Host defense antimicrobial cationic peptides. Medical search. Frequent questions

Antimicrobial peptides are a distinctive class of potent, broad-spectrum antibiotics produced by the body's innate immune system - the first line of defense against disease-causing microbes. (scienceblog.com)
Professor Shi underscores the importance of antimicrobial peptides in the pitched battle against multi-drug resistant bacteria: "All bacteria treated with conventional antibiotics will develop antibiotic resistance," he says, "but antimicrobial peptides have a unique function. (scienceblog.com)
It is hoped that in the future, naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides may be used as templates for a whole new range of custom-designed therapeutics against pathogens currently resistant to mainline antibiotics. (scienceblog.com)
These positively charged natural antibiotics are often known as CAMPs, for cationic antimicrobial peptides. (scienceblog.com)
Antimicrobial peptides are important as the first line of innate defense, through their tendency to disrupt bacterial membranes or intracellular pathways and potentially as the next generation of antibiotics. (biofron.com)
During bacterial keratitis, bacteria colonise the cornea as biofilm populations which demonstrate an increased resistance to antibiotics and the host immune response. (encyclopedia.pub)
Biofilm bacteria exhibit different phenotypic characteristics from their planktonic counterparts, including an increased resistance to antibiotics and the host immune response. (encyclopedia.pub)
Earlier approaches utilized the systemic administration of antimicrobial agents, antibiotics, and other local application of drugs in order to improve the wound healing of hard-to-heal wounds. (encyclopedia.pub)
The matrix also contributes to the increased resistance to antibiotics and host defenses exhibited by biofilm cells [ 15 ]. (vetres.org)

Therefore, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent potent and efficient candidates for the development of a new drug generation ( Singh and Abraham, 2014 ). (frontiersin.org)
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are a wide-ranging class of defensive molecules part of the innate immune system, acting as the first resistance to foreign invaders. (bodyecology.com)
The first line of defense is to send AMPs, which exist in various organisms. (bodyecology.com)
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an essential component of innate immunity which can rapidly respond to diverse microbial pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite a large number of AMPs have been identified from different insect species, little information in terms of these peptides is available from parasitic insects. (biomedcentral.com)
Most AMPs are cationic polypeptides, usually smaller than 100 amino acids in length, with enormous sequence diversity. (biomedcentral.com)
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of promising antibiotic molecules as they present broad action spectrum, potent activity, and do not easily induce resistance. (frontiersin.org)
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been shown to have various properties and uses in the biological system since their discovery. (imrpress.com)
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are amphipathic and their natural occurrence provides innate immunity via non-specific and effective defensive activity against invading pathogens. (imrpress.com)
Frogs such as Rana temporaria and Litoria aurea secrete numerous closely related antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as an effective chemical dermal defence. (lsbu.ac.uk)
Hence distinguishing apparently similar AMPs according to their behaviour in, and effects on, model membranes will inform understanding of primary-sequence-specific antimicrobial mechanisms. (lsbu.ac.uk)

Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins across cellular life, including vertebrate and invertebrate animals, plants, and fungi. (wikipedia.org)
In general, both α- and β-defensins are encoded by two-exon genes, where the first exon encodes for a hydrophobic leader sequence (removed after translation) and the cysteine-rich sequence (the mature peptide). (wikipedia.org)
Plant defensins were discovered in 1990 and have subsequently been found in most plant tissues with antimicrobial activities, with both antifungal and antibacterial examples. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to the defensins involved in host defence, there are a number of related Defensin-Like Peptides (DLPs) that have evolved to have other activities. (wikipedia.org)
Some antimicrobial defensins also have enzyme inhibitory activity, and some DLPs function primarily as enzyme inhibitors, acting as antifeedants (discouraging animals from eating them). (wikipedia.org)
Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides that are important in the immunologic response to invading microorganisms. (nih.gov)
Defensins, which belongs to the host defense peptide, are defensive molecule for early defense response of mammalian mucosal immunity, and are important components of the innate immune system. (rotabio.cn)
Defensins, as a natural broad-spectrum antimicrobial substance, have obvious bactericidal effects on most microorganisms in vitro and vivo experiments. (rotabio.cn)

What is the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial peptides? (dermnetnz.org)

Bioactive small molecules isolated from animals, plants, fungi and bacteria, including natural antimicrobial peptides, have shown great therapeutic potential worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
Cathelicidins are short, cationic, and amphipathic molecules. (frontiersin.org)
In response to septic injury, these pathways mediate rapid transcriptional activation of distinct sets of effector molecules, including antimicrobial peptides, which are important components of a humoral defense response. (cnrs.fr)
At present, there has been an increase of interest in these molecules as potential new antimicrobials (Bax et al. (springeropen.com)
Prevalence and progression of infection by P. aeruginosa in the host is dependent on secretion of numerous extracellular molecules such as polysaccharides, proteases, eDNA, pyocyanin and pyoverdine. (intechopen.com)
In this chapter, we have outlined the roles of various extracellular molecules secreted by P. aeruginosa and specifically focused on the role of pyocyanin in inducing eDNA production, binding to eDNA via intercalation and facilitating biofilm promoting factors, whilst inducing oxidative stress to host cells via production of reactive oxygen species. (intechopen.com)
Specialized gastrointestinal epithelial cells secrete large amounts of mucin glycoproteins and antimicrobial molecules that, together, form the mucus barrier to infection. (nature.com)
Antimicrobial molecules are produced throughout the gastrointestinal tract but particularly by the specialized Paneth cells in the small intestine. (nature.com)

The human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL37 is an amphipathic cationic peptide (1). (bodyecology.com)
Cleavage-dependent appearance of the C-terminal cationic amphipathic α-helix is inducible within hours by Staphylococcus epidermidis and slowly by another mechanism, in a chymotrypsin- or leupeptin protease-inhibitable manner. (biofron.com)
Consequently, while the secondary amphipathic, α-helix conformation is a key determinant of the ability of a cationic AMP to penetrate and disrupt the bacterial plasma membrane, the exact mechanism, potency and spectrum of activity is determined by precise structural and dynamic contributions from specific residues in each AMP sequence. (lsbu.ac.uk)

Characteristic disulphide linkages The name 'defensin' was coined in the mid-1980s, though the proteins have been called 'Cationic Antimicrobial Proteins,' 'Neutrophil peptides,' 'Gamma thionins' amongst others. (wikipedia.org)
While the exact mechanism is not clear, oxidative stress on outer membrane proteins is thought to damage/perturb cell membranes, confirmed by ATP and LDH leakage, allowing antimicrobials to penetrate the bacterial cell more effectively, thus increasing bacterial susceptibility. (get-answers-fast.com)
Elucidating the actual multifunctional role regarding ASFV healthy proteins throughout virus-host relationships can provide much more brand new insights for the first virus realizing, wholesale, along with mobile or portable homeostasis, along with contribute to understanding virus-like pathogenesis and also creating fresh antiviral therapeutics.In Veterinarian Forensic Remedies, determination of the degree of canine battling is an essential component for that prosecution regarding criminals involving canine misuse. (azd2171inhibitor.com)
A fluid occurring in minute amounts in the gingival crevice, believed by some authorities to be an inflammatory exudate and by others to cleanse material from the crevice, containing sticky plasma proteins which improve adhesions of the epithelial attachment, have antimicrobial properties, and exert antibody activity. (lookformedical.com)

They are host defense peptides, with members displaying either direct antimicrobial activity, immune signaling activities, or both. (wikipedia.org)
Small molecule HDP mimetics have been developed that display both direct antimicrobial activity and activate MCs via MRGPRX2. (irosacea.org)

Shield Bact Peptide Shield Bact Peptide is a Cationic Host Defense Hexapeptide (CHDPs) with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity to mimic and enhance the natural antimicrobial properties of the skin. (careforskin.eu)
Therefore, active, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents have been dis- we generated recombinant influenza (A/WSN/33) viruses covered since quinolones. (cdc.gov)
Innate immunity is an important defense system in fish species, dealing with a broad spectrum of pathogens. (e-fas.org)
No truly new classes of orally active, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents have been discovered since quinolones. (cdc.gov)

Given this problem, the development of new antimicrobial drugs is of great importance ( Koo and Seo, 2019 ). (frontiersin.org)
ABSTRACTEradication of established biofilm communities of pathogenic Gram-negative species is one of the pending challenges for the development of new antimicrobial agents. (ox.ac.uk)

Among these peptides, snake venom cathelicidins are being widely exploited, because the variation in the composition of the venom reflects a range of biological activities that may be of biotechnological interest. (frontiersin.org)

We describe here an engineered antimicrobial peptide (AMP) which combines bactericidal activity with a high bacterial cell agglutination and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affinity. (ox.ac.uk)
The ECP and its derived peptide are unique in combining high bactericidal potency and cell agglutination activity, achieving effective biofilm eradication at a low micromolar range. (ox.ac.uk)
Shiled Bact Peptide has rapid bactericidal activity and leaves a very low propensity for resistance development. (careforskin.eu)
The bactericidal properties of antimicrobial peptides were first discovered when researchers sought to determine how frogs could live healthy lives in bacteria-rich ponds, seemingly immune to infection. (scienceblog.com)
Using the two-component system described in the new study, they are able to remove antimicrobial peptides, blocking their bactericidal effect. (scienceblog.com)

These peptides interact with bacteria by neutralizing them. (bodyecology.com)
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In order to dissect the relative importance of humoral and cellular defenses after septic injury with three different gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus), we used latex bead pre-injection to ablate macrophage function in flies wildtype or mutant for various Toll and imd pathway components. (cnrs.fr)
Antimicrobial Peptide is actually a group name of polypeptide, which can kill bacteria, fungus or virus and ect. (rotabio.cn)
2007 ]) . Staphylococcus aureus, a major pathogen of mastitis has good in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility, but the therapy used to treat the affected animals is often disappointing and results in chronic infections due to the growth of bacteria as biofilms (Melchior et al. (springeropen.com)
A/Swine/Iowa/30 were protected against death and major a new drug that kills bacteria without disturbing the human weight loss and had undetectable virus in respiratory tis- host. (cdc.gov)
In a new study, Yixin Shi and Wei Kong, researchers in the Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology at Arizona State University's Biodesign Institute, explore the clever techniques used by bacteria to survive destruction from antimicrobial peptides - potent defense factors produced by all living forms, including humans. (scienceblog.com)
The researchers describe one strategy bacteria have evolved to try to shield themselves from the effects of antimicrobial peptides, allowing the pathogens to survive efforts to eradicate them. (scienceblog.com)
The study's findings suggest that if this two-component system could be disabled, disease-causing bacteria would fall victim to the lethal effects of antimicrobial peptides. (scienceblog.com)
As it happens, a frog's skin is covered with antimicrobial peptides, which lyse the bacteria they come in contact with, thereby protecting these animals. (scienceblog.com)
While Shi studies the ways bacteria fortify themselves against antimicrobial peptides, professor Kong explores how the bacterial resistance system may be weakened, allowing the antimicrobial peptide to function better. (scienceblog.com)
However, gram-negative bacteria are resistant to cationic antimicrobial peptides, as their peptidoglycan layer is less vulnerable to hydrolysis by lysozymes ( Hancock & Scott, 2000 ). (e-fas.org)
Although many existing antimicrobial agents act against the ribosome, the NRIs exploit a new mechanism of action that bacteria do not recognize. (cdc.gov)
Because bacterial populations are not familiar with the NRIs, no preexisting resistance mechanisms exist in bacteria, and NRIs have consistent antimicrobial activity even against multiple drug-resistant strains. (cdc.gov)

PEGylation enhances the antibacterial and therapeutic potential of amphibian host defence peptides. (lsbu.ac.uk)

They play an important role in host defense against microbial infections. (frontiersin.org)
We propose that harnessing MRGPRX2's host defense function by small molecule HDP mimetics may provide a novel approach for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant cutaneous infections. (irosacea.org)
IL-10, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26 are critical for the regulation of host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. (ijbs.com)
The main goal of this project was the development of a novel immunotherapeutic approach based on bioactive liposome in combination with Met aimed to enhance antimicrobial innate immune response, while simultaneously improve airway surface hydration and mitigate inflammation to control multidrug resistant infections in CF. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results show that bioactive liposome and metformin-based strategy could represent a promising host-directed therapeutic option for the control of drug resistant bacterial infections and for the reduction of the inflammation-based pathology in CF. (biomedcentral.com)
We focus on the significance of this protein in host defense against severe infections including infections of the eye and in various inflammatory mediated diseases such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. (ouhsc.edu)
6. Griffith G L, Kasus-Jacobi A, Pereira A . Bioactive Antimicrobial Peptides as Therapeutics for Corneal Wounds and Infections. (ouhsc.edu)

Pyocyanin is a potent virulence factor causing host cell death in CF patients. (intechopen.com)

The team conducted a comprehensive series of biologic and biochemical experiments to discover and characterize the new class, as recently reported in the journal, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. (cdc.gov)

The disulfide linkages formed by the cysteines have been suggested to be essential for activities related to innate immunity in mammals, but are not necessarily required for antimicrobial activity. (wikipedia.org)
They can eliminate pathogenic microbes, modulate host immune responses, and promote wound healing, playing a crucial role in innate and adaptive immunity. (bodyecology.com)
The present study established the N. vitripennis peptidome associated with antimicrobial immunity by using a combined computational and experimental strategy. (biomedcentral.com)
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results underscore the fundamental importance of both cellular and humoral mechanisms in Drosophila immunity and shed light on the balance between these two arms of host defense depending on the invading pathogen. (cnrs.fr)
Knowledge about the new players in tuberculosis immunology, namely IL-10 family, can inform novel immunity-based countermeasures and host directed therapies against tuberculosis. (ijbs.com)

Transcriptional and post-transcriptional - the control of gene expression at the RNA level - processing regulates expression of human cathelicidin peptides, such as the active form LL37 released from neutrophils (2). (bodyecology.com)
Circulating immune cells , particularly neutrophils , also produce antimicrobial peptides. (dermnetnz.org)
classification of E. coli mastitis, lifespan of neutrophils, host factors that influence severity, tissue damage and production loss. (123dok.net)

Abiotic models of biofilm formation (where biofilms are studied on non-living surfaces) currently dominate the literature, but these models do not allow host-pathogen interactions to be studied, making them unsuitable for many elements of infection research. (encyclopedia.pub)

However, it is less clear to what extent macrophage-like hemocytes contribute to host defense. (cnrs.fr)

The primary structures of host-defense peptides present in frog skin secretions constitute useful molecular markers for establishing taxonomic classifications and investigating phylogenetic relationships between species within a particular genus. (ulster.ac.uk)
Understanding the molecular elements of antimicrobial peptides might lead to a better understanding of inflammatory skin disease and new treatments. (dermnetnz.org)
Together, this study expands the existing library of jasmintides and furthers our understanding of the molecular diversity and cystine framework of CRPs as scaffolds and tools for engineering peptides targeting pests. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, our laboratory has focused on this superfamily of metabolically stable plant-derived peptides, particularly CRPs with molecular weights of 2 to 6 kDa. (biomedcentral.com)
His current research interests focus on the identification of new antimicrobial therapies and unravel the molecular mechanism underlying the transcripcional regulation of bacterial ribonucleotide reductase genes. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

At all concentrations of antimicrobial used, the combination of sub-lethal CAP exposure and antimicrobials was effective at increasing time-to-peak metabolism, as measured by isothermal microcalorimetry, again indicating enhanced susceptibility. (get-answers-fast.com)
Transcriptomic analysis provides valuable insights into the mechanisms by which P. aeruginosa biofilms exhibits enhanced susceptibility to antimicrobials. (get-answers-fast.com)

The prokaryotic or eukaryotic microorganisms' phospholipid/protein domain interacts with the cationic, amphiphilic, nonantibiotic drug. (medscape.com)
The mutually beneficial relationship between the commensal microorganisms and the host is a delicate balance that is maintained by appropriate host barrier function and by specific adaptations of the microorganisms. (nature.com)

Inducible expression pattern of seven N. vitripennis AMP genes were verified, and two representative peptides were synthesized and functionally identified to be antibacterial. (biomedcentral.com)
In comparison with Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera) and several non-Hymenopteran model insects, N. vitripennis has evolved a complex antimicrobial immune system with more genes and larger protein precursors. (biomedcentral.com)
Are highly conserved (ie, antimicrobial peptide genes are found in multiple animal and plant species through geological time). (dermnetnz.org)
The genome encodes a hydrolase that could breakdown salicylic acid, a plant defense signaling molecule, and genes to interconvert a variety of isoprenoids, including the plant hormone zeatin. (biomedcentral.com)

Jasmintides jS1 and jS2 from Jasminum sambac were previously identified as a novel family of cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) with an unusual disulfide connectivity. (biomedcentral.com)

they act via a completely different mechanism to their antimicrobial relatives, from binding directly to ion channels to disrupting nerve signals. (wikipedia.org)

14. Host defense peptides for treatment of colorectal carcinoma - a comparative in vitro and in vivo analysis. (nih.gov)
Moreover, Metformin (Met) has been recently reported to augment airway surface hydration, in in vitro models of CF, and to enhance antimicrobial innate immune response and to reduce inflammation in in vivo models of tuberculosis. (biomedcentral.com)

By evading host defence mechanisms and persisting, it is ultimately responsible for the morbidity and mortality of about 80% of CF patients worldwide. (intechopen.com)

The potential of sub-lethal CAP exposures to synergise conventional antimicrobials for the eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms is investigated in this study. (get-answers-fast.com)

RP-27), a proline-arginine-rich peptide first isolated from skin secretions of the Mexican burrowing toad Rhinophrynus dorsalis (Rhinophrynidae). (uaeu.ac.ae)
Peptidomic analysis has led to the characterization of multiple host-defense peptides in norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of three species of frogs from the family Ranidae: Lithobates forreri (Boulenger, 1883), Hylarana luctuosa (Peters, 1871), and Hylarana signata (Günther, 1872). (ulster.ac.uk)

The application of nanoparticles, combined therapy (conjugate formations), plant extracts, algal metabolites, and antimicrobial peptides are some of the common alternatives. (imrpress.com)

In both water and 50% trifluoroethanol-water, the peptide adopts a polyproline type II helical conformation with a high degree of deviation from the canonical collagen-like folding and a pronounced bend in the molecule at the Glu 13 residue. (uaeu.ac.ae)
We consider the tested peptide as a good starting molecule for novel synthetic derivatives with improved pharmaceutical potential. (springeropen.com)

The antimicrobial protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. (nih.gov)
The RN3(5-17P22-36) peptide is a 30-mer derived from the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), a host defense RNase secreted by eosinophils upon infection, with a wide spectrum of antipathogen activity. (ox.ac.uk)
On the other hand, the peptide encompasses both the LPS-binding and aggregation-prone regions from the parental protein, which provide the appropriate structural features for the peptide's attachment to the bacterial exopolysaccharide layer and further improved removal of established biofilms. (ox.ac.uk)
The production of ppGpp and polyphosphate may be associated with protein synthesis inhibition and increase efflux pump activity, factors which can result in antimicrobial tolerance. (get-answers-fast.com)
This evaluate is organized all around general styles which includes indigenous defenses, endoplasmic reticulum anxiety, mobile or portable apoptosis, ubiquitination, autophagy in connection with complicated partnership involving ASFV protein-host. (azd2171inhibitor.com)
For example, higher concentrations of the antimicrobial peptide, psoriasin (also known as S100 calcium-binding protein A7 or S100A7), are found on the hands, feet, armpits, and scalp. (dermnetnz.org)
7. Kasus-Jacobi A, Griffith G L, Lerner M, Pereira A . Effect of Cationic Antimicrobial Protein CAP37 on Cytokine Profile during Corneal Wound Healing. (ouhsc.edu)

Antibiotic resistance in CF calls for the development of new antimicrobials. (biomedcentral.com)

In a recent study, the antimicrobial activity of a 5-kDa peptide fraction from coelomocyte cytosol (5-CC) of the Paracentrotus lividus, the sea-urchin from Mediterranean sea , was demonstrated in relation to a group of important human pathogens. (springeropen.com)
Perhaps the most significant barriers to such an approach are the clever strategies used by bacterial pathogens to outmaneuver antimicrobial peptides and fight another day. (scienceblog.com)
This two-component system - labeled CpxR/CpxA - is thought to be a very ancient adaptation, possibly used to thwart early antimicrobial peptides, which are believed to have arisen since these pathogens first developed an ability to invade their hosts. (scienceblog.com)

After fusing with the invasive bacteria's membrane, antimicrobial peptides cause membrane leakage, leading to cell destruction, or lysis. (scienceblog.com)
Antimicrobial peptides target bacterial cells by exploiting a characteristic of their membrane physiology. (scienceblog.com)

The innate immune system is a rapid defense system, protecting the body against antigens immediately (or within hours) of their arrival. (bodyecology.com)

Peptidylarginine Deiminases Present in the Airways During Tobacco Smoking and Inflammation can Citrullinate the Host Defense Peptide LL-37 Resulting in Altered Activities. (lu.se)
Studies have found that when animals are infected or attacked by pathogenic microorganism, the corresponding secretion of antimicrobial peptides in the body will increase sharply (100-1000 times) to fight inflammation. (rotabio.cn)

In this study, the chemically synthesized Paracentrin 1, was tested for its antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties against reference strains of Gram positive and Gram negative. (springeropen.com)
The antigenic analysis demon- tent antimicrobial activity even against multiple drug- strated that the 1918 recombinant viruses most closely resistant strains. (cdc.gov)
Its host range was limited to only two L. garvieae strains out of 73 tested. (biofron.com)

The findings of this study collectively suggest the potential roles of AcLysC and AcLysG-like in host immune defense. (e-fas.org)

The chronicity of tuberculosis mirrors the complex interaction between the pathogen and the host [ 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
Corneal infection models are tools which can be used to study host-pathogen interactions at the corneal surface. (encyclopedia.pub)

As Kong explains, "the antimicrobial peptide then acts like a needle to pierce the bacterial cell. (scienceblog.com)

Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. (bvsalud.org)
Cladistic analysis based upon the primary structures of 44 ranatuerin-2 peptides from 20 Lithobates species indicates a close phylogenetic relationship between L. forreri, Lithobates onca, and Lithobates yavapaiensis. (ulster.ac.uk)
A similar cladistic analysis based upon the primary structures of 27 brevinin-2 peptides from 8 Hylarana species provides support for a close phylogenetic relationship between H. signata and Hylarana picturata, while showing that the species are not conspecific, with H. luctuosa more distantly related. (ulster.ac.uk)

The only human cathelicidin is LL-37 and is also known as cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide 18 kDa or CAP-18. (dermnetnz.org)
The cathelicidin LL-37 is usually broken down into small peptides with more antimicrobial and less inflammatory effects. (dermnetnz.org)

Chemicals and Drugs11

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Antibiotics9

AMPs11

Defensins8

Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides1

Molecules8

Amphipathic3

Proteins4

Direct antimicrobial activity2

Broad spectrum4

Development of new antimicrobial2

Cathelicidins1

Bactericidal5

Bacteria13

Therapeutic potential1

Infections7

Potent1

Agents and Chemotherapy1

Immunity5

Neutrophils3

Biofilm1

Contribute to host defense1

Molecular5

Susceptibility2

Microorganisms2

Genes4

Disulfide1

Mechanism1

Vitro2

Defence1

Pseudomonas1

Skin secretions2

Metabolites1

Molecule2

Protein7

Antibiotic Resistance1

Pathogens3

Membrane2

Innate immune1

Inflammation2

Strains3

Immune defense1

Pathogen2

Bacterial cell1

Species3

Cathelicidin2