AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
HormonesEstrogensFollicle Stimulating HormoneEstradiolThyroid HormonesLuteinizing HormoneReceptors, EstrogenGonadal Steroid HormonesGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneParathyroid HormoneProgesteroneHuman Growth HormoneReceptors, Thyroid HormoneEstroneEstrogen Receptor betaAdrenocorticotropic HormoneEstrogen Receptor alphaEstrogen AntagonistsOvariectomyBreast NeoplasmsReceptors, ProgesteronePituitary HormonesEstriolHormone Replacement TherapyTestosteroneTriiodothyronineTamoxifenEthinyl EstradiolProgestinsJuvenile HormonesCastrationUterusPituitary GlandProlactinAromataseOvaryEstrogens, Conjugated (USP)MenopauseGrowth Hormone-Releasing HormonePregnancyPostmenopauseDiethylstilbestrolThyroxineEstrusCorticotropin-Releasing HormoneHypothalamic HormonesEstrogen Replacement TherapyPeptide HormonesEndometriumClimactericRNA, MessengerAnti-Mullerian HormoneGonadal HormonesThyroid Hormone Receptors betaMenstrual CycleAndrostenedionePituitary Hormones, AnteriorThyrotropinHormone AntagonistsSelective Estrogen Receptor ModulatorsMestranolRadioimmunoassayGastrointestinal HormonesPituitary Gland, AnteriorAndrogensPituitary Hormone-Releasing HormonesNorgestrelImmunohistochemistryNorethindronePregnancy, AnimalTime FactorsEstradiol CongenersThyroid Hormone Receptors alphaGlycoprotein Hormones, alpha SubunitInsect HormonesHydrocortisoneAntineoplastic Agents, HormonalInvertebrate HormonesMedroxyprogesteronePituitary Hormones, PosteriorHypothalamusDose-Response Relationship, DrugReceptors, SomatotropinNeoplasms, Hormone-DependentSheepPregnanediolMenstruationSexual MaturationReceptors, EstradiolOvulationMelanocyte-Stimulating HormonesTesticular HormonesHypophysectomyMolecular Sequence DataFollicle Stimulating Hormone, beta SubunitAromatase InhibitorsHypothyroidismInsulin-Like Growth Factor ISteroidsChorionic Gonadotropin
MenopauseProgesteroneEstradiolFollicle stimulaProgestinTherapyHormonalEstriolUterusPostmenopausal womenImbalanceMenstruationReceptorsPregnancyDecreaseBioidenticalProgestinsVaginalReplacementThyroid hormoneDominancePremenopausal womenSecreted by the adrenalOvaries produce2023PrimarilySteroid hormoneCancersFemaleMetabolismProduced by the adrenal glandsMedroxyprogesteroneReproductiveLevelsLess estrogenPubertyOsteoporosisAndrogensUterineMedicationForms of estrogenExcessPregnantProducesImbalancesEndometrial cancerAmounts of estrogenRelease estrogenGrowthWoman's lifeOvarianVaginaMenstrual cycleAdrenal glandBoneMenopausal TransitionCortisolEndocrineReceptorConcentrationsMethyltestosterone
Menopause46
  • Combinations of estrogen and progestin are used to treat certain symptoms of menopause. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Estrogen reduces feelings of warmth in the upper body and periods of sweating and heat (hot flashes), vaginal symptoms (itching, burning, and dryness) and difficulty with urination, but it does not relieve other symptoms of menopause such as nervousness or depression. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most of the signs and symptoms of menopause result from the decrease in estrogen production, mainly estradiol. (wdxcyber.com)
  • Around the time of menopause, the ovaries produce less estrogen. (allnutritionals.com)
  • Nor has it been proven that the use of estrogens during menopause will relieve emotional and nervous symptoms, unless these symptoms are related to the menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes. (allnutritionals.com)
  • Estrogen levels drop during menopause. (hotzehwc.com)
  • During menopause, as estrogen declines, aging skin is also becoming thinner and less elastic. (hotzehwc.com)
  • Some women who have insomnia related to oestrogen dominance, perimenopause, or menopause find that taking DIM at night helps them stay asleep longer - and even through the night. (ancientpurity.com)
  • They noted that sex steroid levels changed markedly during menopause, and oestrogen deficiency after menopause caused changes within the urogenital tract. (simonfoundation.org)
  • Then there's peri-menopause and menopause, when the amount of Estrogen decreases. (almostperfect.me)
  • Estrogen therapy is the most highly effective prescription medication for treating menopause symptoms and in light of recent research is still safe and effective for many women when used for fewer than five years. (medicinenet.com)
  • Estrogen therapy reduces or eliminates several symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes , disturbed sleep resulting from hot flashes , and vaginal dryness . (medicinenet.com)
  • During menopause , the body produces less of the female hormones, estrogen and progesterone. (medicinenet.com)
  • After menopause , the lower hormone levels cause the monthly menstrual periods to stop and gradually eliminate the possibility of becoming pregnant . (medicinenet.com)
  • The lower estrogen levels of menopause can lead to progressive bone loss that is especially rapid in the first five years after menopause. (medicinenet.com)
  • Lack of estrogen after menopause adds another strain on the bones in addition to the usual age-related bone loss. (medicinenet.com)
  • Estrogen is one of the key transitional hormones during this changeover and its low levels during menopause are strongly associated with increasing cardiovascular risk. (hormonelab.co.uk)
  • What we know now is that estrogen replacement therapy actually decreases cardiovascular risk when prescribed early in menopause. (hormonelab.co.uk)
  • What we know now, after years of further analysis and from a great many follow-up studies to the WHI, is that estrogen replacement therapy actually decreases cardiovascular risk when prescribed early in menopause. (hormonelab.co.uk)
  • The menopause transition seems to accelerate vascular aging, and estrogen decline contributes to this in several ways. (hormonelab.co.uk)
  • Although total estrogens decline overall with menopause, estrone becomes the dominant circulating estrogen post-menopause. (chopra.com)
  • Our natural supplement is designed to promote healthy estrogen levels and alleviate symptoms of menopause. (problen.com)
  • Menopause is a time of transition when women stop menstruating and adjust to different levels of hormones in their bodies. (healthpartners.com)
  • Abnormal amounts of these hormones can indicate menopause. (healthpartners.com)
  • To effectively alleviate the symptoms of menopause, it is best to take oral estrogen instead of topical estrogen since the results are systemic and it will rejuvenate the entire reproductive system and not just the perineal area. (wikipedia.org)
  • UKHealthHouse Pueraria Mirifica Extract Tablets 2500mg Breast Hormone Estrogen White Kwao Krua Natural Hormone Replacement Therapy - Menopause Benefits: PUERARIA MIRIFICA SUPPLEMENT: Pueraria Mirifica also known as Kwao Krua is a plant native to Thailand, where it has been used successfully for health purposes for centuries. (ukhealthhouse.com)
  • Puerarua Mirifica is also known as Kwao Krua and belongs to Asia, it is mainly grown in Myanmar and Thailand and it has many uses including help to get rid of menopause, promoting healthy bones, heart condition, mental health, and increasing your libido and hormone breasts enlargement. (ukhealthhouse.com)
  • This type of estrogen is present in the body after menopause . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Estrogen therapy can help manage menopause symptoms as part of hormone therapy, which people usually refer to as hormone replacement therapy . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Esterified estrogens and methyltestosterone is a combination medicine used to treat symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes or night sweats. (drugs.com)
  • From the body changes that take place during puberty to the effects of menopause, the estrogen levels in a woman's body directly affect how a woman looks and feels. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • The role it plays in these 2 functions is why menopause signals the end of a woman's menstrual cycle and fertility, as the body stops producing estrogen and progesterone (another hormone crucial to pregnancy and fertility). (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • In women over 40, low estrogen levels may be a sign that menopause is approaching. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • While estrogen is still being produced, the process is slowed until menopause is reached, where the body no longer produces estrogen. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • While many of the symptoms mirror those of menopause, low estrogen can occur in younger women as well that are not yet going through perimenopause. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • Women should absolutely get their hormone levels tested during early menopause and postmenopause to make sure their levels are in balance. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • Find out how vaginal oestrogen treats vaginal dryness caused by menopause, and how to take it. (www.nhs.uk)
  • If one thing's clear about the data on the health effects of hormone replacement therapy after menopause, it's that they're confusing. (time.com)
  • In 2002, the combination-therapy arm of the study was halted when data revealed that women taking the hormone pills to treat the symptoms of menopause had a 24% increased risk of developing breast cancer. (time.com)
  • Around menopause, the decrease in estrogen levels results in an increase in RANKL and sclerostin, with a consequent increase in bone loss at a pace that exceeds the rate of bone formation, thereby leading to osteoporosis. (medscape.com)
  • Perfluoroalkyl substances and incident natural menopause in midlife women: the mediating role of sex hormones. (cdc.gov)
  • Causal mediation analysis was applied to quantify the degree to which follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol levels could mediate the associations between PFAS and incident natural menopause. (cdc.gov)
  • Previous research has shown that rates of cerebrovascular disease increase after menopause, which is often attributed to the absence of hormones," said study author Kevin Whittingstall , of the University of Sherbrooke in Quebec. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It remains unknown whether the amount of exposure to hormones before menopause extends that window of protection to after menopause. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Study participants answered questions on age at first menstruation and start of menopause, number of pregnancies, oral contraceptive use and hormone therapy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The team then calculated lifetime hormone exposure by adding up the number of years participants were pregnant with the number of years from first menstruation to menopause. (msdmanuals.com)
Progesterone45
Estradiol8
  • Estradiol is a hormone that plays important roles in overall human health and reproductive function. (fda.gov)
  • Current most popular compounded estradiol products use gel, cream, or ointment preparations to help the hormone absorb through the skin and into the blood circulation. (fda.gov)
  • In order of potency, naturally occurring estrogens are 17 (beta)-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3). (medscape.com)
  • While estradiol levels are generally preserved, follicle stimulating hormone levels (FSH) increase slightly. (medscape.com)
  • Estradiol is the major form of estrogen produced in the ovaries in premenopausal women and is also produced by the adrenals and placenta. (chopra.com)
  • Atrophic vaginitis, with presentations such as dryness and soreness in the vagina and dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse) Itching, redness, or soreness of the vulva Urinary urgency (feeling an urge to urinate more often than is needed), or dysuria (experiencing pain while urinating) Vaginal tablets, including Vagifem which contains estradiol Vaginal creams, including Premarin which is a compound cream consisting primarily of conjugated estrogens isolated from mare's urine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both males and females produce estradiol, and it is the most common type of estrogen in females during their reproductive years. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • To address this, concentrations of testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, androstanediol glucuronide (a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone) and estradiol were measured in stored serum specimens from men examined in the morning sample of the first phase of NHANES III (1988-1991). (cdc.gov)
Follicle stimula2
Progestin19
  • If you are having surgery or will be on bedrest, talk to your doctor about stopping estrogen and progestin at least 4 to 6 weeks before the surgery or bedrest. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of taking estrogen and progestin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Estrogen and progestin are two female sex hormones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Progestin is added to estrogen in hormone replacement therapy to reduce the risk of uterine cancer in women who still have their uterus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Activella, FemHrt, and Prempro come as tablets containing estrogen and progestin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Take one pink tablet (containing only estrogen) once daily for 3 days, then take one white tablet (containing estrogen and progestin) once daily for 3 days. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Take one maroon tablet (containing only estrogen) once daily on days 1 to 14, and take one light-blue tablet (containing estrogen and progestin) once daily on days 15 to 28. (medlineplus.gov)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to estrogen, progestin, or any other medications. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone (CON-ju-gate-ed ES-troe-jenz and me-DROX-ee-proe-JES-te-rone) are estrogen and progestin hormones. (allnutritionals.com)
  • Progestin lowers the effect of estrogen on the uterus and keeps estrogen-related problems from developing. (allnutritionals.com)
  • In that case, it may be better to receive estrogens alone without the progestin. (allnutritionals.com)
  • On the other hand, combination HRT with estrogen-progestin also increases your risk, but this may go down slightly after you stop taking it. (healthline.com)
  • Because ET alone can cause uterine cancer (endometrial cancer) (see below), a progestin is administered together with estrogen in women who have a uterus (those who have not undergone a hysterectomy ) to eliminate the increased risk. (medicinenet.com)
  • Thus, the term estrogen/progestin therapy , or EPT, refers to a combination of estrogen and progestin therapy, as is given to a woman who still has a uterus. (medicinenet.com)
  • The term hormone therapy (HT) is a more general term that is used to refer to either administration of estrogen alone (women who have had a hysterectomy), or combined estrogen/progestin therapy (women with a uterus). (medicinenet.com)
  • But researchers are continually learning more about which women can safely use estrogen or progestin, and when. (time.com)
  • The study looked at the effects of both combination hormone therapy, including both estrogen and progestin, and estrogen-only treatment. (time.com)
  • That led doctors to change the way they prescribed estrogen and progestin therapy for postmenopausal women, limiting its use to short periods and only to help women manage the worst symptoms of hot flashes and night sweats. (time.com)
  • These women must take progestin along with estrogen in order to combat the increased risk of endometrial cancer - cancer of the uterine lining - caused by excess estrogen. (time.com)
Therapy48
  • Hormone replacement therapy may increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, breast cancer, and blood clots in the lungs and legs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hormone replacement therapy works by replacing estrogen hormone that is no longer being made by the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hormone replacement therapy comes as a tablet to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To help you remember to take hormone replacement therapy, take it around the same time every day. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Before taking hormone replacement therapy, ask your pharmacist or doctor for a copy of the manufacturer's information for the patient and read it carefully. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Any one or combination of the natural estrogens can be used as replacement therapy as well as synthetic, manufactured and even plant (herbal) estrogens. (wdxcyber.com)
  • Estrogen therapy alone may be used for women who have had a hysterectomy. (wdxcyber.com)
  • Growth Hormone touted as "the" anti-aging therapy treatment some celebrities credit their youthful looks to, increases muscle mass, bone density and reduces body fat. (copacabanarunners.net)
  • Perhaps exercise may aid women who are unable to take hormone replacement therapy, and perhaps it may help reduce the amount of synthetic hormones for those women who do take them. (copacabanarunners.net)
  • Pharmacologic therapy for osteoporosis includes most commonly the use of antiresorptive agents to decrease bone resorption, such as bisphosphonates, denosumab, and the selective estrogen-receptor modulator (SERM) raloxifene. (medscape.com)
  • People assigned female at birth who are postmenopausal and take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) , also called menopausal hormone therapy, may especially be at risk. (healthline.com)
  • The use of hormone therapy to treat cancer is based on the observation that receptors for specific hormones that are needed for cell growth are on the surface of some tumor cells. (chemocare.com)
  • Hormone therapy can work by stopping the production of a certain hormone, blocking hormone receptors, or substituting chemically similar agents for the active hormone, which cannot be used by the tumor cell. (chemocare.com)
  • The different hormone therapy types are categorized by their function and/or the type of hormone that is effected. (chemocare.com)
  • This type of hormone therapy interferes with the hormones produced by the adrenal gland. (chemocare.com)
  • Androgens as cancer therapy are used to oppose the activity of estrogen, thereby slowing the growth of cancer. (chemocare.com)
  • During this time, some women opt for hormone replacement therapy to replace declining Estrogen levels. (almostperfect.me)
  • What is Estrogen Hormone Therapy? (naturalhormonereplacementclinicsofcolorado.com)
  • Estrogen Hormone Therapy is a very specific therapy used by Drs at Natural Hormone Replacement Centers and Clinics to treat any imbalance or deficiencey of this very powerful female hormone. (naturalhormonereplacementclinicsofcolorado.com)
  • Users of oral hormone therapy (HT) (in the doses of the Women's Health Initiative) for more than five years are at slightly increased risk of breast cancer , heart disease , and stroke than are nonusers. (medicinenet.com)
  • The term 'hormone therapy' or 'HT' is being used to replace the outdated terminology 'hormone replacement therapy' or 'HRT. (medicinenet.com)
  • What are estrogen therapy and hormone therapy (HT)? (medicinenet.com)
  • The term estrogen therapy, or ET, refers to estrogen administered alone. (medicinenet.com)
  • This method of prescribing hormones is also known as combination hormone therapy. (medicinenet.com)
  • All forms of hormone therapy (HT) that are FDA-approved for therapy of hot flashes are similarly effective in suppressing hot flashes. (medicinenet.com)
  • What are the side effects and risks of hormone therapy (HT)? (medicinenet.com)
  • Contrary to common belief, recent research has confirmed that women who take commonly prescribed doses of hormone therapy (HT) are no more likely to gain weight than women not taking hormone therapy (HT). (medicinenet.com)
  • This sent the field of hormone replacement therapy into a serious identity crisis. (hormonelab.co.uk)
  • Designed to support post cycle therapy, decrease estrogen levels naturally, and enhance testosterone production, Estrozole is a game-changer for athletes and individuals seeking optimal hormone balance and performance. (nutritionalsupplementshop.com)
  • These hormones are used for replacement therapy in hypogonadism associated with a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone or estrogen. (medscape.com)
  • is determined in men when reduced testosterone production is suspected, e.g. in hypogonadism, estrogen therapy, chromosome aberrations (as in the Klinefelter's syndrome) and liver cirrhosis. (cdc.gov)
  • The optimal solution for women looking to rebalance their hormone levels is bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT). (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • Synthetic hormones, used in traditional hormone replacement therapy, are extracted from the urine of a pregnant horse. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • Here at Restorative Health, we only use bioidentical hormone replacement therapy and we specialize in pellet therapy. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • This topic has been of increasing concern since the introduction of so-called "hormone replacement therapy": methyltestosterone for men in the 1940s, and horse estrogen for women in the 1960s, both of which have been proven to increase cancer risk. (antiaging-systems.com)
  • Furthermore, high ERβ expression was significantly correlated with shorter breastfeeding time and longer use of hormone replacement therapy. (lu.se)
  • In the latest study, published in the journal Lancet Oncology , scientists once again mined data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) - the large-scale trial begun in 1991 that first looked at the relationship between hormone replacement therapy and health risks such as breast cancer and heart disease. (time.com)
  • Still, the safety of estrogen-only therapy remained an open question. (time.com)
  • So, the question was, Could postmenopausal women without a uterus safely take estrogen-only therapy for menopausal symptoms? (time.com)
  • In 2004, further data emerged: WHI researchers found that estrogen therapy increased women's risk of stroke and potentially deadly blood clots, and thus, the estrogen-only arm of the trial was also halted . (time.com)
  • Last year, the WHI researchers published a study based on the same data, finding that the blood-clot and stroke risk disappeared after women stopped hormone therapy. (time.com)
  • Now the scientists have looked at the data again, tracking women for an additional five years after they stopped taking estrogen, and found that after 12 years of follow-up, women taking estrogen-only therapy showed a 23% lower risk of breast cancer than those who took a placebo. (time.com)
  • But that doesn't mean that estrogen therapy is safe for everyone. (time.com)
  • In the study, estrogen therapy did not reduce these women's cancer risk. (time.com)
  • If your cancer has any of these three locks, doctors have a few keys (like hormone therapy or other drugs) they can use to help destroy the cancer cells. (cdc.gov)
  • In July 2002, the National Institutes of Health terminated a clinical trial of combined hormone therapy (a component of the Women's Health Initiative) after investigators determined that the associated health risks outweighed the benefits. (cdc.gov)
  • Hing E, Brett K. Changes in U.S. prescribing patterns of menopausal hormone replacement therapy, 2001--2003. (cdc.gov)
  • The researchers also looked at numbers of years participants took oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, but this didn't alter the impact that the number of pregnancies and reproductive years had on white matter hyperintensities. (msdmanuals.com)
Hormonal6
  • Other research on the hormonal response to exercise in men, while less conclusive for testosterone levels, showed increases in growth hormone after resistance exercise. (copacabanarunners.net)
  • It helps retaining hormonal balance by promoting your body's metabolism of too much oestrogen. (ancientpurity.com)
  • They can act additively with endogenously produced estrogens , influence cell proliferation, or otherwise disrupt the hormonal balance of the body. (chopra.com)
  • For example, hormonal balance of estrogen is essential for maintaining healthy cholesterol levels, proper bone density, a balanced mood, and functioning memory . (chopra.com)
  • By targeting the endocrine system, this supplement helps regulate estrogen levels, promoting a sense of equilibrium and alleviating the discomfort associated with hormonal fluctuations. (problen.com)
  • By reducing estrogen levels, Estrozole helps restore hormonal balance and promotes a leaner, more defined physique. (nutritionalsupplementshop.com)
Estriol5
  • estriol - the weakest estrogen found only in any significant quantities during pregnancy. (wdxcyber.com)
  • Estriol is the least potent form of estrogen. (chopra.com)
  • In addition to a standard MS drug, 164 women with MS received either a placebo or estriol, an estrogen made by the placenta that peaks toward the end of pregnancy. (sciencenews.org)
  • Estrone (E1) and Estriol (E3) are mild forms of the hormone. (wakeup-world.com)
  • Focusing on estriol (the principal circulating estrogen), Dr. Lemon initially argued that greater proportions of estriol are good, and perhaps even anti-carcinogenic. (antiaging-systems.com)
Uterus8
  • Estrogen helps develop female characteristics, and is responsible for your monthly period by causing the lining of your uterus to build up before being released every 28 days or so. (simonfoundation.org)
  • This form of estrogen is thought to play a role in diseases such as endometriosis, fibroids and cancers of the uterus, ovaries and breasts. (chopra.com)
  • Estrogen enhances and maintains the mucous membrane that lines the uterus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Estrogen is important in the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics, promoting the growth and development of the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and breasts. (medscape.com)
  • To begin with, even before conception, the body produces two hormones that harmonize together to orchestrate the release of the mature egg into the fallopian tube and signal the uterus to prepare for a visitor. (pregnancy-info.net)
  • Estrogen, the mother of all female hormones, oversees the growth of the uterus and maintains the lining where the baby is safely housed. (pregnancy-info.net)
  • This hormone is also responsible for the involution, or shrinking, of the uterus after the baby is born and is released again when the baby begins to suckle, causing the muscles in the breast to contract and squeeze out milk. (pregnancy-info.net)
  • Researchers into sex hormone related cancers (breast, prostate, uterus, ovaries) have found that natural substances found in specific vegetables may help lower our sex hormone related cancer risk by predictably altering estrogen metabolism in at least one specific way strongly associated with lower cancer risk. (antiaging-systems.com)
Postmenopausal women3
  • Methods: A phase Ia/Ib/IIa dose escalation, combination treatment with palbociclib or a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and expansion study determined the safety, pharmacokinetics, and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of GDC-0810 in postmenopausal women with ER + (HER2 −) locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (MBC). (wustl.edu)
  • Unlike premenopausal women who produce the most estrogen in the ovaries, postmenopausal women produce most estrogens in peripheral tissues with the help of aromatases. (pharmaapis.com)
  • For instance, mass spectrometry-the more expensive, but also more sensitive testing method-may be appropriate in people who tend to have low estrogen levels, including postmenopausal women and children beginning puberty. (aacc.org)
Imbalance1
  • It's also thought that hormone decline and imbalance plays a role in the development of cellulite. (hotzehwc.com)
Menstruation3
Receptors5
  • Estrogen receptors alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta) have distinct functions and differential expression in certain tissues. (rcsb.org)
  • Estrogen receptors and inflammation in colorectal cancer. (lu.se)
  • The laboratory of Patricia K. Eagon, Ph.D., co-principal investigator of the study, found that extracts from the fish acted like estrogen, a female hormone, by binding to estrogen receptors - the proteins within cells that render the cells sensitive to estrogen. (science20.com)
  • Note: Of six bass extracts tested for estrogenic activity, four displayed a strong or moderate ability to bind with the estrogen receptors. (science20.com)
  • Of 21 catfish extracts tested, nine displayed a similar ability to bind with the estrogen receptors. (science20.com)
Pregnancy18
Decrease11
  • According to the National Cancer Institute , estrogen-only HRT may increase your risk of breast cancer, and this risk does not decrease if you stop taking the medication. (healthline.com)
  • Breastfeeding may also slightly decrease your risk because of a smaller number of menstrual cycles over your lifetime, which decreases estrogen exposure. (healthline.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: In this study postmenopausal hormone use was not associated with an increase or decrease in the risk of ischemic stroke, a finding that is consistent with the body of literature on this topic. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • For men, DIM can help decrease excess oestrogen, support physical health, promote prostate health, provide more energy, and support a healthy weight. (ancientpurity.com)
  • The resulting decrease of estrogens and androgens interferes with the stimulation of cancer growth in tumors that are influenced by these hormones. (chemocare.com)
  • Extreme exercise and anorexia may also result in a decrease in oestrogen levels because girls with low body fat might not be capable of producing adequate amounts of estrogen. (merrionultrasound.ie)
  • Fibrous foods help decrease elevated Estrogen levels. (almostperfect.me)
  • As estrogen levels decrease, you might experience symptoms like hot flashes, mood swings, vaginal dryness, urinary incontinence and irritability. (healthpartners.com)
  • Estrogen passes into the breast milk and will cause a decrease in the production and quality of breast milk. (wikipedia.org)
  • Decrease Estrogen Naturally High estrogen levels can lead to unwanted side effects such as water retention, gynecomastia (enlargement of breast tissue in males), and mood imbalances. (nutritionalsupplementshop.com)
  • Other researchers suggest that specific hormone supplementation may decrease the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women with a family history of this disease. (antiaging-systems.com)
Bioidentical4
Progestins1
Vaginal7
  • Estrogens are the class of hormones responsible for many female characteristics such as breast growth, body fat distribution, vaginal lubrication and lining thickness and uterine tissue growth. (wdxcyber.com)
  • Also, estrogen cream is and slow hormone release silicone rings are available that can be prescribed to relieve vaginal symptoms. (wdxcyber.com)
  • This reduction in oestrogen production may cause symptoms like hot flashes, vaginal dryness and loss of sex drive. (merrionultrasound.ie)
  • Vaginal estrogen is a form of estrogen that is delivered by intravaginal administration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the Femring might be able to ease hot flashes, this does not appear to be the case for other vaginal estrogen rings or vaginal creams. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vagifem - Manufacturer's website Premarin (conjugated estrogens) Vaginal Cream - Detailed View: Safety Labeling Changes Approved By FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) -- November 2008 Moscou K, Snipe K (2014). (wikipedia.org)
  • In the vagina, estrogen maintains the thickness of the vaginal wall and promotes lubrication. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Replacement5
  • These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Continuous Estrogen Replacement. (fpnotebook.com)
  • As previously stated, patients with hypopituitarism are usually maintained on hormone replacement therapies for life. (medscape.com)
  • For extensive discussion of natural hormone replacement, see the books Natural Hormone Replacement For Women Over 45 by myself and Morgenthaler, and Maximize Your Vitality And Potency For Men Over 40 by myself and Lane Lenard, Ph.D. (antiaging-systems.com)
  • Of course, sex hormone related cancer is also in a decades-old up-trend among those of us who never took a molecule of hormone replacement. (antiaging-systems.com)
  • Our entire adult population, whether "into" natural medicine and natural hormone replacement or not, has at least a theoretical interest in not developing and perhaps dying of sex-hormone related cancers. (antiaging-systems.com)
Thyroid hormone1
  • In specific, your gut microbiome regulates your HPA axis, activates thyroid hormone, reduces inflammation and metabolises oestrogen. (loveyagutsbox.com)
Dominance5
  • For example, estrogen dominance can develop during perimenopause, which can contribute to an increase in fat. (hotzehwc.com)
  • Mid-30s weight gain and worsening PMS are common symptoms of estrogen dominance. (agelessandwellness.com)
  • Estrogen dominance can short-circuit your internal remote control physically, emotionally, and mentally. (agelessandwellness.com)
  • Untreated estrogen dominance has been clinically linked to an increased risk of breast and uterine cancers, osteoporosis, low thyroid, and dementia. (agelessandwellness.com)
  • Can Estrogen Dominance Be Reversed? (agelessandwellness.com)
Premenopausal women1
  • When it is used alone, when it is combined with goserelin (gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist), the drug does not significantly reduce premenopausal estrogen levels in women's blood, and estrogen inhibition in premenopausal women The effect is greater than that of goserelin alone using methanesulfonic acid with other aromatase inhibitors without cross resistance, which does not have side effects of aminoglucan. (pharmaapis.com)
Secreted by the adrenal1
Ovaries produce1
  • During perimenopause, the amount of estrogen your ovaries produce will steadily decline. (healthpartners.com)
20231
  • THURSDAY, Sept. 28, 2023 (HealthDay News) -- Being exposed to more estrogen throughout life -- or a longer reproductive life span -- may be good for the brain, according to new research that found a lower risk of cerebral small vessel disease in women who had more cumulative exposure. (msdmanuals.com)
Primarily6
  • Estrogen is a type of female reproductive hormone primarily produced by the ovaries, skin, and fat tissues. (healthline.com)
  • In women, oestrogen is generated primarily in the ovaries, however it's also created by fat cells as well as the adrenal gland. (merrionultrasound.ie)
  • Estrogen is primarily produced in the ovaries and is also produced in small amounts by the adrenal glands, which is why men as well as women have estrogen in their bodies. (aacc.org)
  • These hormones are primarily responsible for metabolic regulation. (wakeup-world.com)
  • Primarily produced from the ovaries, estrogen is a sex hormone that helps create many of the differences between the male and female bodies. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • Because estrogen is primarily produced in the ovaries, anything that affects the ovaries will affect estrogen production as well. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
Steroid hormone2
  • Estrogen, a steroid hormone, is derived from the androgenic precursors androstenedione and testosterone by means of aromatization. (medscape.com)
  • It has been proposed that racial/ethnic variation in prostate cancer incidence may be, in part, due to racial/ethnic variation in sex steroid hormone levels. (cdc.gov)
Cancers3
  • Most breast cancers are estrogen-sensitive. (pharmaapis.com)
  • WASHINGTON - Unreliable estrogen measurements have had a negative impact on the treatment of and research into many hormone-related cancers and chronic conditions. (aacc.org)
  • Data regarding all 5,605 AYA breast cancers diagnosed in California during the period 2005 to 2009, including ER and PR status (referred to jointly as hormone receptor (HR) status) and HER2 status, was obtained from the population-based California Cancer Registry. (cdc.gov)
Female16
  • This maxi strength transgender male to female hormone combination gel became a top selling product as soon as it was released. (transformation.co.uk)
  • Maxi-strength Ultimate Oestrogen (estrogen) Hormone Female Breast & Nipple Growth Combination Gel contains both variants of female hormones necessary to promote both breast and nipple development. (transformation.co.uk)
  • Estrogen is a physiological necessity for people assigned male or female at birth. (healthline.com)
  • Estrogens are female hormone used to compete for androgen receptor sites, which decreases the influence of androgens (testosterone and androsterone) on prostate cancer. (chemocare.com)
  • Oestrogen is the main female sexual hormone. (merrionultrasound.ie)
  • Estrogen or oestrogen is the main female sexual hormone, which is responsible for the regulation and development of the female reproductive system , along with secondary sexual characteristics. (merrionultrasound.ie)
  • Estrogen levels fall after menopausal, or when a female stops menstruating. (merrionultrasound.ie)
  • Aromasin 25 mg (Exemestane) incorporates an aromatase inhibitor, Exemestane which lowers the quantity of estrogen (natural female hormone) produced inside the body which extra lowers or stops the enlargement of some breast cancer cells that need estrogen to develop. (pharmaoffshore.co)
  • Estrogen plays many vital roles in the human body including influencing the regulation of body fat, female reproductive function, cardiovascular health, bone turnover, and memory function . (chopra.com)
  • Estrogen is not just a female hormone and also plays important roles in aspects of men's health such as the maturation of sperm and maintenance of libido . (chopra.com)
  • Estrogen is a hormone that plays a role in both the male and female reproductive systems. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Both female and male bodies have this hormone, but females create more of it. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Esterified estrogens are female sex hormones produced by the ovaries. (drugs.com)
  • Aim To investigate the role of ERβ and its association with hormone status and lifestyle indicators in a female cohort of patients with CRC. (lu.se)
  • Conclusion Elevated ERβ expression is independently associated with a better prognosis and hormone status but not lifestyle indicators in female CRC patients. (lu.se)
  • The female hormone. (science20.com)
Metabolism4
  • This so-called estrobolome influences the metabolism of various forms of estrogen and, therefore, the risk of developing estrogen-related diseases such as endometriosis , breast cancer , and prostate cancer . (chopra.com)
  • The ratios of hormones and their appropriate metabolism and excretion impact your risk of inflammatory, autoimmune, and malignant diseases. (chopra.com)
  • To improve patient care, a panel of medical experts has called for accurate, standardized estrogen testing methods in a statement published in the Endocrine Society's Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ( JCEM ). (aacc.org)
  • The manuscript, " Measuring Estrogen Exposure and Metabolism: Workshop Recommendations on Clinical Issues," will be published in the June print issue of JCEM . (aacc.org)
Produced by the adrenal glands1
Medroxyprogesterone2
Reproductive4
Levels39
  • Are you fluctuating oestrogen levels driving you mad! (pinterest.co.uk)
  • Men over 40 may also experience symptoms from reduced hormone levels such as fatigue. (copacabanarunners.net)
  • One study reported that blood levels of estrogen, testosterone and growth hormone were significantly higher in women aged 19-69 years old after 40 minutes of either endurance or resistance exercise versus a control group who performed no exercise! (copacabanarunners.net)
  • We do know that increases in levels of estrogen and testosterone aid calcium absorption which is vital for our bones. (copacabanarunners.net)
  • While it might not be possible to banish cellulite entirely, replacing declining hormone levels may help. (hotzehwc.com)
  • But when estrogen levels decline, cellulite may increase. (hotzehwc.com)
  • Lower levels of estrogen may contribute to the development of cellulite in a few ways. (hotzehwc.com)
  • During perimenopause, estrogen levels may be too low or too high. (hotzehwc.com)
  • Remember, estrogen affects the vascular activity of the skin, as well as fat levels and collagen production. (hotzehwc.com)
  • By replacing estrogen and returning levels back to normal, it prevents changes in the tissue and skin that contribute to the formation of cellulite. (hotzehwc.com)
  • The serum levels of TSH, T3, T4 and SHBG (sex hormone-binding globuline) were in the normal range and did not differ significantly between the groups. (lu.se)
  • This is because fat tissues store and release estrogen, which can increase overall estrogen levels. (healthline.com)
  • It's thought that exercise may help influence hormone levels, as well as tame inflammation. (healthline.com)
  • It is known for its potential health benefits, including balancing hormone levels, supporting immune function and reducing inflammation. (ancientpurity.com)
  • Stress leads to high levels of estrogen. (hormonehealingrd.com)
  • Significantly lower levels of oestrogen in peri-menopausal and post-menopausal women could increase their risk of stress urinary incontinence, according to Austrian researchers. (simonfoundation.org)
  • As oestrogen levels start to fall in middle-age, the procedure for rebuilding bones is therefore less efficient, with post-menopausal females finally breaking down more bone than they create. (merrionultrasound.ie)
  • Oestrogen also has an impact on your mind, and studies also show that chronically low oestrogen levels are connected with a decreased mood. (merrionultrasound.ie)
  • There are various times through the life of a person when oestrogen levels might change. (merrionultrasound.ie)
  • Estrogen levels also fall after childbirth. (merrionultrasound.ie)
  • Many studies explain how exercise lowers Estrogen levels in obese women. (almostperfect.me)
  • During times of stress and fasting, levels of this hormone increase dramatically. (almostperfect.me)
  • These fluctuations in hormone levels can also cause troublesome symptoms, such as hot flashes (a sudden sensation of warmth, sometimes associated with flushing, and often followed by sweating ) and sleep disturbance. (medicinenet.com)
  • In addition, fat cells can churn out estrogen, so if you have been 10 pounds or more overweight for one or more years, your body fat may be causing your estrogen levels to increase. (agelessandwellness.com)
  • From Black Cohosh and Dong Quai, known for their ability to support menopausal symptoms, to Vitex Berry and Wild Yam, which help balance hormone levels, this potent blend works synergistically to restore harmony to your body. (problen.com)
  • By regulating estrogen levels and supporting natural testosterone production, Estrozole aids in the recovery process, helping you maintain the gains achieved during your cycle while minimizing the risk of estrogen-related side effects. (nutritionalsupplementshop.com)
  • By inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to estrogen, Estrozole helps maintain higher levels of free testosterone, which is essential for muscle development, energy levels, and overall well-being. (nutritionalsupplementshop.com)
  • By fine-tuning your hormone levels, Estrozole helps unleash your true athletic potential, allowing you to push harder, recover faster, and achieve superior performance. (nutritionalsupplementshop.com)
  • Many medical studies also rely on estrogen tests, such as research assessing the connection between estrogen levels and the risk of breast or prostate cancer. (aacc.org)
  • In this article, we look at estrogen in more detail, including how it works, what happens when the levels fluctuate, and medical uses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Estrogen levels vary among individuals. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Learn more about high estrogen levels and low estrogen levels here. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Males with low estrogen levels may have excess belly fat and low libido. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If a person has low levels of estrogen, a doctor may prescribe supplements or medication. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The goal of pharmacotherapy is to restore target hormones to physiologic levels. (medscape.com)
  • Many symptoms may result from low estrogen levels, but with the right treatment, hormone levels can be re-balanced while making the body feel younger and healthier again. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • When a woman is experiencing low estrogen levels, their body can typically react in a number of negative ways. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • Often times, the only way to reset your hormone levels back to what they were in your younger years is through medical help. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
  • The best way to reduce the risk of experiencing low estrogen and dealing with these symptoms is to simply get your hormone levels checked. (hormonereplacementstlouis.com)
Less estrogen3
  • As we age, our sex organs (both women and men) produce less estrogen and testosterone. (copacabanarunners.net)
  • This is the time when our hormones are fluctuating and our ovaries are starting to produce less estrogen which may result in some unpleasant symptoms. (copacabanarunners.net)
  • At this stage, your ovaries are producing much less estrogen and stop releasing eggs, which means you're no longer able to become pregnant. (healthpartners.com)
Puberty2
Osteoporosis3
  • Estrogen also prevents thinning of the bones (osteoporosis) in menopausal women. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In this way, we hope to minimize our risk of cancer from hormone ingestion while maximizing our chances of preventing heart and blood vessel disease, osteoporosis, and cognitive decline. (antiaging-systems.com)
  • The primary cause of postmenopausal osteoporosis is the cessation of estrogen production by the ovaries around the menopausal transition. (medscape.com)
Androgens2
  • When these corticosteroids are blocked from being made, they are not able to signal the body to produce other hormones such as estrogen, androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. (chemocare.com)
  • Androgens are hormones such as testosterone and androsterone that produce or stimulate the development of male characteristics. (chemocare.com)
Uterine4
  • For example: Raloxifene acts like estrogen to prevent bone loss and improve lipid profiles (decreases total and LDL cholesterol but does not raise triglycerides), but it has the potential to block some estrogen effects such as those that lead to breast cancer and uterine cancer. (chemocare.com)
  • Estrogen also helps to control the menstrual period, controlling how your uterine lining grows, throughout the initial part of the cycle. (merrionultrasound.ie)
  • Estrogens may increase your risk of developing a condition that may lead to uterine cancer . (drugs.com)
  • Estrogen signals the uterine lining to build up and then shuts down the production of FSH as it releases LH to burst the follicle and release the egg. (pregnancy-info.net)
Medication1
  • Esterified estrogens and methyltestosterone may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. (drugs.com)
Forms of estrogen3
  • The different forms of estrogen have different potencies and influence different tissues and functions within the body. (chopra.com)
  • These different forms of estrogen interact and influence one another in the body, so the overall balance of the major forms and their metabolites plays a key role in modulating disease risk. (chopra.com)
  • It is a weaker form of estrogen and one that the body can convert to other forms of estrogen, as necessary. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Excess3
  • Excess stress leads to excess estrogen in a couple of ways. (hormonehealingrd.com)
  • This is where we develop EXCESS OESTROGEN. (loveyagutsbox.com)
  • As dysbiosis becomes more and more common so too does excess Oestrogen and the development of excess Oestrogen related disease and illness. (loveyagutsbox.com)
Pregnant1
  • Estrogen administered vaginally should not be given to persons who are: Estrogen should not be used while pregnant as it could cause serious birth defects. (wikipedia.org)
Produces2
  • The outer portion of the adrenal gland (the adrenal cortex) produces hormones called corticosteroids. (chemocare.com)
  • A woman's body produces three main types of estrogen. (chopra.com)
Imbalances1
  • Amanda Montalvo is a women's health dietitian who helps women find the root cause of hormone imbalances and regain healthy menstrual cycles. (hormonehealingrd.com)
Endometrial cancer1
  • The two hormones combined protect against endometrial cancer, a risk with estrogen taken alone. (wdxcyber.com)
Amounts of estrogen2
  • High amounts of estrogen or prolonged exposure throughout your life may increase your risk of breast cancer. (healthline.com)
  • For men, smaller amounts of estrogen are produced by the testes and adrenals and are key in modulating libido. (wakeup-world.com)
Release estrogen2
  • LHRH agonists work by telling the pituitary gland located in the brain to stop producing leutinizing hormone, which (in men) stimulates the testicles to release testosterone and (in women) stimulates the ovaries to release estrogen. (chemocare.com)
  • When people have their desires, the body will release estrogen hormone which will later stimulate the chemicals of happiness in the brain to determine the actions and satisfy their own needs. (nuvolifecare.com)
Growth9
  • Cancer of the prostate depends on the male hormone testosterone for its growth. (chemocare.com)
  • In the absence of estrogen, tumors dependent on this hormone for growth will shrink. (chemocare.com)
  • The resulting lack of testosterone (in men) and estrogen (in women) interferes with stimulating cell growth in testosterone or estrogen dependent cancer cells. (chemocare.com)
  • Increase Testosterone Naturally Testosterone is a crucial hormone for muscle growth, strength, and overall vitality. (nutritionalsupplementshop.com)
  • When tumor tissue growth depends on the presence of estrogen, it is necessary to eliminate tumor estrogen-mediated growth stimuli in order to inhibit tumor growth. (pharmaapis.com)
  • Estrogen helps stimulate the growth of the egg follicle. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Furthermore, these hormones alter the microenvironment of the oral bacteria so as to promote their growth and cause shifts in their populations. (nih.gov)
  • Their study also says these chemicals caused increased growth of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. (science20.com)
  • When breast cancer occurs in AYAs, it differs from that occurring in older women in several ways: a worse prognosis and more-aggressive phenotype, higher proportions of high-grade and later stage tumors, lower estrogen receptor (ER) positivity, and overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) [ 1 , 3 , 4 ]. (cdc.gov)
Woman's life3
  • When does estrogen decline in a woman's life? (hotzehwc.com)
  • Hormone changes occur throughout a woman's life time. (simonfoundation.org)
  • Hormones may have gotten a bad rap in the past, being blamed for just about anything and everything in a woman's life. (pregnancy-info.net)
Ovarian1
  • Symptoms secondary to changes in ovarian hormones can be difficult to distinguish from those due to general aging and/or other medical or endocrine disorders. (medscape.com)
Vagina1
  • Vaginally administered estrogen are usually used to treat some menopausal symptoms that are isolated to the vagina, vulva and urethra. (wikipedia.org)
Menstrual cycle1
Adrenal gland1
Bone5
  • Oestrogen is instrumental in bone development, working with vitamin D , calcium along with other hormones to efficiently break down and reconstruct bones in accordance with the body's natural processes. (merrionultrasound.ie)
  • Estrogen contributes to cognitive health , bone health, the function of the cardiovascular system , and other essential bodily processes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In all people, estrogens are vital for brain function, bone development, healthy hair and skin, mucous membrane production, and pelvic muscle health. (wakeup-world.com)
  • Estrogen is very important for bone health. (medscape.com)
  • nificance of individual coefficients in the en, bone mineral status is much more Daily routine calibration was done model was assessed by the Hosmer- closely associated with total body fat using the standard phantom supplied Lemeshow test for goodness of fit and [4] and in a multivariate model total fat by the manufacturer. (who.int)
Menopausal Transition2
  • These effects appear to become most prominent during times of estrogen deficiency, such as the menopausal transition. (medscape.com)
  • With further analysis of data from the Women's Health Initiative-Estrogen Study (WHI-E) and comparisons with the earlier findings, researchers proposed the "timing hypothesis" which suggested there was a difference in outcomes when hormones were replaced at specific stages of the menopausal transition. (hormonelab.co.uk)
Cortisol1
  • Created in the adrenal glands, Cortisol is known as the stress hormone, and it's essential for survival. (almostperfect.me)
Endocrine4
  • Our hormones are created and released into the bloodstream by our Endocrine System. (loveyagutsbox.com)
  • Not only can our gut micro biome produce hormones BUT it can also signal to the endocrine glands, letting them know how much of each hormone should be created and released. (loveyagutsbox.com)
  • The panel's recommendations are the first to address how improved testing methods can affect clinical care, and were developed based on discussions at an estrogen measurement workshop hosted by the Endocrine Society, AACC and the Partnership for Accurate Testing of Hormones (PATH). (aacc.org)
  • Founded in 1916, the Endocrine Society is the world's oldest, largest and most active organization devoted to research on hormones and the clinical practice of endocrinology. (aacc.org)
Receptor3
  • Antiestrogens bind to estrogen receptor site on cancer cells thus blocking estrogen from going into the cancer cell. (chemocare.com)
  • Purpose: GDC-0810 (ARN-810) is a novel, non-steroidal, orally bioavailable, selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) that potentially inhibits ligand-dependent and ligand-independent estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling. (wustl.edu)
  • Background The oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ) is the predominant oestrogen receptor in the normal colon mucosa and has been reported to exert anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. (lu.se)
Concentrations2
  • Table 1 summarizes normal concentrations of the various estrogens. (medscape.com)
  • However, it remains unclear whether in the US population circulating concentrations of sex steroid hormones vary by race/ethnicity. (cdc.gov)
Methyltestosterone3
  • Methyltestosterone is a sex hormone that is produced in a man's testicles. (drugs.com)
  • esterified estrogens and methyltestosterone is usually given only short-term (such as 3 to 6 months). (drugs.com)
  • Esterified estrogens and methyltestosterone may cause serious side effects. (drugs.com)