• The most common technique to add inserts to desired sequences is the use of homologous recombination. (wikipedia.org)
  • CDK4 inhibition decreases homologous recombination and increases non-homologous end joining, suggesting that CDK4 may also promote error free DNA repair. (rndsystems.com)
  • Furthermore, the Atasf1ab-triggered replication fork stalling constitutively activates the DNA damage checkpoint and repair genes, including ATM, ATR, PARP1 and PARP2 as well as several genes of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway but not genes of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. (nih.gov)
  • Loss of BRCA2 function has been shown to lead to centrosome amplification, chromosomal rearrangement, aneuploidy, and reduced efficiency of homologous recombination-mediated double-strand break repair. (biomedcentral.com)
  • regulates homologous recombination-dependent repair by phosphorylating BRCA2, this phosphorylation is low in S phase when recombination is active, but increases as cells progress towards mitosis. (proteopedia.org)
  • In response to DNA damage, double-strand break repair by homologous recombination a reduction of CDK2-mediated BRCA2 phosphorylation. (proteopedia.org)
  • The Yanowitz lab various aspects of meiotic crossover recombination when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. (yanoworm.org)
  • Cohesion between sister chromatids is essential for proper chromosome disjunction and homologous recombination in the mitotic cycle and in meiosis ( Nasmyth, 2001 ). (rupress.org)
  • Therefore, the conversion of the DSB ends from double-stranded to single-stranded DNA, which is necessary to initiate DSB repair by homologous recombination, is responsible for loss of transcription around a DSB in S. cerevisiae . (elifesciences.org)
  • Homologous recombination' is one of the main mechanisms used by cells to repair DNA double-strand breaks. (elifesciences.org)
  • The proteins involved in homologous recombination have to work around other processes that go on inside the nucleus, such as the transcription of DNA in genes into RNA molecules. (elifesciences.org)
  • Furthermore, AtRAD54, which performs an important role in the homologous recombination repair pathway, was involved in the pairing of homologous loci with γ-irradiation. (nature.com)
  • We found that AtRAD54, which performs an important role in the homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway, was involved in the approach of two homologous loci under γ-irradiation. (nature.com)
  • In all organisms, two different mechanisms are used to repair DSBs: Homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). (cea.fr)
  • CDK4 shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus as part of its role in cell cycle regulation. (rndsystems.com)
  • Here we report that both AtASF1A and AtASF1B proteins bind histone H3, and are localized in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • In the dividing cells, ZAR2 is trapped in the cytoplasm. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mature viroid then exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm and moves to neighboring cells through the plasmodesmata (9) and to distant parts of the plant through the phloem (10). (degruyter.com)
  • which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane of one cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Proteasome is a multicatalytic protease complex that widely exists in the nucleus and cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. (protheragen.com)
  • During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided. (easynotecards.com)
  • When most eukaryotic cells divide via mitosis and cytokinesis, there is an equal segregation of genetic material and cytoplasm in daughter cells. (jove.com)
  • On the basis of high-throughput transcriptomics data, we identify whipworm proteins that are highly expressed in the anterior region of the parasite, that is, in intimate contact with the cytoplasm of host intestinal cells and the immune system. (nature.com)
  • In Xp11.2 translocation-associated renal cell carcinoma (RCC), cells typically have voluminous cytoplasm, which can range from eosinophilic and granular to clear. (medscape.com)
  • at least focally, tumor cells often have abundant clear cytoplasm, mimicking clear cell RCC. (medscape.com)
  • In Xp11.2 translocation-associated renal cell carcinoma, tumor cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and high nuclear grade are often arranged in large nests with a delicate, intervening vascular stroma. (medscape.com)
  • number of homologous sets of chromosomes in the nucleus or primary chromosome-containing compartment of the cell, each set essentially coding for all the biological traits of the organism. (eol.org)
  • Diploid organisms have two full sets of chromosomes, which exist in pairs known as homologous pairs. (actforlibraries.org)
  • Another mechanism resulting in variation is the random alignment of the maternal and paternal chromosomes along the midplane of the cell. (actforlibraries.org)
  • The subsequent separation of the pair will lead to a random assortment of these chromosomes into daughter cells. (actforlibraries.org)
  • For example, in humans there are 23 chromosomes in our sex cells. (actforlibraries.org)
  • We are interested in how chromatin affects meiosis, the specialized cell cycle in which chromosomes are segregated into egg and sperm. (yanoworm.org)
  • This process is key to increasing genetic diversity and is critical for ensuring the correct complement of chromosomes in germ cells. (yanoworm.org)
  • a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). (mathisfunforum.com)
  • In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle, in which, replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division, and sister chromatids are separated in the second division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • In mitotic metaphase, typically the chromosomes (each with 2 sister chromatid that they developed due to replication in the S phase of interphase) arranged and sister chromatids split and distributed towards daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • In meiosis, typically in Meiosis-I the homologous chromosomes are paired and then separated and distributed into daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Polytene chromosomes are structures found in highly specialized tissues in some animal and plant species, which are amplified through successive cycles of endoreduplication, finally producing several copies of each chromosome. (scielo.br)
  • In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
  • 1985) described polytene chromosomes as giant chromosomes produced by changes in the mitotic cycle during the interphase stage. (scielo.br)
  • In the endoreduplication cycle, the chromatid number is duplicated, but they do not segregate, and after various endoreduplication cycles, larger and thicker chromosomes are produced, called polytenics. (scielo.br)
  • During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes. (easynotecards.com)
  • A human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. (easynotecards.com)
  • The copying of chromosomes occurs during which of the following phases of the cell cycle? (easynotecards.com)
  • If an organism normally has 34 chromosomes, how many molecules of DNA should there be in the G1 phase of the cell cycle? (easynotecards.com)
  • DSBs are first detected and signaled by the DNA damage checkpoint that triggers cell cycle arrest, providing time for the cell to repair damaged chromosomes before entering mitosis. (cea.fr)
  • The 82nd Cold Spring Harbor Symposium focused on Chromosome Segregation & Structure and addressed the enormous progress in our understanding of the nature and behavior of chromosomes during the life cycle of the cell. (cshlpress.com)
  • The gene gun, also known as a biolistic particle delivery system, is used to deliver transgenes, proteins, or RNA into the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • They provide the structure and shape necessary for proteins and DNA within cells so that they function properly. (dokumen.pub)
  • In the nucleus of the cell, DNA is packaged into a nucleoprotein complex of histones and histone-associated proteins that together comprise chromatin. (yanoworm.org)
  • The results showed that chaperonin containing tailless complex polypeptide the large number of proteins involved, the complex relationship between proteins and the lack of research on the effects of movement and cell protein folding and degradation. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Cellular proteostasis involves the coordinated and compensatory action of pathways that control biogenesis, folding, trafficking and breakdown of proteins allowing the cell to adapt to physiological or pathological environmental changes. (elifesciences.org)
  • In malignant cells, UPP is often overexpressed due to excessive degradation needs caused by too many misfolded proteins. (protheragen.com)
  • These proteins are often homologous, and their similar sequences indicate that the organisms share a common ancestor. (jove.com)
  • Our scientists have developed a wide array of stem cell-focused reagents and resources for many applications including flow cytometry , western blotting , ELISAs , and recombinant proteins for cell differentiation. (biolegend.com)
  • We believe that the present results resolve the long-standing controversy regarding the mechanism behind the spin relaxation dispersion of water nuclei in protein solutions, thus establishing oxygen-17 relaxation as a powerful tool for studies of structurally and functionally important water molecules in proteins and other biomolecules. (lu.se)
  • Taken together, our study establishes crucial roles for the AtASF1A and AtASF1B genes in chromatin replication, maintenance of genome integrity and cell proliferation during plant development. (nih.gov)
  • Standard techniques like cell synchronization by serum starvation, flow cytometry, N-terminal or C-terminal FLAG epitope-tagged protein expression, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, dual luciferase assay for promoter evaluation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were employed during this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the mitotic cycle of yeast, cohesins bind to chromatin before S phase, whereas cohesion is established during S phase ( Uhlmann and Nasmyth, 1998 ). (rupress.org)
  • In such a modified nuclear cycle, the chromatin duplicates its DNA content during the G 1 and S stages, but, instead of passing to the G 2 stage, the nucleus initiates a new G 1 phase, thus starting a new cycle of chromatin duplication. (scielo.br)
  • Our results indicate that Cac2 and Hir1 have distinct localization patterns during different stages of the Tetrahymena life cycle and suggest that Cac2 might be dispensable for chromatin assembly. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results provide an evolutionary perspective on H3.3's conserved role in maintaining the transcriptional landscape of cells and on the emergence of specialized chromatin assembly pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In most eukaryotes, two classes of histones have been described: (1) replicative or canonical histones, expressed only during the S phase of the cell cycle, which are assembled onto chromatin in a DNA replication-dependent (RD) manner, and (2) variant histones, which differ in their primary amino acid sequences, are expressed throughout the cell cycle, and can be deposited in a replication-independent (RI) fashion [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chromatin dynamics and arrangement are involved in many biological processes in nuclei of eukaryotes including plants. (nature.com)
  • In this study, we investigated the chromatin dynamics and arrangement with DNA damage in Arabidopsis thaliana by live-cell imaging with the lacO /LacI-EGFP system and simulation analysis. (nature.com)
  • however, little is known about chromatin dynamics in nuclei of A. thaliana . (nature.com)
  • Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and immunofluorescence staining has been mainly used to analyse the gene localization and chromatin distribution in nuclei of A. thaliana . (nature.com)
  • One live-cell imaging technique, a chromatin-tagging system that is based on the bacterial operator/repressor system, has been a powerful technique for analysing chromatin dynamics and arrangement in real time 11 , 12 . (nature.com)
  • Here, we examined chromatin dynamics and arrangement in living roots of A. thaliana with DNA damage, focusing our attention on the distance between homologous loci using the lacO /LacI-EGFP system. (nature.com)
  • Our results suggest that the transient reduction in inter-allelic distance and increase in pairing frequency of homologous loci after DSB result in partial chromatin reorganisation of interphase nuclei and that AtRAD54 contributes to the subcellular movement of homologous loci in the HR repair pathway. (nature.com)
  • These cells, at this point, are haploid in terms of chromosome number, but have twice the amount of DNA since each chromosome is still composed of sister chromatids. (actforlibraries.org)
  • The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)
  • Depending on the behavior of the sister chromatids, polytene nuclei can be divided into two structural types. (scielo.br)
  • While studying the activity of BRCA2 gene promoter in breast cancer cells, we discovered that this promoter has bi-directional activity and the product of the reverse activity (a ZAR1-like protein, we named ZAR2) silences the forward promoter at the G0/G1 phase of the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that act as key regulatory elements in cell cycle progression. (proteopedia.org)
  • KIN17, which is known as a DNA and RNA binding protein, is highly expressed in numerous types of human cancers and was discovered to participate in several vital cell behaviors, including DNA replication, damage repair, regulation of cell cycle and RNA processing. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Previous studies have indicated that KIN17 is involved in global genome repair, DNA replication, transcription and regulation of the cell cycle as part of a multi-protein complex. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The divisome is a protein complex in bacteria that is responsible for cell division, constriction of inner and outer membranes during division, and peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis at the division site. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • A tubulin-like protein, FtsZ plays a critical role in formation of a contractile ring for the cell division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The pathways related to cell protein folding and degradation need to be elucidated because of training was set. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Chaperonin Containing Tailless Complex Polypeptide 1 (CCT-1) is one of the important elements of protein folding pathway in cells and proteasome is an important component of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) dependent protein degradation pathway in cells. (ijpsonline.com)
  • When transfected into mammalian cells, this protein accumulated in the nucleus, but was not secreted. (prosci-inc.com)
  • Chromosome region maintenance protein1 (CRM1) mediates protein export from the nucleus and is a new target for anti-cancer therapeutics. (confex.com)
  • Mechanistically, protein profiling through mass spectroscopy revealed that K+CS uniquely affects the cellular pathways of DNA damage repair, DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. (confex.com)
  • The proteasome plays an important role in the ubiquitin-protein pathway (UPP), which is a key pathway for intracellular protein degradation, regulation of antigen presentation, cell cycle, NF-kB metabolism, etc. (protheragen.com)
  • Abnormal myeloma cells produce a mutated form of immunoglobulin protein called M-protein, which accumulates in tissues and blood vessels. (protheragen.com)
  • The characteristic features of myeloma include increased plasma cells in the bone marrow and extramedullary sites, elevated monoclonal M-protein in serum and urine, osteolytic bone lesions, renal insufficiency, anemia, and immunodeficiency. (protheragen.com)
  • MMC significantly blocked TGFβ-induced cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation in cultured quiescent keratocytes and altered the transcriptional regulation of macrophage chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA). (molvis.org)
  • Finally, the video describes some of the many ways in which yeast cells are put to work in modern scientific research, including protein purification and the study of DNA repair mechanisms and other cellular processes related to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. (jove.com)
  • As originally proposed in 1963, cells rely on two genetic elements to duplicate their genome: the replicator, a DNA region where replication begins (now named the replication origin), and the initiator, a protein or a protein complex that recognizes the replicator [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In mammalian cells, S-palmitoylate is added by a family of 23 transmembrane zinc finger DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys)-containing protein acyl transferases and is removed by fatty acyl protein thioesterases ( Malgapo & Linder, 2021 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Rb , or retinoblastoma protein, is a key regulator of the cell cycle, particularly during the transition from the G1 to S phases. (biolegend.com)
  • Within the brain, the protein is involved in the development of specialized cells that process smell. (biolegend.com)
  • The peptide is homologous with the corresponding sequence derived from cFos protein human, rat, mouse, hamster and cat. (biosensis.com)
  • Meiosis, also known as reduction division, is the process of cell division by which diploid (2n) organisms create the haploid (n) gametes needed for sexual reproduction. (actforlibraries.org)
  • The end result is four genetically varied, haploid sex cells. (actforlibraries.org)
  • The result of sporic meiosis is the formation of haploid cells called spores. (actforlibraries.org)
  • It involves the division of the diploid zygote into haploid cells. (actforlibraries.org)
  • Whether meiosis is occurring in its familiar role in animals or the unusual forms seen in plants and fungi, it is still the mechanism used to create the haploid cells necessary for successful sexual reproduction of those species. (actforlibraries.org)
  • Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • In akr1 , tht1 , or sey1 mutant, meiotic cells, haploid nuclei are unfused with subsequent chromosome segregation defects. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • During Metaphase I, the meiotic spindle moves the tetrads or homologous pairs to the midplane. (actforlibraries.org)
  • Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Meiotic cohesin REC8 appeared shortly before premeiotic S phase in the nucleus and formed AE-like structures (REC8-AEs) from premeiotic S phase on. (rupress.org)
  • Eukaryotic cells can rapidly adjust their transcriptional profile in response to molecular needs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During the last decade, the non-random spatial arrangement of the genome into the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, as emerged as a key regulator of genome functions and notably of the propagation of a stable genome. (cea.fr)
  • Each homologous pair contains a paternal and a maternal copy of the chromosome. (actforlibraries.org)
  • Intracellular inserts can occur through heritable changes in parent cells or errors in DNA replication or DNA repair. (wikipedia.org)
  • activated by interaction with cyclin E during the early stages of DNA synthesis to permit G1-S transition, and subsequently activated by cyclin A2 (cyclin A1 in germ cells) during the late stages of DNA replication to drive the transition from S phase to mitosis, the G2 phase. (proteopedia.org)
  • All cell divisions, regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA replication. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • MMC induces DNA damage to quiescent corneal keratocytes, which remains unrepaired, resulting in abnormal cell replication and gene transcription that leads to long-term effects on corneal repair. (molvis.org)
  • These data indicate that the effect of MMC on corneal scarring and haze is related to the generation of DNA ICLs leading to defective cell replication and gene expression. (molvis.org)
  • HR comprises different pathways: gene conversion (GC) that accurately repair the lesion by copying the homologous sequence, single strand annealing (SSA) or break induced replication (BIR) that can both lead to loss of genetic information. (cea.fr)
  • Genome replication is responsible for accurate transmission of genetic information through cell division cycles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In all other eukaryotes, clear consensus sequences for origins are elusive, perhaps indicating there are no cis elements to initiate replication in most of these cells and organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to the usage, origins have been classified as constitutive (fired at same position in different cells of a population), flexible (fired stochastically in different cells) and dormant (fired as consequence of replication stress) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Especially central information processing is homologous to that of eukaryotes. (dissertations.se)
  • Yeast belong to the domain Eukaryota, which is comprised of organisms with membrane-bound nuclei, referred to as eukaryotes. (jove.com)
  • Moreover, the distance between two homologous loci in the interphase nucleus was shortened by γ-irradiation, which induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). (nature.com)
  • controls the timing of entry into mitosis/meiosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/CDK1 by phosphorylation, and coordinates the activation of cyclin B/CDK1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus. (proteopedia.org)
  • Meiosis I involves four stages that differ significantly from mitosis, the form of cell division involved in growth and tissue repair. (actforlibraries.org)
  • The different stages of mitosis all together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle-the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • After growth, cell division by mitosis allows for continual construction and repair of the organism. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Eukaryotic cell divisions can be classified as mitosis (equational division) and meiosis (reductional division). (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Unlike typical eukaryotic cell division, the two cells are not equal in size following mitosis. (jove.com)
  • NHEJ simply religates the broken ends whereas during HR a DNA break is repaired by copying homologous sequences present elsewhere in the genome. (cea.fr)
  • Despite lymphatic endothelial cells being derived from multiple organs, they share common molecular denominators, including the expression of the transcription factor Prox1. (dissertations.se)
  • DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly dangerous for cells, since their inefficient or inaccurate repair can result in deletions and chromosomal translocations that can lead to cancer and/or severe developmental abnormalities in humans. (elifesciences.org)
  • Once activated by DSBs, ATM/Tel1 and ATR/Mec1 promote DSB repair, delay cell cycle progression or trigger the elimination of genetically unstable cells by inducing cell death. (elifesciences.org)
  • We also found that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induce the approach of the homologous loci with γ-irradiation. (nature.com)
  • These results suggest that homologous loci approach each other to repair DSBs and AtRAD54 mediates these phenomena. (nature.com)
  • Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (proteopedia.org)
  • Compound 51 inhibited the proliferation of 13 out of 15 cancer cell lines with IC50 values between 0.27 and 6.9 muM, which correlated with the complete suppression of retinoblastoma phosphorylation and the onset of apoptosis. (proteopedia.org)
  • Furthermore, KIN17 is associated with cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and cell cycle regulation by regulating pathways including the p38 MAPK, NF‑κB‑Snail and TGF‑β/Smad2 signaling pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Deletions of multiple GID subunits compromise cell proliferation, and this defect is accompanied by deregulation of critical cell cycle markers such as the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor, phospho-Histone H3 and Cyclin A. We identify the negative regulator of pro-proliferative genes Hbp1 as a bonafide GID/CTLH proteolytic substrate. (elifesciences.org)
  • Multiple myeloma is a B-cell-dependent hematological malignancy caused by excessive clonal proliferation of terminally differentiated plasma cells in bone marrow. (protheragen.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to determine the acute and long-term effects of mitomycin C (MMC) on quiescent rabbit corneal keratocytes regarding cell proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation and DNA repair. (molvis.org)
  • It is thought to have an important role in signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation. (biosensis.com)
  • RUNX1 regulates CD4 gene transcription during multiple stages of T cell development and represses the CD4 gene in CD4-CD8- (double negative) T cells. (biolegend.com)
  • It produces 2 hormones: vasopressin, which causes blood pressure to rise and regulates the amount of water in the body's cells, and oxytocin, which causes the uterus to contract during childbirth and lactation to begin. (medscape.com)
  • Previous studies have indicated that cancer cells rely heavily on proteasomes to meet the demand for turnover and are therefore more sensitive to proteasomal inhibition than normal cells. (protheragen.com)
  • As meiosis begins the homologous pairs find one another and embrace in a process called synapsis, forming structures called tetrads. (actforlibraries.org)
  • The process of meiosis itself involves two rounds of cell division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II . (actforlibraries.org)
  • This form of meiosis is involved in the most complex sexual life cycle known as alternation of generations. (actforlibraries.org)
  • In mammalian cells, inhibiting the transcription of genes around a double-strand DNA break depends on a signaling pathway that is activated whenever DNA damage is detected. (elifesciences.org)
  • In general, NHEJ is the preferred pathway in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, while HR is favored in S and G2 phases. (cea.fr)
  • Unless a DSB is faithfully religated by Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ), it is processed into 3' single strand overhangs through the action of partially redundant nucleases. (cea.fr)
  • These are also combined with CRISPR-CAS9 or TALENs to gain a sequence-specific addition, or deletion, within the genome of more complex cells and organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The amitotic or mitotic cell division is more atypical and diverse in the various groups of organisms such as protists (namely diatoms, dinoflagellates etc.) and fungi. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • In some organisms, such as certain fungi and algae, cells undergo the cell cycle repeatedly without subsequently undergoing cytokinesis. (easynotecards.com)
  • Organisms also were seen in the alveolar septae, renal tubular cells, and parenchyma of the adrenal glands and liver ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Loss of both CDK4 and CDK2 increases neural stem cell differentiation. (rndsystems.com)
  • RUNX1 is also required for the differentiation of CD8+, Th17, and regulatory T cells. (biolegend.com)
  • These findings revealed that RUNX1 acts as a tumor suppressor for myeloid leukemia and is crucial for the development and terminal differentiation of several blood cell lineages 2,3 . (biolegend.com)
  • During Telophase I, nuclei reform around each chromosomal grouping and two daughter cells are formed. (actforlibraries.org)
  • While BRCA2 expression is involved in cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair, the mechanisms of cell cycle-dependent regulation of BRCA2 gene expression remains elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The capability of these cells to differentiate depends on the stem cell type, the regulation of gene expression by various transcription factors and interaction with the stem cell niche 1,4 . (biolegend.com)
  • These hormones regulate the body's growth, and are involved in cell to cell communication, control metabolic activity, sleep-wake homeostasis, and altered regulation or dysregulation of adaptive response in various physiologic and pathophysiologic states. (medscape.com)
  • The genetic material will penetrate the cell and deliver the contents over a space area. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) usually undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • FHND91 is 100% converted in aqueous solution to active molecules and results in tumor cell death through endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent and mitochondria-mediated pathways. (protheragen.com)
  • This technique has a specific requirement where the insert can only be added after it has been introduced to the nucleus of the cell, which can be added to the genome mostly during the G2 and S phases in the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell's genome. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • It allows the centimeters, or even meters, of DNA that constitute a eukaryotic genome to fit inside a micrometer-scale cell nucleus. (dissertations.se)
  • Because it's genome has been sequenced, its genetics are easily manipulated, and it is easy to maintain in the lab, this species of yeast has been an invaluable resource in the understanding of fundamental cellular processes such as cell division and cell death. (jove.com)
  • The three dimensional organization of the genome in the nucleus, previously known to impact on gene expression, has recently emerged as a key regulator of DNA repair. (cea.fr)
  • By using cell lines belonging to different hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, we demonstrated ex vivo that the combination of KPT-330 and CS (K+CS) could induce unique and significant antitumor effect at much lower dose of KPT-330 (at 25% of the dose used in the clinic), thereby potentially mitigating prohibitive clinical AEs (Figure 1a-d, and e-g) . (confex.com)
  • Once recruited to DSB, these complexes get activated and induce the phosphorylation of numerous targets including transducing kinases, which subsequently phosphorylate downstream effectors to delay cell cycle and promote DNA repair. (cea.fr)
  • As a result, activation of right central nucleus of amygdala with blue light was enough to induce persistent mechanical hyperalgesia. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Animal models for human tumour mental animals is not easy to answer does induce adult T-cell leukaemia/ viruses that make use of animal virus- for these agents, because cancer bi- lymphoma (ATLL), albeit in monkeys es are scarce. (who.int)
  • FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth, and invasion. (prosci-inc.com)
  • Rb homeostasis is also essential for self-renewal and survival of human embryonic stem cells 10 . (biolegend.com)
  • BRCA2 gene expression is tightly regulated during the cell cycle in human breast cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of BRCA2 gene is silenced at the G0/G1 phase of cell growth and is de-silenced at the S/G2 phase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subcellular location of ZAR2 and its expression from the reverse promoter of the BRCA2 gene are stringently regulated in a cell cycle dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ZAR2 binds to BRCA2/ZAR2 bi-directional promoter in vivo and is responsible, at least in part, for the silencing of BRCA2 gene expression in the G0/G1 phase in human breast cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mutations of BRCA2 gene predispose the cells towards neoplastic development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The notion could be that unique cellular mechanisms are triggered in the breast cancer cells to stimulate BRCA2 gene expression as a temporary measure to regulate the growth of the breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BRCA2 gene expression is stringently regulated during the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Agrobacterium cells with a genetically-modified plasmid, containing a gene for the desired trait and a marker gene, usually conferring antibiotic resistance, are incubated with protoplasts or small pieces of plant tissue. (jrank.org)
  • Two methods have been developed for direct gene transfer into plant cells-electroporation and biolistics. (jrank.org)
  • Pax-6 acts as a critical gene for the development of eyes and other sensory organs, certain neural and epidermal tissues as well as other homologous structures, usually derived from ectodermal tissues. (biolegend.com)
  • Translocation carcinoma is a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtype that harbors a translocation involving a member of the microphthalmia transcription factor gene family. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, spectroscopic analyses elucidated that during formation of biofilms, sulfated polysaccharides initially form linear structures followed by entrapment of cyanobacterial cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Transmission electron microscopes are designed to examine the internal structures of a cell, whereas a scanning electron microscope only allows visualization of the surface of a structure. (dokumen.pub)
  • We find that S-palmitoylation by Erf2-Erf4 is required for Ras1 localization at the cell periphery to enrich at the cell conjugation site for mating pheromone response. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Breaks that form across both strands in a DNA double helix are considered the most dangerous type of DNA damage, and can cause a cell to die or become cancerous if they are not repaired accurately. (elifesciences.org)
  • CDK4 may be useful as a prognostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma and its kinase activity has been reported to promote the progression of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (rndsystems.com)
  • These single-stranded DNA 'tails' are then free to interact with an intact copy of the same DNA sequence from elsewhere in the cell's nucleus, which is used as a guide when repairing the damage. (elifesciences.org)
  • Anterior nucleus of paraventricular thalamus mediates chronic mechanical hyperalgesia. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Furthermore, experimental substitutions with several other amino acids have been shown to alter ATP synthesis rate in the cell. (bvsalud.org)
  • Divisome and elongasome complexes responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis during lateral cell-wall growth and division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • In the nucleus, PSTVd replicates via an asymmetric rolling circle mechanism (7). (degruyter.com)
  • Cell lines derived from early embryos that have the potential to differentiate into all types of somatic cells as well as to form germ line cells, and hence whole animals, when injected into early embryos. (nationalacademies.org)
  • and Germ Cells. (cshlpress.com)
  • Indeed, Hbp1 accumulates in cells lacking GID/CTLH activity, and Hbp1 physically interacts and is ubiquitinated in vitro by reconstituted GID/CTLH complexes. (elifesciences.org)
  • The underphosphorylated, active form of Rb interacts directly with E2F1 , leading to cell cycle arrest, while the hyperphosphorylated form decouples from E2F1, thus promoting the transcription of genes promoting entry into the S phase. (biolegend.com)
  • The Atasf1ab mutant plants exhibit cell number reduction, S-phase delay/arrest, and reduced polyploidy levels. (nih.gov)
  • Which of the following events would cause the cell cycle to arrest? (easynotecards.com)
  • These findings advance understanding of circuit mechanisms of the unstoppable itch-scratch cycles and shed important insights into chronic itch therapy. (iasp-pain.org)
  • It is, however, important to differentiate between the nuclear cycles that result in polyploid nuclei and those that produce polytene nuclei, because these two terms of the nuclear types are often used indiscriminately in the literature. (scielo.br)
  • Replicate plant cells or protoplasts that are placed under identical conditions of tissue culture do not always grow and differentiate to produce identical progeny (clones). (jrank.org)
  • Stem cells are unique due to their ability to limitlessly self-renew and differentiate into each cell type in the adult body. (biolegend.com)
  • Transcription factors have an important role in the ability of a cell to self-renew and also differentiate into most cell types, also known as pluripotency 1 . (biolegend.com)
  • Muscle cells also must repair muscle tissue damaged by exercise by building new muscle. (dokumen.pub)
  • MMC also induced phosphorylation of the nuclear histone marker of DNA damage, γH2AX (a member of the H2A histone family), without induction of cell cycle entry or immediate DNA repair measured by Comet assay. (molvis.org)
  • Chapter 3 1 Figure 3.7 Plant cells have plasmodesmata, a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and plastids. (dokumen.pub)
  • When PSTVd enters the plant cell, a specific signal seems to direct it into the nucleus. (degruyter.com)
  • Upon inoculation, mature Pospiviroidae RNA molecules enter the plant cell nucleus. (degruyter.com)
  • Which of the following statements are true of cytokinesis in plant cells? (easynotecards.com)
  • a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis. (easynotecards.com)
  • Advantage has been taken of the natural ability of Agrobacterium to transfer plasmid DNA into the nuclei of susceptible plant cells. (jrank.org)
  • Plant cells that have been transformed by the plasmid can be selected on media containing the antibiotic, and then cultured to generate new, transgenic plants. (jrank.org)
  • A pathogenic bacterium of plants that can inject a plasmid DNA (T DNA) into plant cells. (nationalacademies.org)
  • that is histopathological y very simi- T cel s, B cel s, natural kil er cel s, LMP1 of EBV can transform ro- lar to that caused by hepatitis B vi- macrophages, and dendritic cells, dent fibroblasts and is expressed rus (HBV) in humans, but it does so and this humanized mouse model in most of the human cancers as- through a different mechanism. (who.int)
  • When studying an individual organism, a biologist could examine the cell and its organelles, the tissues that the cells make up, the organs and their respective organ systems, and the sum total-the organism itself. (dokumen.pub)
  • At the level of the cell, in tissues involved in secretory functions, such as the salivary glands, the cells have abundant Golgi. (dokumen.pub)
  • Transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs from another member of the same species. (nationalacademies.org)
  • genic models are inadequate for number of activated CD8-positive T LMP1 was strongly expressed in the understanding the cancer etiology in cells increased considerably in the lymphoma tissues but was hardly the context of natural viral infection. (who.int)
  • This form of asexual reproduction involves the formation of a newly synthesized bud from the mother cell, which grows in size throughout the cell cycle until cytokinesis. (jove.com)
  • Our biochemical and cellular analysis thus demonstrates that the GID/CTLH complex prevents cell cycle exit in G1, at least in part by degrading Hbp1. (elifesciences.org)
  • Previous studies performed in S. cerevisiae that have contributed to our understanding of important cellular processes such as the cell cycle, aging, and cell death are also discussed. (jove.com)
  • Another characteristic architectural feature found in many of these tumors is a pseudoalveolar pattern in which cells are arranged in alveolae with central cellular discohesion (see the fourth image below). (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, the K+CS combination did not show this potent toxic effect on non-malignant cells in vivo and was safe without inducing toxicity to normal organs in NSG mice. (confex.com)
  • The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands that produce and secrete hormones into the blood stream to reach and act on target cells of specific organs. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we showed that anterior nucleus of paraventricular thalamus (PVA) plays an essential role in the development of mechanical hyperalgesia in neuropathic and inflammatory pain models in mice. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)
  • In the G0/G1 growth phase ZAR2 is predominantly located inside the nucleus of the breast cells, binds to the BRCA2 promoter and inhibits the expression of BRCA2. (biomedcentral.com)