a LLIN, and only 28% of children below 5 years were reported to have slept under a net, with 21% under a LLIN. (hilarispublisher.com)
  • In 2013, less than a quarter of the households had one LLIN for every two people and only half of the population had access to an LLIN. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Following informed consent, household construction characterization (percent eave gap, floor, wall, and roof material) and mosquito collections both indoors (using aspiration) and outside (using traps) were conducted at a subsample of participant homes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Trends also identified household level practices and both occupation and household construction regarding type of mosquito control products purchased and the abundance of mosquitoes in sampled homes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the high-risk strata, all interventions together reached a maximum reduction of 76%, with around 70% of that reduction attributable to high case management and ITNs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A multilevel logistic regression was constructed to assess the odds of a net's use, controlling for background variables and adding random effects variables at the household and cluster level. (dhsprogram.com)
  • Specific objectives included comparison of individual and household level health practices between a rural and urban setting in Thailand. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The objective of introducing the modifications in the schemes is to make the existing schemes more effective and to broaden the ambit of the existing schemes from merely mobilizing gold held by households and institutions in the country to putting this gold into productive use. (simpletaxindia.net)
  • Significant associations between study site and household construction were indicated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The scheme will help in mobilizing the large amount of gold lying as an idle asset with households, trusts and various institutions in India and will provide a fillip to the gems and jewellery sector. (simpletaxindia.net)
  • Households and children were numbered in each village. (cdc.gov)
  • In June 2004, DFID approved an additional US$19 million to PSI to establish a parallel distribution system of heavily subsidised ITNs to children and pregnant women through Maternal and Child Health (MCH) clinics, recognizing that these vulnerable groups might not be able to access socially marketed commercial sector nets. (medscape.com)
  • Programmes that wish to explore the relationship between net attributes, preferences and use rates should include these questions in nationally representative household surveys to be able to capture trends across geographic and socio-economic groups. (dhsprogram.com)
  • Two years after the last mass campaign, the percentage of households or population with access to LLINs was low. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings indicate the average rate at which households in Tanzania lose their nets is higher than the rate at which they acquire new nets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NICHE project field workers tested water stored in households for the presence of water chlorination products. (cdc.gov)
  • Let's examine the differential price on the type of washing machine you're planning to buy. (wishfin.com)
  • Background Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are the primary tool for vector control, and optimizing ITN use is a key concern of national programmes. (dhsprogram.com)
  • Household surveys are widely used to measure the MERG indicators, which determine achievements of universal coverage of LLINs following mass distributions [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The link between bed net attributes, preferences, and use was investigated using a literature review and review of publicly available, nationally representative household surveys from sub-Saharan Africa. (dhsprogram.com)
  • Let's check out the rate variation on some brand/models of the refrigerators that are going to bring a revolution in your purchase price. (wishfin.com)
  • Signs of MVG, Mourão can determine MAA, Siqueira my where To Purchase Albenza Without Prescription diseases are Along with microbial germs then I dipped my that resemble soon as et al. (gudolarte.com)
  • Let's not make low-altitude residents choose between buying expensive sprays or food to eat. (malariamatters.org)