RecurrentInflammationUpper airway obstCOPDDiseaseCoughLaminitisManagement of airwayTreat airwayAllergensFoalsMucousLungSevereEpithelialNasal dischargeLower airwaysPPIDImprovesDustAirflowAllergicSymptomsNostrilsLameness in horsesBronchodilatorsBreedsInfectionEquine asthmaExercise intoleranceDisordersPeriodsDifficultyMedicationsHumansResuscitationOlder horsesVeterinaryStablePrimarilyExposureTravellingRespiratory problemsOxygenSmallClinicalMinimalBacterial
Recurrent29
- Changes in plasma cortisol and ascorbic acid in horses with and without recurrent airway obstruction upon exercise and ascorbic acid supplementation. (aber.ac.uk)
- In horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), plasma concentrations of cortisol at rest are not significantly different from those of healthy horses, but the effect of exercise on endogenous cortisol concentrations has not been described. (aber.ac.uk)
- Gweld gwybodaeth am bynciau ymchwil 'Changes in plasma cortisol and ascorbic acid in horses with and without recurrent airway obstruction upon exercise and ascorbic acid supplementation. (aber.ac.uk)
- Objective -To evaluate effects of sedation on stability of resistance of the respiratory system (RRS) and measures of resting energy expenditure (REE) by use of open-flow indirect calorimetry (IC) and treatment with aerosolized albuterol on REE in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). (avma.org)
- HEAVES AN INFOGRAPHIC BROUGHT TO YOU BY the HORSE HEAVES, aka recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), is a chronic respiratory problem similar to asthma in humans. (visual.ly)
- Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is a chronic respiratory problem similar to asthma in humans. (visual.ly)
- Recurrent Airway Obstruction, RAO, är en icke infektiös luftvägssjukdom hos häst. (slu.se)
- RAO, Recurrent airway obstruction, is a non-infectious airway disease of horses. (slu.se)
- Heaves" is a chronic lung condition also known as Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO). (nasc.cc)
- The condition is also known as heaves, recurrent airway obstruction, broken wind, emphysema, chronic bronchitis or small airway disease. (recoveryeq.com)
- Learn the causes, symptoms, and management options for horses with heaves (recurrent airway obstruction. (horseillustrated.com)
- Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO, also known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [COPD] or heaves) is a condition common in older horses that is typically triggered by an allergy to organic dust found in hay. (1800petmeds.com)
- Combats performance limiting conditions like Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO), Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD), allergies, hives and dermatitis. (arenus.com)
- Often called "heaves," recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is the result of an allergic reaction to inhaled particles. (horseillustrated.com)
- Heaves (RAO - recurrent airway obstruction) primarily affects horses 9 years and older. (thepetwiki.com)
- Sixty-four horses were classified as free of respiratory disease, recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), inflammatory airway disease (IAD) or chronic interstitial pneumopathy (CIP) using a scoring system. (biomedcentral.com)
- Equine RAO (recurrent airway obstruction) is known for parallels to human asthma (respiratory hypersensitivity, good response to bronchodilators and glucocorticoids) as well as COPD (airway neutrophilia, epithelial metaplasia and hypersecretion into the lower airways), resembling what is called "wheezy bronchitis" in men [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Knowing your horse's respiration rate is especially helpful for some of the inflammatory airway diseases , such as heaves, now also known as recurrent airway obstruction or asthma. (practicalhorsemanmag.com)
- Respiratory conditions such as recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) can be very damaging to a horse's performance career, with the respiratory system proving to be the most limiting factor in a racehorse. (haygain.ca)
- Horses and ponies diagnosed with RAO (Recurrent Airway Obstruction), formerly known as COPD, heaves or dust allergy are highly susceptible to the effects of inhaling allergens from their environment. (parksidevets.com)
- The medications for a Recurrent Airway Obstruction initially may be required to treat the inflammation in the lungs and to relieve symptoms such as coughing, wheezing and nasal discharge. (parksidevets.com)
- Most horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction are sensitive to inhaled allergens inside the stable. (parksidevets.com)
- The best place for horse or pony with Recurrent Airway Obstruction is outside! (parksidevets.com)
- These diseases, including cystic fibrosis,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),asthma, and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), are characterized by reduced mucous hydration and clogging of airways or the intestinal tract with highly viscous mucus. (fu-berlin.de)
- Allergic airway disease is also referred to as heaves, recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), and inflammatory airway disease (IAD), among others. (wardanimalhospital.com)
- Historically there were several known types of respiratory disease in horses such as RAO (recurrent Airway Obstruction), Heaves, COPD and Inflammatory Airway Disease(IAD) which are now known under the umbrella term 'Equine Asthma' which is graded into three categories, Mild, Moderate & Severe. (breatheazy.co.uk)
- In the past it was called heaves, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD, and recurrent airway obstruction or RAO. (vin.com)
- I would recommend this product to anyone with a horse suffering from recurrent airway obstruction. (flexineb.com)
- In an Adult Horse With Severe Asthma (Previously Recurrent Airway Obstruction) Does Using Inhaled Corticosteroids Result in an Equal Improvement in Clinical Signs When Compared to Systemic Corticosteroids? (veterinaryevidence.org)
Inflammation11
- The disease is characterized by periods of reversible obstruction and inflammation of the small airways caused by bronchospasm and accumulation of mucus and neutrophils in the airways. (slu.se)
- The immunological background of the disease is still ambiguous and both innate and acquired immunity have been implicated as contributing to airway inflammation. (slu.se)
- The analysis can be used to more accurately measure the expression of TLR-4 mRNA in equine samples and thereby enhance the ability to evaluate contribution of the innate immunity to triggering airway inflammation in horses with RAO. (slu.se)
- Minute dust and fungal spores, particularly Micropolyspora faeni and Aspergillus fumigatus , enter the airways when the horse eats, causing irritation to the lungs and inflammation and narrowing of the airways. (recoveryeq.com)
- They suppress inflammation, providing your horse with fairly quick relief. (recoveryeq.com)
- A chronic allergic respiratory disease triggered by exposure to straw and/or hay, resulting in airway inflammation, mucus production and bronchoconstriction. (horseillustrated.com)
- If your horse has lingering respiratory issues, particularly if no fever is present, they may be experiencing airway inflammation that may be exacerbated by dust in their environment. (1800petmeds.com)
- This effective combo addresses inflammation and immune responses for horses with a range of respiratory issues. (arenus.com)
- Heaves is an inflammation or hypersensitivity that horses will develop later in life, so if you notice an increased respiration rate as your horse starts to get older, that's the first indication that he may be developing heaves. (practicalhorsemanmag.com)
- Will Flexineb® help chronic airway inflammation and/or Equine Asthma? (breatheazy.co.uk)
- Flexineb® has the ability to deliver a wide range of medications commonly used to treat airway inflammation & equine asthma. (breatheazy.co.uk)
Upper airway obst3
- Displacement of the soft palate is a major problem in race horses, and up to 40% encounter this, which causes upper airway obstruction and poor performance. (equineperformance.com.au)
- In essence, this is an upper airway obstruction. (vin.com)
- Permanent tracheal stomas were created in seven sedated, standing horses with severe upper airway obstruction. (tamu.edu)
COPD10
- COPD is common in countries with cold climates, where horses are kept in barns for prolonged periods of time and where hay is often mouldy. (recoveryeq.com)
- COPD is most often seen in mature horses (usually seven and older) that are stabled during the winter months. (recoveryeq.com)
- What are the signs of COPD in horses? (recoveryeq.com)
- Horses with COPD will often "heave" to expel air out of the lungs towards the end of exhaling. (recoveryeq.com)
- Sometimes, a horse with COPD may have a mucopurulent nasal discharge (composed of mucus and inflammatory cells), particularly following exercise. (recoveryeq.com)
- The abdominal muscles of horses with COPD may enlarge and form "heave lines. (recoveryeq.com)
- Is my horse at risk for COPD? (recoveryeq.com)
- Horses that are more at risk for COPD spend their winters stabled, and feed on hay. (recoveryeq.com)
- The antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E can also be helpful for horses suffering from COPD to help combat free radical damage produced during the stress response and to promote tissue repair. (recoveryeq.com)
- Regardless, if you have heard of heaves or COPD in horses, then asthma is the same condition. (vin.com)
Disease20
- Inflammatory airway disease or IAD is very common in younger horses, affecting 22%-50% of athletic horses. (1800petmeds.com)
- Earlier equines also didn't have the benefit of improved nutrition and advances in veterinary medicine-including parasite control and expanded protection from disease via vaccination-that horses enjoy today. (horseillustrated.com)
- Also known as Cushing's disease , pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a chronic, progressive disease of the endocrine system that is more common in older horses. (horseillustrated.com)
- To be able to perform at their very best, horses need to be in an environment that has clean fresh air and is free from disease pathogens. (teagasc.ie)
- Asthma/ Inflammatory airway disease is a chronic disease that develops as a result of constant irritation and immune responses to contact irritants and airborne allergens. (teagasc.ie)
- The lower airway becomes inflamed causing the disease. (thepetwiki.com)
- Ventipulmin Granules are widely used for the treatment of respiratory disease in horses where an obstruction of the airway due to bronchospasms and/or mucus accumulation is a contributing factor. (vetuk.co.uk)
- An elevated respiration can indicate that your horse is stressed, in pain or suffering from a respiratory disease. (practicalhorsemanmag.com)
- Later in the disease process, horses will start to cough but if you can help diagnose it early by noticing the increased respiration in your horse, your veterinarian can treat the disease and mitigate its effects. (practicalhorsemanmag.com)
- Historically, the treatment options for respiratory disease, includes systemic administration of drugs using injections or the oral route, however administration via inhalation through horse nebuliser masks and inhalers are now considered to be a viable alternative way to treat respiratory disorders (including breathing, airway, or lung problems). (breatheazy.co.uk)
- Respiratory disease and allergies vary in severity across the equine species - no two horses are the same and neither are their respiratory problems. (breatheazy.co.uk)
- Horses with mild asthma might just have decreased performance, while those with moderate disease may cough and have other respiratory signs that could be misdiagnosed as an infection. (vin.com)
- The researchers have identified three different biomarkers and found that the presence of these biomarkers effectively can determine all horses without the disease, but only can determine 57% of those that actually have it. (vin.com)
- Still, ruling out 100% of the horses that do not have the disease is important in the diagnosis as the veterinarian at least knows the problem is not asthma. (vin.com)
- Treating for asthma can cause increased disease if the horse has an infection, not asthma. (vin.com)
- I acquired my beloved pony Robin in 2009 because his airway disease had become difficult to deal with. (flexineb.com)
- Both are widespread in horse populations worldwide and are a major cause of respiratory disease. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Outbreaks of respiratory disease occur annually among foals in areas with concentrated horse populations. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Infected horses may also develop bacterial infections that cause nasal discharge and lung disease. (merckvetmanual.com)
- If nervous system disease develops, signs may vary from mild incoordination to paralysis of the hind end (forcing the horse to be unable to rise or stand), loss of bladder and tail function, and loss of sensation to the skin around the rectal, genital, and groin areas. (merckvetmanual.com)
Cough6
- Initial symptoms include a nagging cough and runny nose, but as the condition progresses the horse has a harder and harder time breathing. (nasc.cc)
- The horse may cough and have some watery nasal discharge but will otherwise seem healthy. (1800petmeds.com)
- Examples of contact irritants are ammonia or dust particles that physically 'hit' the airway, create clogs and need to be cleared with a snort or cough. (teagasc.ie)
- If infection overwhelms the immune system the horse may become lethargic, reduced/no appetite, feverish, have a nasal discharge and/or cough. (teagasc.ie)
- Dr. Stacey Oke indicates in The Horse magazine that symptoms of asthma in horses can be mild or severe, like asthma in people, and severe symptoms in horses involve an increased respiratory rate and rhythm at rest plus a cough. (vin.com)
- Initially many of those horses don't cough at all or just a little, but carry already solid mucus/phlegm deep in their lungs. (flexineb.com)
Laminitis4
- Laminitis occurs frequently in PPID horses, and blood tests may also show elevated glucose levels. (horseillustrated.com)
- Because PPID predisposes a horse to laminitis, you don't want to ignore symptoms. (horseillustrated.com)
- This value is not printed on the feed label-you'll generally have to call the feed company to obtain the number," says Lisa Kivett, DVM, MS, DACVIM, whose Foundation Equine Clinic is based in Southern Pines, N.C. "If your horse has PPID, equine metabolic syndrome, or has had laminitis in the past, lower NSC is better. (horseillustrated.com)
- In Horses With Chronic Laminitis, Do Venograms Compared to Plain Radiographs Give Greater Diagnostic or Prognostic Information? (veterinaryevidence.org)
Management of airway2
- Fujioka M, Shinohara received a drug that suppressed their own need to take three management of airway obstruction in horses Robinson (2000) Daubert et al (2007) Kamalakkannan et al (2008). (zapthink.com)
- An exhaustive review of the management of airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs) in childhood trauma resuscitation is beyond the scope of this article. (medscape.com)
Treat airway1
- Although its liquid form has been approved to treat airway obstruction in the case of horses. (healthworkscollective.com)
Allergens4
- Horses that suffer from the condition are usually allergic to mould particles in hay dust, although other allergens such as pollens, chemicals, microbes and substances found in foods, medications and the environment can also trigger the condition. (recoveryeq.com)
- Corticosteroids and bronchodilators are the drugs of choice for managing chronic airway conditions like RAO, but environmental management is crucial in order to improve the air quality where the horse is stabled and to reduce exposure to allergens. (horseillustrated.com)
- There are three categories of airborne irritants that adversely affect horses: contact irritants, airborne allergens and infectious agents all of which can prevail in poorly ventilated environments. (teagasc.ie)
- Make sure your horse is not in the stable when mucking out him or his neighbour as moving around bedding causes a surge in the number of allergens in the air. (parksidevets.com)
Foals3
- Floor level air quality is particularly important for foals or when horses eat at ground level and spend time lying down. (teagasc.ie)
- Foals and other bigger farm animals have larger airways than us. (cprcertified.com)
- Here at our Equine Clinic Leichligen, the Flexineb® is being used successfully on foals and on grown up horses for the treatment of respiratory diseases. (flexineb.com)
Mucous1
- They can invoke a mild inflammatory response without an immune response and are the trigger for overproduction of mucous and constriction of the lower airways. (teagasc.ie)
Lung1
- Horses with heaves might Trachea Bronchioles experience airway constriction, permanent lung changes, and difficulty breathing. (visual.ly)
Severe3
- Infectious agents are bacteria, fungi and viruses which provoke a severe immune response and erode the airway defence mechanisms. (teagasc.ie)
- ABSTRACT: Acupuncture treatment was successfully used to help to treat severe asthma in a 9-year-old Latvian breed horse. (bevas.eu)
- The most common effects are poor appetite, weight loss, lethargy and skin lesions, however, in rare but severe cases, horses can succumb to Equine Leukoencephalomalacia induced by Fumonisins. (drdavidmarlin.com)
Epithelial1
- Murine CLCA5 is uniquely expressed in distinct niches of airway epithelial cells. (fu-berlin.de)
Nasal discharge1
- Constricted Airway SIGNS OF HEAVES Nasal discharge A heave line Coughing more frequently, especially during exercise An abdominal lift at exhalation Increased respiration, even at rest Weight loss O Call your veterinarian if your horse displays any of these signs. (visual.ly)
Lower airways1
- As acute exacerbation of asthma is often caused by bacterial infections of the lower airways, PCT can be used for the decision pro or contra the initiation and duration of antibiotic therapy [ 9 ] and can help in the interpretation of indifferent thoracic radiographs [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
PPID3
- There's not really a way to predict if a horse will develop PPID, so be observant," says Crosby. (horseillustrated.com)
- For a horse with PPID, you'll want to be aware of the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) value of any grain ration you're feeding. (horseillustrated.com)
- Some horses have both PPID and EMS. (horseillustrated.com)
Improves2
- When administered by mouth or by injection, therapy usually begins with a high dose and, as is reduced to a maintenance level as the horse improves. (recoveryeq.com)
- Exercise, if the patient can manage it comfortably, should be encouraged as it promotes the movement of airway mucus and improves the circulation of blood to the lungs. (parksidevets.com)
Dust8
- Remove your horse out of the stable when you are mucking out, to reduce exposure to dust. (recoveryeq.com)
- Since most dust and ammonia are generated near the bedding and manure, check air quality near the floor as well as at horse head height. (teagasc.ie)
- This review aims to compare the etiology, pathophysiology, and immunology of asthma in horses compared to farm ers and highlights the horse as a potential translational animal model for organic dust-induced asthma in humans. (cdc.gov)
- There has been lots of published research looking into the dust environment surrounding horses while they are stabled, however nothing so far has looked at the impact of dust when trailering horses. (haygain.ca)
- This study examined the dust environment while travelling a horse in a trailer and if different treatments of the forage could affect this. (haygain.ca)
- The current research and understanding are that the surrounding respirable dust environment during periods of being stabled can be very changeable and have a major effect on the horses health. (haygain.ca)
- Horses are highly sensitive to dust and mold particles therefore excessive inhalation of these could lead to breathing problems, both short and long term. (haygain.ca)
- While a horse is eating forage, ventilation makes only a very small impact therefore changing the treatment to the forage will have the biggest impact on the dust environment. (haygain.ca)
Airflow1
- Effective ventilation consists of natural airflow above horse head height which is permanent open ventilation, and an exit vent at the highest point in the roof space. (teagasc.ie)
Allergic2
- A few horses are allergic to substances in the pasture, so watch your horse carefully for improvement. (recoveryeq.com)
- Horses can develop allergies at any age and once affected, remain allergic to those substances for the rest of their lives. (wardanimalhospital.com)
Symptoms4
- Few horse owners stick with a plan for the long-term, making recurrence of symptoms likely. (recoveryeq.com)
- Strangles, herpesvirus, and even an equine version of the common cold can all give your horse acute respiratory symptoms. (1800petmeds.com)
- If your horse develops respiratory symptoms and they have a fever, they are likely suffering from an infection. (1800petmeds.com)
- If your horse starts showing any of the symptoms, call your vet promptly for treatment. (horseillustrated.com)
Nostrils1
- Roaring should not be confused with the vibratory noise made when horses flutter their nostrils as they sometimes let out a big breath or sigh. (smartpakequine.com)
Lameness in horses1
- An interesting finding indicates that up to 75% of lameness in horses, ponies, donkeys and mules is caused by osteoarthritis in the limb rather than problems in the foot. (nutriscience.ie)
Bronchodilators1
- These include corticosteroids with anti-inflammatory properties and bronchodilators that open the airways. (recoveryeq.com)
Breeds1
- Approximately 40% of Thoroughbreds and other large breeds of horses (notably Standardbreds) have varying degrees of abnormal abduction of the left arytenoid cartilage. (smartpakequine.com)
Infection5
- One of the most common reasons horses develop respiratory problems is because they have contracted a bacterial or viral infection from another horse. (1800petmeds.com)
- It's possible for horses to shed bacteria or viruses for weeks after they have recovered from an illness, and some shed pathogens even if they are asymptomatic, so it's best to assume any new horses introduced to your stable and any you meet at competitions or while traveling pose a risk of transmitting an infection to your horse. (1800petmeds.com)
- Aerosol therapy offers the benefit of delivering nebulised medication directly to the site of infection in the airways of the horse rather than going indirectly to the problem by delivering the drug orally or by injection. (breatheazy.co.uk)
- The infection is mild or unseen in horses immunologically sensitized to the virus by a previous infection. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Horses 1-5 years old are the most susceptible to infection. (merckvetmanual.com)
Equine asthma2
Exercise intolerance2
- Depending on the intensity of work, the horse may show signs of exercise intolerance or a reduced ability to perform up to his normal abilities. (smartpakequine.com)
- Horses performing at lower levels of work, such as a beginner's lesson horse, may not experience or show exercise intolerance. (smartpakequine.com)
Disorders1
- As a professional physiotherapist for horses for more than 15 years, experience daily, that horses suffer more and more frequently from chronic respiratory disorders. (flexineb.com)
Periods2
- Frequently, race horses have their tongues tied for long periods of time, which can cause long term damage. (equineperformance.com.au)
- It is currently common practice for horses to be contained in a confined space for prolonged periods of time, whether it is while they are stabled or being hauled from place to place. (haygain.ca)
Difficulty2
- You will notice your horse taking rapid breaths and using its whole abdomen to breath since its heavy lungs are having difficulty. (nasc.cc)
- Thanks to Flexineb®, even customers with fearful/nervous horses have no difficulty of letting their animals inhale. (flexineb.com)
Medications6
- This formula is s afe for horses that are sensitive to traditional medications. (arenus.com)
- The Flexineb® E3 is a revolutionary equine nebuliser that enables delivery of nebulised (inhaled) medications and natural therapies directly to the airways of the horse. (breatheazy.co.uk)
- Flexineb® is an easy-to-use delivery device that produces a very fine mist of aerosolized drug or natural therapy solution enabling you to deliver a variety of medications via inhalation for the horse. (breatheazy.co.uk)
- Your veterinarian will prescribe medications suitable for your horse's condition and combined with further management of your horse's environment (bedding/forage stabling away from common irritants etc.) many veterinarians & horse owners have reported significant improvements in their horse's wellbeing. (breatheazy.co.uk)
- Your horse may also be prescribed medications by your veterinarian depending on the severity of the issue, and your horse may need long term management. (breatheazy.co.uk)
- The Flexineb® is also unique in that it can efficiently nebulise a broad range of medications and natural solutions for maintaining and treating your horses' airways. (breatheazy.co.uk)
Humans2
- As with humans, some horses age better than others. (horseillustrated.com)
- Our group investigates different CLCA family members in humans, mice, horses and pigs to gain a better understanding of their roles in normal and diseased tissues. (fu-berlin.de)
Resuscitation1
- As a horse owner or someone with foaling training, you should always have a foaling kit and a resuscitation bag. (cprcertified.com)
Older horses3
- Respiratory issues can also be a problem in older horses. (horseillustrated.com)
- Older horses can also be more vulnerable to certain types of colic. (horseillustrated.com)
- Good dietary management is as critical, or more critical, for older horses as it is for their younger counterparts. (horseillustrated.com)
Veterinary3
- The bit is an Iron Age tool that breaks the lip seal, suffocates, and hurts a horse, explains Dr Robert Cook, Professor of Veterinary Surgery Emeritus at Tufts University in Massachusetts. (horsetalk.co.nz)
- The results from veterinary testing of horses during ridden exercise, using the latest wireless endoscope technology, confirmed this statistic, as 13 horses in one stable were found to be displacing the soft palate. (equineperformance.com.au)
- Health, horse keeping and veterinary advice. (haygain.ca)
Stable2
- HORSE STALL FRESHENER DO keep your horse with stable-related heaves on pasture, feed pelleted feed or hay cubes from the ground to encourage mucus drainage, avoid using above-ground feeders or haynets, and treat barn areas to reduce ammonia levels. (visual.ly)
- For example, blanket horses that are hypersensitive to Culicoides (sweet itch), stable them during peak insect activity (early morning and evening), and use bug repellents. (wardanimalhospital.com)
Primarily1
- In the latter part of the 1500s, Count Johann XVI von Oldenburg decided to create the Oldenburg breed, which would be based on the Friesian that was primarily used as a harness horse. (petguide.com)
Exposure2
Travelling1
- Travelling to shows, and places where lots of horses are coming from lots of different barns, can expose our horses to respiratory virus', and that can impact their performance for quite a while if they pick something up. (flexineb.com)
Respiratory problems4
- What Causes Respiratory Problems In Horses? (1800petmeds.com)
- What Infections Cause Respiratory Problems In Horses? (1800petmeds.com)
- Omega-3 f atty a cids effectively address immune and respiratory problems for your beloved horse. (arenus.com)
- Respiratory problems in horses are frequently the cause of poor sportive performances and can also impact the daily wellbeing of an animal. (breatheazy.co.uk)
Oxygen2
- Horses muscles demand an extraordinary amount of oxygen. (equineperformance.com.au)
- Horses have to inhale and exhale an incredible rate of 10 gallons/37 litres of oxygen per second. (equineperformance.com.au)
Small4
- The respiratory system of the donkey is in most respects similar to that of any small horse. (ivis.org)
- The lack of clinical information on the donkey often means it is treated as if it were a small horse. (ivis.org)
- Even a small obstruction of air flow can have disastrous results. (equineperformance.com.au)
- First, it gives us a sample that is more representative of what is going on in the area of the small airways and alveoli, which is responsible for gas exchange. (dvm360.com)
Clinical2
- Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -FOT and IC are useful in obtaining repeatable measurements of RRS and REE, respectively, in sedated horses. (avma.org)
- In this study, PCT was evaluated as a potential biomarker for different chronic pneumopathies in the horse using an equine specific ELISA in comparison to established clinical markers and different interleukins. (biomedcentral.com)
Minimal1
- Inhaled steroids provide a high dose within the airways and minimal systemic side effects but a special mask is necessary for administration. (recoveryeq.com)
Bacterial1
- Horses with heaves are more prone to upper respiratory illnesses, both viral and bacterial. (thepetwiki.com)