Presence of B chromosomesChromosomalMetaphaseRecombinationTheory of inheritanceHereditySpeciesEvolutionGermMeiosisCytogeneticsRearrangementsMoleculeRecognizeConservationComparativeCloselyIdentifyStructureTechniquesHumanCellOrdersHomologousGenomeHuman chromosomeAttained through comparativeDiploidVariabilityMammalsAutosomesComparative analysesProbesComplexDetermined by the presenceDataSingleMapsProvide
Presence of B chromosomes1
- During this phase, data on the karyotypes of hundreds of mammalian species (including information on diploid numbers, relative length and morphology of chromosomes, presence of B chromosomes) were described. (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomal3
- The entire chromosomal set of a species is known as a karyotype. (wikipedia.org)
- Banding makes it possible to identify homologous chromosomes and construct chromosomal nomenclatures for many species. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus comparative analysis with chicken chromosome-specific painting probes proves to be a rapid and comprehensive approach to elucidate the chromosomal relationships of the extant birds. (kent.ac.uk)
Metaphase4
- In a Zoo-FISH study chicken autosomal chromosome paints 1 to 9 (GGA1-GGA9) were hybridized to metaphase spreads of nine diverse birds belonging to primitive and modern orders. (kent.ac.uk)
- Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
- During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
- We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
Recombination1
- Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Theory of inheritance2
- Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
- In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
Heredity1
- In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Species10
- Homologies can be identified with high accuracy using molecularly defined DNA probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)
- It was found that in most orders, there are species with rates of chromosome evolution that can be considered as 'default' rates. (wikipedia.org)
- A seemingly logical consequence of descent from common ancestors is that more closely related species should have more chromosomes in common. (wikipedia.org)
- However, it is now widely thought that species may have phenetically similar karyotypes due to genomic conservation. (wikipedia.org)
- The banded karyotypes of 850 mammalian species were summarized in the Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- Striking homologies in the chromosomes of the different species were noted, indicating a high degree of evolutionary conservation in avian karyotypes. (kent.ac.uk)
- In two species, the quail and the goose, all chicken paints specifically labeled their corresponding chromosomes. (kent.ac.uk)
- In three pheasant species as well as in the American rhea and blackbird, GGA4 hybridized to chromosome 4 and additionally to a single pair of microchromosomes. (kent.ac.uk)
- Hybridization of various chicken probes to two different chromosomes or to only the short or long chromosome arm of one chromosome pair in the species representing the orders Passeriformes, Strigiformes, and Columbiformes revealed translocations and chromosome fissions during species radiation. (kent.ac.uk)
- Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Evolution2
- These maps also provide an unprecedented opportunity to use multispecies analysis as a tool to infer karyotype evolution. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus a record of the history of karyotype changes that have occurred during evolution have been attained through comparative chromosome maps. (wikipedia.org)
Germ3
- The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
- Germ line restricted B chromosomes in grasshoppers. (krakow.pl)
Meiosis1
- Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytogenetics2
- The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
- One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)
Rearrangements1
- Banding of homologous chromosomes allows chromosome segments and rearrangements to be identified. (wikipedia.org)
Molecule1
- A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
Recognize2
- The second step derived from the invention of C-, G-, R- and other banding techniques and was marked by the Paris Conference (1971), which led to a standard nomenclature to recognize and classify each human chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
- Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Conservation1
- The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)
Comparative1
- Comparative chromosome painting and related techniques are very powerful approaches in comparative genome studies. (wikipedia.org)
Closely1
- Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)
Identify1
- Stains used by pathologists to identify bacteria also served to identify chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Structure3
- [1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
- [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
- Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)
Techniques1
- These techniques produce a characteristic pattern of contrasting dark and light transverse bands on the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Human1
- The first step of the Human Genome Project took place when Tjio and Levan, in 1956, reported the accurate diploid number of human chromosomes as 2n = 46. (wikipedia.org)
Cell1
- Each gene maps to the same chromosome in every cell. (wikipedia.org)
Orders1
- Chromosome painting data are now available for members of nearly all mammalian orders. (wikipedia.org)
Homologous4
- Banding makes it possible to identify homologous chromosomes and construct chromosomal nomenclatures for many species. (wikipedia.org)
- Banding of homologous chromosomes allows chromosome segments and rearrangements to be identified. (wikipedia.org)
- With the possible exception of L. schreiberi, all the species of the family Lacertidae described to date appear to share homologous Z chromosomes, which date back to the last common ancestor of the whole group. (bvsalud.org)
- in this context, in order to study and verify the conservation of primate chromosomes homologous to human chromosome 13, we mapped a selected set of BAC probes in three platyrrhine species, characterised by a high level of rearrangements, using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). (nih.gov)
Genome5
- Comparative chromosome painting and related techniques are very powerful approaches in comparative genome studies. (wikipedia.org)
- The first step of the Human Genome Project took place when Tjio and Levan, in 1956, reported the accurate diploid number of human chromosomes as 2n = 46. (wikipedia.org)
- Constitutive-heterochromatin placement in the genome affects chromosome structure by occupying centromeric areas and forming large blocks. (bvsalud.org)
- Comparative banding, chromosome painting, Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) mapping and genome data permit researchers to formulate hypotheses about ancestral chromosome forms. (nih.gov)
- As in EMA, comparative genome hybridization revealed putative macro XX/XY chromosomes in ESU (the 4th largest pair). (karger.com)
Human chromosome2
- The second step derived from the invention of C-, G-, R- and other banding techniques and was marked by the Paris Conference (1971), which led to a standard nomenclature to recognize and classify each human chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
- Our mapping data on Saguinus oedipus, Callithrix argentata and Alouatta belzebul provide insight into synteny of human chromosome 13 evolution in a comparative perspective among primate species, showing rearrangements across taxa. (nih.gov)
Attained through comparative1
- Thus a record of the history of karyotype changes that have occurred during evolution have been attained through comparative chromosome maps. (wikipedia.org)
Diploid2
- During this phase, data on the karyotypes of hundreds of mammalian species (including information on diploid numbers, relative length and morphology of chromosomes, presence of B chromosomes) were described. (wikipedia.org)
- The family Cervidae is the second most diverse in the infraorder Pecora and is characterized by variability in the diploid chromosome numbers among species. (bvsalud.org)
Variability2
- Karyotype variability in mammals is mainly due to the varying amount of heterochromatin in each mammal. (wikipedia.org)
- We demonstrate the types of rearrangements that may have underlined the variability of Cervidae X chromosomes. (bvsalud.org)
Mammals2
- Furthermore, in a wider perspective, we have revised previous cytogenomic literature data on chromosome 13 evolution in eutherian mammals, showing a complex origin of the eutherian mammal ancestral karyotype which has still not been completely clarified. (nih.gov)
- Growing data from non-model organisms are changing our understanding of sex chromosome evolution by challenging theoretical paradigms derived mostly from comparative karyotypic research on organisms with well-differentiated sex chromosomes, such as insects, mammals, and birds [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
Autosomes2
- Furthermore, we show that the multiple sex-chromosome system of the Pyrenean species of Iberolacerta originated from the fusion of the ancestral W chromosome with one of the shortest autosomes, and provide additional evidence of the fast evolution of DNA sequences linked to the W chromosome in Lacertini. (bvsalud.org)
- 2012]. Current models of sex chromosome evolution propose that sex chromosomes originate from autosomes [Charlesworth and Charlesworth, 2000] and have done so multiple times independently in diverse lineages across the tree of life [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
Comparative analyses1
- We carried out comparative analyses of chromosome evolution in the congeneric species I. galani and I. bonnali, as well as in two other species of Lacertini (Lacerta schreiberi and Timon lepidus) whose sex chromosomes were also studied through comparative genomic hybridization. (bvsalud.org)
Probes1
- The euchromatin conservatism was shown by comparative chromosome painting with stone marten probes in newly built maps of the sable and pine marten. (bvsalud.org)
Complex1
- However, our current opinion is that this represents a reduction to monosomy of chromosome 17 with HER2 amplification on the retained chromosome or additional copies of HER2 due to a highly complex karyotype resulting in multiple copies of the long arm of chromosome. (avanscena.org)
Determined by the presence1
- Linkage is determined by the presence of two or more loci on the same chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Data1
- Chromosome painting data are now available for members of nearly all mammalian orders. (wikipedia.org)
Single1
- Similarities were found between ESU and E. macquarii (EMA), such as identical chromosome number (2n = 50), a single and dimorphic nucleolus organizer region (NOR) localized in a microchromosome pair (ESU14) of both sexes (detected via FISH of 18S rDNA). (karger.com)
Maps1
- Each gene maps to the same chromosome in every cell. (wikipedia.org)
Provide1
- We provide conclusive evidence that L. schreiberi should no longer be considered an exception to this rule, and demonstrate that the loss of microchromosomes in Iberolacerta was produced by their fusion to a middle-sized chromosome. (bvsalud.org)