• In this way they bring about an integration between the nervous system and the endocrine system, a process known as neuroendocrine integration. (wikipedia.org)
  • The endocrine pancreas makes certain hormones that are released into the blood. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell that has both nervous system and endocrine system functions. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Originate in the pancreas' endocrine gland cells, which release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar. (uclahealth.org)
  • For treatment of neuroendocrine cancers (i.e., carcinoid tumors and pancreatic endocrine tumors) involving the liver. (aetna.com)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) are an increasingly common group of malignancies that arise within the endocrine tissue of the pancreas. (rarediseases.org)
  • Endocrine tissue is specialized tissue that contains hormone-secreting cells (e.g. α-cells, ß-cells). (rarediseases.org)
  • These cells secrete several different hormones into the blood (endocrine) or to local cells (paracrine, autocrine). (rarediseases.org)
  • Neoplasms that arise from endocrine tissue may also secrete hormones, resulting in excessive levels of these hormones in the body and potentially a wide variety of symptoms. (rarediseases.org)
  • Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases and its specific secretions known as hormones, growth promotion and malignancy. (conferenceseries.com)
  • Also known as neuroendocrine cells, they have machinery similar to nerve cells and to hormone-secreting (endocrine) cells. (merkelcell.org)
  • When pancreatic NETs are malignant, they are called pancreatic endocrine cancer or islet cell carcinoma. (bookriff.com)
  • Due to the presence of a variety of cells producing different hormones, the gastrointestinal tract may be considered the largest endocrine organ in the human body. (eur.nl)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (pNET) originates from the endocrine cells within the pancreas. (medicalchannelasia.com)
  • Many hormones are produced at low levels from a wide array of tissues in addition to the classic endocrine source. (mhmedical.com)
  • The neuroendocrine system is made up of cells that "connect" the nervous system and the endocrine system. (medifocus.com)
  • Although the APUD concept provided a unifying theory for explaining some endocrine diseases and ectopic hormone productions, the hypothesis that the cells were all of neural crest origin, as postulated by Pearse, was later disproved by the experiments of LeDouarin ( 5 ) and others. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The steroid-producing endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex, ovary, and testis, as well as the thyroid hormone-producing follicular cells in the thyroid gland, do not form part of the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • They are also at an increased risk of developing a type of kidney cancer called clear cell renal cell carcinoma and a type of pancreatic cancer called a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The drug is also approved for Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) and hormone-receptor-positive advanced Breast Cancer.The drug is administered in oral form (tablet). (ronnyallan.net)
  • Clinicopathological and molecular features of hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer-associated renal cell carcinomas. (cdc.gov)
  • Participants must have histologically or cytologically confirmed metastatic small cell carcinoma of the bladder (SCCB) or other high grade neuroendocrine tumors (HGNETs) of the urinary tract (which includes renal pelvis, ureter, and urethra, and excludes neuroendocrine tumors of the prostate). (who.int)
  • The relationship between blood pressure and risk of renal cell carcinoma. (who.int)
  • Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma: 2022 Update. (who.int)
  • Mycotoxin Exposure and Renal Cell Carcinoma Risk: An Association Study in the EPIC European Cohort. (who.int)
  • Biomarkers of the transsulfuration pathway and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. (who.int)
  • Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), also called carcinoid tumors, begin in neuroendocrine cells in the digestive tract. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Sometimes, NETs release hormone-like substances into the bloodstream. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Other pancreatic NETs cause symptoms because of the overproduction of hormones. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • We provide a specialized, team approach to treating neuroendocrine tumors, also known as NETs. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • These tumors are also called pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pancreatic NETs). (cancer.gov)
  • Go to the Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) Support Group. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). (bookriff.com)
  • Pancreatic NETs make different kinds of hormones such as gastrin, insulin, and glucagon. (bookriff.com)
  • Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors originating from enterochromaffin cells of the neuroendocrine system of the bronchial and gastrointestinal tracts. (eur.nl)
  • Five types of duodenal NETs can be distinguished as gastrinomas, somatostatinomas, clinically non-functioning NETs, duodenal gangliocytic paragangliomas, and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. (eur.nl)
  • On 2 May, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rejected HUTCHMED's new drug application (NDA) for its lead candidate, Sulanda (surufatinib), for the treatment of advanced neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). (ronnyallan.net)
  • A pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET) is a type of cancer that forms tumors in the pancreas. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The hormone-producing cells of the pancreas cluster together in small groups, called islets, throughout the pancreas. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Chemoembolization (CE) for other indications including palliative treatment of liver metastases from other non-neuroendocrine primaries (e.g., breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, melanoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, or unknown primaries) and CE of the pancreas for pancreatic cancer. (aetna.com)
  • pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (tumours of the hormone-producing cells in the pancreas) that have spread or cannot be removed with surgery. (europa.eu)
  • The pancreas is a sizeable gastrointestinal organ that contains hormones and enzymes that help digest food. (gastroclinix.com)
  • Those are cells that make hormones to help the function of the organ they occupy, such as the lungs, stomach , and pancreas . (webmd.com)
  • The tumors begin in neuroendocrine cells - which have characteristics of nerve and hormone-producing cells - and can arise in multiple sites in the body, most often in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and pancreas. (dana-farber.org)
  • The study enrolled 197 patients with advanced extra-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (which arise outside the pancreas) and 93 patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. (dana-farber.org)
  • An islet cell tumor, also known as a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor , forms in hormone-producing cells (islet cells) of the pancreas. (medicinenet.com)
  • Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma originates from the acinar cells within the pancreas. (medicalchannelasia.com)
  • A drug that simultaneously strikes cancer cells' growth circuits and pipeline to the bloodstream produced encouraging results in a clinical trial involving patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors, according to a study led by Dana-Farber Cancer Institute investigators. (dana-farber.org)
  • Although advances have been made in recent years, there remains a critical need for new and effective therapies for patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors, particularly patients whose cancer has progressed on currently available options," said Chan. (dana-farber.org)
  • In early-stage prostate cancer, they constitute no more than 1% of all tumor cells, but their numbers are much larger in late-stage and metastatic disease, and they make up almost all of a particularly lethal form of prostate cancer called small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. (futurity.org)
  • A transrectal ultrasound biopsy was performed reporting small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. (auanews.net)
  • The World Health Organization (2019) classified papillary neoplasms (i.e. benign or cancerous tumors) of the breast into 5 types: intraductal papilloma, papillary ductal carcinoma in situ (PDCIS), encapsulated papillary carcinoma (EPC), solid-papillary carcinoma (SPC), and invasive papillary carcinoma (IPC). (wikipedia.org)
  • nonfunctioning neoplasms may produce hormones, but no systemic symptoms. (rarediseases.org)
  • Nonfunctioning neuroendocrine neoplasms can still cause symptoms relating to tumor size and location such as obstruction or internal bleeding. (rarediseases.org)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) fall into two subclasses: the well-differentiated, low- to high-grade pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs), and the poorly-differentiated, high-grade pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (PanNECs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) have undergone several classification changes according to consensus guidelines [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Methods of analysis of tumors of the DNS are also presented because some of these techniques are indispensable for the diagnosis of many neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The cells and neoplasms of the neuroendocrine and paracrine systems make up the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • and (b) those of epithelial type, which include neuroendocrine neoplasms from many sites. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Although the term carcinoid tumor has been broadly used to refer to many neoplasms derived from the DNS ( 9 ), this term is being replaced by neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Many broad-spectrum IHC markers are available to aid in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Aytac E, Ozdemir Y, Ozuner G: Long term outcomes of neuroendocrine carcinomas (high-grade neuroendocrine tumors) of the colon, rectum, and anal canal. (edu.pl)
  • UV rays from sun exposure or artificial light sources like tanning beds cause most types of skin cancer, including Merkel cell carcinoma. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • With this approach, PanNENs fall into two basic subtypes: well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) and poorly differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (PanNECs) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • La Rosa S, Marando A, Furlan D, Sahnane N, Capella C: Colorectal poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas: Insights into the diagnostic immunophenotype, assessment of methylation profile, and search for prognostic markers. (edu.pl)
  • Smith J, Reidy-Lagunes D: The management of extrapulmonary poorly differentiated (high-grade) neuroendocrine carcinomas. (edu.pl)
  • There are many types of tumors that arise from the neuroendocrine system of which carcinoid tumors are the most common. (medifocus.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors were initially identified in 1888 and were thought to clinically and histologically (cellular appearance under a microscope) resemble carcinoma cells (highly malignant cancer cells) but behave in a more benign fashion than true cancer cells. (medifocus.com)
  • Carcinoid syndrome describes a combination of symptoms that result from hormones or hormone-like substances, (e.g., serotonin, gastrin, ACTH) that are produced by some carcinoid tumors. (medifocus.com)
  • It starts in the Merkel cells, which help give the sense of touch and produce hormones. (yahoo.com)
  • Rare types of tumors of the cells that produce hormones responsible for controlling the balance of sugar , salt, and water in the body. (medicinenet.com)
  • However, almost every type of tumor has the potential to produce hormones or to induce cytokine and immunologic responses. (mhmedical.com)
  • Also called ductal carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, is the most common type of pancreatic cancer, accounting for more than 90 percent of pancreatic cancer diagnoses. (bookriff.com)
  • Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate may develop in patients with previous acinar adenocarcinoma in later stages of castration-resistant prostate cancer owing to lineage plasticity as an adaptative mechanism to targeted therapy. (auanews.net)
  • 2,3 Adenocarcinoma of the prostate cells may acquire neuroendocrine differentiation and in extreme cases a complete transformation of small cell carcinoma. (auanews.net)
  • Because CXCR2 is ubiquitously expressed by neuroendocrine cells in prostate cancer of all stages, targeting CXCR2 may particularly benefit patients whose tumors are advanced, recurrent, and resistant to currently available therapies," Huang says. (futurity.org)
  • These cells can be the source of several types of lung cancer, most notably small cell carcinoma of the lung, and bronchial carcinoid tumor. (wikipedia.org)
  • This disease is also sometimes called neuroendocrine cancer of the skin or trabecular carcinoma. (yahoo.com)
  • and for use in combination with exemestane ( Aromasin , Pfizer) to treat certain postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (2012). (medscape.com)
  • It was also under development for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, salivary gland, cancer and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • Hormone therapies for prostate cancer have greatly prolonged the lives of patients, but the drugs eventually become ineffective and the disease grows lethal. (futurity.org)
  • The researchers isolated the neuroendocrine cells from fresh human prostate cancer tissue and studied them in the lab. (futurity.org)
  • The real implications of our findings need to be tested in clinical settings to determine whether patients with advanced prostate cancer benefit from CXCR2 inhibition, alone or in combination with a hormone inhibitor," he says. (futurity.org)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer is sometimes called islet cell carcinoma. (gastroclinix.com)
  • Cancer Research UK: "Types of Prostate Cancer," "Small cell prostate cancer," "What are neuroendocrine tumors? (webmd.com)
  • My cancer is in the hormone cells of my whole body. (mayoclinic.org)
  • On November 5th went to Rocky Mountain Cancer Center and met with doctor where I was diagnosed with stage 4, high grade Neuroendocrine carcinoma with no active tumors and no known origin. (mayoclinic.org)
  • carcinoma carcinoma Cancer that originates in the skin or in the tissues lining the gut and ducts. (merkelcell.org)
  • Clinicopathological Features and Lymph Node Metastasis-related Factors of Primary Neuroendocrine Breast Cancer and Invasive Breast Cancer of Nonspecial Type: A Case-control Study[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2021, 12(1): 122-128. (pumch.cn)
  • There are many ways of testing for markers, but those most commonly used for neuroendocrine breast cancer include blood-serum levels, staining of tissue samples, chemical reactions, and even electron-microscope images. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • However, I have created a new page with more up-to-date information on Rare Breast Cancers including Neuroendocrine Markers in Breast Cancer. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • Neuroendocrine markers help identify the origin of mutated cancer cells , not just in the breast, but in other parts of the body. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • Carcinoid carcinoma, which is a cancer of simple stem cells of neuroendocrine origin and tends to develop in the gut wall or appendix, is also diagnosed in part through the use of neuroendocrine markers. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • For further reading, I suggest you visit this page on neuroendocrine carcinoma, go to this page on hormone receptor statuses of breast cancer, as well as this page for a brief overview of breast cancer treatments. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • Click picture to read the A to Z of Neuroendocrine Cancer What is Everolimus (Afinitor)? (ronnyallan.net)
  • This aggressive variant of prostate cancer is characterized by hormone refractoriness, low or absent androgen receptors and is associated with low serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA). (auanews.net)
  • 1 The aim of this report is to present a rare case of a neuroendocrine prostate cancer case. (auanews.net)
  • Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), previously known as oat cell carcinoma, is considered distinct from other lung cancers, which are called non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) because of their clinical and biologic characteristics. (medscape.com)
  • Sometimes called oat cell carcinoma, this cancer accounts for about 15% of all lung cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • The rare cases that have neuroendocrine morphology are thought to arise from the neuroendocrine stem cells that are normally present in the prostate or from aberrant differentiation programs during cell transformation. (medscape.com)
  • In order to be identified as ductal carcinoma with a neuroendocrine differentiation, positive neuroendocrine markers should be found on at least 50% of malignant cells . (breast-cancer.ca)
  • The ENO2 protein will certainly be found in neuroendocrine cells, but its presence alone is generally considered insufficient to confirm neuroendocrine differentiation in breast carcinoma. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • Neuroendocrine differentiation in pure type mammary mucinous carcinoma is associated with favorable histologic and immunohistochemical parameters. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • However, other variants such as neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cell lines have increasingly become a clinical challenge. (auanews.net)
  • 2 Some molecules have been shown to trigger neuroendocrine differentiation. (auanews.net)
  • SCLC is a neuroendocrine tumor derived from bronchial mucosal epithelial argentophilic cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) arises in peribronchial locations and infiltrates the bronchial submucosa. (medscape.com)
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis) Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis) Hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are specialized airway epithelial cells that occur as solitary cells or as clusters called neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) in the lung. (wikipedia.org)
  • PCB are carcinomas derived from the epithelial cells of mammary gland ducts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among all types of lung carcinoma, SCLC accounts for about 15%, and has the characteristics of high malignancy, short doubling time, extensive early metastasis, sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and easy recurrence and metastasis. (hindawi.com)
  • Colloid carcinoma begins as a benign cyst called an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). (uclahealth.org)
  • Also known as adrenal cortex tumors, these growths are usually benign but can cause an overproduction of cortisol, aldosterone or other hormones. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • But even benign tumors may cause the over-production of catecholamine hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine), which can raise blood pressure and cause other problems. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • What do you call a benign pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor? (bookriff.com)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). (medicinenet.com)
  • Papillary carcinomas of the breast (PCB), also termed malignant papillary carcinomas of the breast, are rare forms of the breast cancers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Small-cell carcinomas make up about 1% of prostate cancers. (webmd.com)
  • Cabometyx is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), refractory or not eligible to radioactive iodine (RAI) who have progressed during or after prior systemic therapy. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • While we wait for others to respond to your questions about this type of Neuroendocrine carcinoma as well as the chemo treatments, I was wondering if you could share a bit about the journey that led to this diagnosis. (mayoclinic.org)
  • This ENETS guidance paper, developed by a multidisciplinary working group, provides up-to-date and practical advice on the diagnosis and management of digestive neuroendocrine carcinoma, based on recent developments and study results. (ronnyallan.net)
  • Gastrin is a hormone that aids the digestion of food. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • A tumor that forms in the cells that produce gastrin, a hormone responsible for making the stomach release acid to help digestion . (medicinenet.com)
  • Depending upon the specific production of peptides and amines produced by the different neuroendocrine cell types, along with their tissue-specific localization patterns, they all influence specific physiological functions. (eur.nl)
  • Eutopic refers to the expression of a hormone from its normal tissue of origin, whereas ectopic refers to hormone production from an atypical tissue source. (mhmedical.com)
  • The neurons send processes to a region connecting to the pituitary stalk and releasing hormones are delivered into the bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
  • SCLC is a neuroendocrine carcinoma that exhibits aggressive behavior, rapid growth, early spread to distant sites, exquisite sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation, and frequent association with distinct paraneoplastic syndromes , including hypercalcemia, Eaton-lambert syndrome, syndrome of inappropriate diuretic hormone, and many others. (medscape.com)
  • A tumor that forms in the cells that make glucagon, a hormone responsible for increasing the amount of glucose in the blood. (medicinenet.com)
  • Currently, lung carcinoma accounts for 30% of all carcinoma deaths in the world and is one of the most harmful carcinomas to human beings. (hindawi.com)
  • Lung carcinoma is the carcinoma with the highest morbidity and mortality in China, posing a serious threat to the physical and mental health of the residents [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • According to the pathological type, it can be divided into non-small-cell lung carcinoma and small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • At present, the clinical staging mainly refers to the method of the American Veterans Administration Lung carcinoma Association. (hindawi.com)
  • When lung carcinoma occurs, the proliferation of tumor cells is abnormally active, and the tumor cells continue to proliferate, and in this process, more energy and cell membrane synthesis are required. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, the occurrence and development of lung carcinoma will be accompanied by abnormal lipid metabolism. (hindawi.com)
  • However, the role and the pathways of lipid metabolism in the occurrence and development of lung carcinoma have not been fully studied, and the role of blood lipids in the prognosis of lung carcinoma is still unclear [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The tie-in between the level and the prognosis is to determine whether the blood lipid level during the initial treatment of small cell lung carcinoma affects the prognosis and to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of SCLC patients. (hindawi.com)
  • G3 neuroendocrine carcinomas have a similar poor prognosis as pancreatic adenocarinomas. (rarediseases.org)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colorectum. (edu.pl)
  • Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon lacked specific clinical manifestations, but showed a high degree of malignancy and a poor prognosis. (edu.pl)
  • Neuroendocrine tumor Neuroendocrinology Neurohormone Chromophobe cell Melanotroph Chromophil Acidophil cell Basophil cell Oxyphil cell Oxyphil cell (parathyroid) Pituitary gland Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, translocation of the parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) gene can result in high levels of PTH expression in tissues other than the parathyroid gland because the genetic rearrangement brings the PTH gene under the control of atypical regulatory elements. (mhmedical.com)
  • The vast majority are luminal tumor cells, which are susceptible to hormone therapy. (futurity.org)
  • But not only do hormone therapies leave neuroendocrine tumor cells untouched, the researchers found, they actually enrich the neuroendocrine cell population. (futurity.org)
  • However, carcinoid tumor cells are distinguished from most other types of tumors in that they secrete various hormone-like substances (e.g., serotonin, noradrenalin, histamines) which may cause symptoms throughout the body rather than symptoms localized to the organ where the tumor originates. (medifocus.com)
  • Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (through neurotransmitters released by nerve cells or neurosecretory cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release messenger molecules (hormones) into the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • The adrenal medullary hormones are kept in vesicles much in the same way neurotransmitters are kept in neuronal vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
  • These substances may act as neurotransmitters, as true hormones, or as paracrine regulators. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • For pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, Sunitinib Accord is given at a dose of 37.5 mg once a day without a rest period. (europa.eu)
  • Neuroendocrine cells release hormones (sometimes called peptides ) into the circulatory system in response to a stimulus received from the nervous system. (medifocus.com)
  • Jennifer Chan, MD, MPH , director of the Program in Carcinoid and Neuroendocrine Tumors at Dana-Farber , will present the findings of the CABINET trial at the annual European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Congress on October 22, 2023, in Madrid, Spain. (dana-farber.org)
  • An example of a neuroendocrine cell is a cell of the adrenal medulla (innermost part of the adrenal gland), which releases adrenaline to the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Sympathetic nerve fiber impulses stimulate the release of adrenal medullary hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sometimes, the adrenal glands produce too much or not enough of their hormones. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • There are several different subtypes of functioning pNENs distinguished by the specific type of hormone that they secrete. (rarediseases.org)
  • Hormones can be produced from eutopic or ectopic sources. (mhmedical.com)
  • Nevertheless, the term ectopic expression is firmly entrenched and conveys the abnormal physiology associated with hormone production by neoplastic cells. (mhmedical.com)
  • In addition to high levels of hormones, ectopic expression typically is characterized by abnormal regulation of hormone production (e.g., defective feedback control) and peptide processing (resulting in large, unprocessed precursors). (mhmedical.com)
  • A diverse array of molecular mechanisms has been suggested to cause ectopic hormone production. (mhmedical.com)