During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
Cytogenetically, the species of the genus Melipona show variation in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along their chromosomes and can be separated into 2 groups: the first with low content of heterochromatin and the second with high content of heterochromatin. (karger.com)
In general, Melipona species have 2n = 18 chromosomes, and the species of each subgenus share the same characteristics in relation to heterochromatin regions, DAPI/CMA 3 fluorophores, and the number and distribution of 18S rDNA sites. (karger.com)
A total of 93 BAC clones were used to localize the chromosome complement of the species and 588 genes were annotated, thus almost reaching the 2.5% of the genome sequences. (metasystems-international.com)
This kind of result widens the knowledge of this species' chromosome dynamics and evolution. (metasystems-international.com)
KEY MESSAGE: Chromosome-specific painting probes were developed to identify the individual chromosomes from 1 to 7E in Thinopyrum species and detect alien genetic material of the E genome in a wheat background. (bvsalud.org)
Species of Thinopyrum vary from diploid (2n = 2x = 14) to decaploid (2n = 10x = 70), and chromosome structural variation and differentiation have arisen during polyploidization. (bvsalud.org)
Somatic3
Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis. (wikipedia.org)
The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)
These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcriptional2
[1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
I want to understand the relationship between homologous chromosome shapes, epigenetic marks, and transcriptional programs in extreme scenarios using homolog-specific super-resolution imaging and chromatin conformation capture technologies. (cegs-cgi.org)
Meiosis3
the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces spores by meiosis. (wikipedia.org)
Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division, either during mitosis, or more commonly from the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis or from the fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm. (wikipedia.org)
Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Meiotic1
We measured the meiotic recombination rate in two regions of chromosome 5, containing or not an NLR gene cluster. (metasystems-international.com)
Heredity2
In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomal1
Also, the analyses indicate that chromosomal rearrangements occurred independently within the distinct lineages of S . marmoratus complex, which resulted in the appearance of distinct karyotypic variants in a non-linear fashion related to diploid numbers and in the appearance of similar non-homologous chromosomes. (scielo.br)
Organism2
Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of (homologous) chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
Phylogenetic2
Finally, the integration of both molecular cytogenetic and phylogenetic approaches allowed the determination of specific chromosomes possibly involved in rearrangements and a better understanding about the evolutionary processes involved in the differentiation of Synbranchus genus. (scielo.br)
To better understand the karyotype organization in Melipona and the relationship among the subgenera, we mapped repetitive sequences and analyzed previously reported cytogenetic data with the aim to identify cytogenetic markers to be used for investigating the phylogenetic relationships and chromosome evolution in the genus. (karger.com)
Organisms2
Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)
What are the common or different principles governing functional trans-homologous contact events in different contexts and organisms? (cegs-cgi.org)
Preparations2
Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
For example : Mice only have 19 pairs plus XY chromosomes, whereas Humans have 22 plus XY. (topperone.com)
Karyotypes2
Among the analyzed specimens, a large degree of cytogenetic variation related to diploid numbers and karyotype structure was observed, with karyotypes showing 2n=42, 44 and 46 chromosomes. (scielo.br)
These heterochromatin patterns and the number of chromosomes are characteristics exclusive to Melipona karyotypes that distinguish them from the other genera of the Meliponini. (karger.com)
Polyploid2
Polyploid types are labeled according to the number of chromosome sets in the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Wheat, for example, after millennia of hybridization and modification by humans, has strains that are diploid (two sets of chromosomes), tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes) with the common name of durum or macaroni wheat, and hexaploid (six sets of chromosomes) with the common name of bread wheat. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleus3
The large membrance enclosed organelle which contains the genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules with the structure of chromosome is called cell nucleus. (topperone.com)
When people look at a picture of the cell,it's found in the middle of the cell.The nucleus bears all of the cell's chromosomes, which encode the genetic material. (topperone.com)
The nucleus has a membrane surrounding it that keeps all the chromosomes inside and makes the distinction between the chromosomes being inside the nucleus,the other organelles and components of the cell staying outside. (topperone.com)
Sequences1
To investigate the variation and evolution of the E genome, we developed a complete set of E genome-specific painting probes for identification of the individual chromosomes 1E to 7E based on the genome sequences of Th. (bvsalud.org)
Clones1
16 Selection for the active X chromosome yielded 12 clones bearing only the normal X and five clones retaining both X chromosomes. (bmj.com)
Copies1
[4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
Pair1
As a result, important data about its genome organization and evolution were obtained, such as the lesser gene density of the large metacentric pair compared with the other metacentric chromosomes, which supports the theory of a sex proto-chromosome pair. (metasystems-international.com)
The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)
Structure1
There is a rather complex structure there, and they occupy many thousands of nucleotides on chromosomes. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
Recognize1
Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Theory1
Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis2
Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)
Back selection for the inactive X on one diploid clone yielded 12 hybrids containing the deleted inactive X chromosome, three of which were selected for analysis. (bmj.com)
44x, for example black mulberry Autopolyploids are polyploids with multiple chromosome sets derived from a single taxon. (wikipedia.org)
Content1
Oryzalin will also double the existing chromosome content. (wikipedia.org)
Addition1
In addition, it can be induced in plants and cell cultures by some chemicals: the best known is colchicine, which can result in chromosome doubling, though its use may have other less obvious consequences as well. (wikipedia.org)
Cell1
Most of the unread genome just belonged to centromeric regions, these are special sections of chromosomes that are necessary for cell division, and they usually consist of tandem repeating DNA sequence units. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
Term1
Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
Long1
A long range deletion map was constructed using available X chromosome YAC contigs and the DNA of the proband of family 1, hybrid 1C3 derived from the mother of family 2, and patients 3 and 4. (bmj.com)
Cells2
The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
She is the author of several widely used bioinformatics tools for Hi-C based genome assembly including 3D-DNA, the pipeline for automatic assembly of chromosomes using Hi-C data, and Juicebox Assembly Tools or JBAT, an interactive tools for manual polishing of genome assemblies. (cegs-cgi.org)