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Pituitary glandAutonomic nervouHypothalamusAxisHypothalamicHormonesEndocrine systemGnRHGlucosePhysiologicalMetabolicMammalianAnteriorReceptorsOrgansNervous systemsHormoneGastrointestinalPeripheralFunctionReproductiveExcitabilityAreasPituitary AdreHYPOTHALAMUSGlucocorticoidsHumansVesselsNeuroendocrine systemNervous systemReceptorsDysregulationReproductive SystemBiologicalImmune systemHormone systemsProteinsTermStressComplexEffectsMajor
Pituitary gland7
  • A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior) is the glandular, anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis). (wikipedia.org)
  • At this site, these cells can release substances into small blood vessels that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland (the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels). (wikipedia.org)
  • The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis, including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. (sabkuchonline.pk)
  • One of the most important functions is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland . (cloudfront.net)
  • The tubero-infundibular artery, a branch of the superior hypophysial artery, can be seen arching across the top of the stalk-pituitary junction, where it enters the anterior pituitary gland. (endocrinology-journals.org)
  • Popa & Fielding (1930, 1933), who first discovered the hypophysial portal system, posited that the direction of blood flow was centripetal: that is, from the anterior pituitary gland towards the hypothalamus. (endocrinology-journals.org)
  • It links the two by sending and receiving signals from other regions of the nervous system while also controlling the body's "master gland"-the pituitary gland. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Autonomic nervou3
  • Hypothalamus: A region of the forebrain located below the thalamus, forming the basal portion of the diencephalon, that regulates body temperature, some metabolic processes, and governs the autonomic nervous system. (sabkuchonline.pk)
  • Meanwhile, the autonomic nervous system stimulates the suprarenal medulla to secrete hormones such as epinephrine into the bloodstream. (medscape.com)
  • The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system . (cloudfront.net)
Hypothalamus5
Axis10
  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis plays a crucial and integrative role in the mammalian endocrine regulation to maintain homeostasis. (intechopen.com)
  • The ability of all mammals to cope with any environmental or homeostatic challenge (i.e., stressor), or with perceptual threats to homeostasis, relies upon activation of a neuroendocrine signaling cascade called the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. (nature.com)
  • Q. Discuss the endocrine control of Hypothalamo - Hypophyseal - Gonadal Axis in male. (cbcszoology.org)
  • Reproduced from Fink G & Smith GC 1971 Ultrastructural features of the developing hypothalamo-hypophysial axis in the rat: a correlative study. (endocrinology-journals.org)
  • The body's primary stress management system is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The HPA axis responds to physical and mental challenge to maintain homeostasis in part by controlling the body's cortisol level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis represents a self-regulated dynamic feedback neuroendocrine system that is essential for maintaining body homeostasis in response to various stresses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Definitive research on HPA axis function in chronic diseases has been hampered by the complexity of the numerous systems affected by the HPA axis, such as the immune and neuroendocrine systems, the lack of known or accessible brain lesions and the correlative nature of much of the existing data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the organization of the HPA axis has been characterized to detail the feedback and feed forward signalling that regulates HPA axis function [ 12 ], it is a system that is amenable to modelling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The female reproductive axis is also highly rhythmic, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are also functional multi-oscillatory circadian systems. (chronobiologyinmedicine.org)
Hypothalamic2
  • Aside from hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary, other systems in the body have been shown to regulate the anterior pituitary's function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Numerous studies suggest that this altered hypothalamic homeostasis is caused by a synergism between psychogenic challenge, promoted in part by dysfunctional attitudes, and metabolic compromise induced by undernutrition and overexercise. (nih.gov)
Hormones7
  • Mechanism of action of steroidal, non-steroidal hormones with receptors (cAMP, IP3-DAG), Calcium and Glucose homeostasis in mammals. (cbcszoology.org)
  • The endocrine system-the other communication system in the body-is made up of endocrine glands that produce hormones, chemical substances released into the bloodstream to guide processes such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development. (medscape.com)
  • The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands that produce and secrete hormones into the blood stream to reach and act on target cells of specific organs. (medscape.com)
  • These hormones regulate the body's growth, and are involved in cell to cell communication, control metabolic activity, sleep-wake homeostasis, and altered regulation or dysregulation of adaptive response in various physiologic and pathophysiologic states. (medscape.com)
  • [7] Much smaller parvocellular neurosecretory cells , neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, release corticotropin-releasing hormone and other hormones into the hypophyseal portal system , where these hormones diffuse to the anterior pituitary . (cloudfront.net)
  • The endocrine glands produce hormones, which are distributed by the vascular system to the many body tissues, subsequently these organs are richly vascularized. (edu.au)
  • The fetus also has a unique hormonal system that combines not only its own developing endocrine system, but also that of the corpus luteum, placenta and maternal hormones. (edu.au)
Endocrine system3
  • The endocrine system resides within specific endocrine organs and both organs and tissues with other specific functions. (edu.au)
  • Alternatively, we now know many environmental and therapeutic chemicals have a wide range of effects on the endocrine system. (edu.au)
  • This current page provides a general introduction to the endocrine system, use the links below to explore development of specific endocrine organs. (edu.au)
GnRH2
  • Mean± s.e.m. concentrations of LHRH (GnRH) in hypophysial portal plasma collected from female rats that were anesthetised with alphaxalone at various stages of the oestrous cycle. (endocrinology-journals.org)
  • Mean± s.e.m. concentrations of LHRH (GnRH) in hypophysial portal plasma and volumes of portal blood collected at various times (indicated at top) on the expected day of pro-oestrus. (endocrinology-journals.org)
Glucose2
Physiological3
  • Some stressors involve an immediate threat to physiological homeostasis and require the rapid relay of peripheral signals to PVN neurons via direct serotonergic or catecholaminergic projections from brainstem nuclei [ 9 , 11 ]. (nature.com)
  • Stress is the adaptive response of our body through all its homeostatic systems, to external and/or internal stimuli that activate specific and nonspecific physiological pathways. (researchgate.net)
  • Cortisol affects a number of cellular and physiological functions to maintain body homeostasis and health. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolic1
  • This review discusses the circadian timing of the female reproductive system, specifically its underlying metabolic and molecular clock functions. (chronobiologyinmedicine.org)
Mammalian1
  • The most accepted concept for the mammalian circadian system is a hierarchical multi-oscillator system [ 4 ]. (chronobiologyinmedicine.org)
Anterior2
  • High-power view through a dissecting microscope of the hypophysial portal vessels on the anterior surface of the pituitary stalk (left) of an anesthetised rat. (endocrinology-journals.org)
  • The functional importance of the hypophysial portal vessels involved Harris in a conflict with the influential Sir Solly Zuckerman, who, on the basis of studies in the ferret, challenged the neurohumoral hypothesis of anterior pituitary control. (endocrinology-journals.org)
Receptors1
  • Some of the receptors are cation channels, which can directly depolarize the nociceptor upon activation, while other receptors activate second messenger systems to change neuronal excitability by changing expression of, or modifying the function of, other cation channels. (frontiersin.org)
Organs2
  • Interaction between multiple mechanisms and molecular interactions are important factors in development of IR in various organs and systems. (researchsquare.com)
  • The SCN sends humoral and neuronal signals to the peripheral circadian tissue [ 12 ] and synchronizes the clocks of peripheral organs, including the female reproductive system ( Figure 1 ). (chronobiologyinmedicine.org)
Nervous systems1
Hormone2
  • Our central hypothesis is that ghrelin is a key hormone involved in feed intake, energy homeostasis, spatial short-term memory and cardiovascular function in birds. (aamu.edu)
  • The CRH is released into the closed hypophyseal portal circulation, stimulating the pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). (biomedcentral.com)
Gastrointestinal1
  • Pain originating from the gastrointestinal (GI) system ascends to the brain via the same tri-neuronal pathways that convey noxious somatic stimuli. (frontiersin.org)
Peripheral1
  • Both the central SCN and peripheral circadian clocks play essential roles in the female reproductive system. (chronobiologyinmedicine.org)
Function2
  • Abnormal endocrine development/function can impact on many different systems. (edu.au)
  • Note: The contentious history of the discovery and function of the hypophysial portal vessels is detailed in chapter 2 of Harris' (1955) monograph, to which the interested reader is referred. (endocrinology-journals.org)
Reproductive2
  • Precise chronological transition is critical for a normal female reproductive system. (chronobiologyinmedicine.org)
  • To understand these epidemiological results, it is necessary to understand the female reproductive system in terms of the circadian rhythm. (chronobiologyinmedicine.org)
Excitability1
  • This, in turn, affects the excitability of the nervous system. (medscape.com)
Areas1
  • As part of the limbic system , it has connections to other limbic structures including the amygdala and septum , and is also connected with areas of the autonomous nervous system . (cloudfront.net)
Pituitary Adre1
  • Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) and sex‐specific activation of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
HYPOTHALAMUS1
Glucocorticoids1
  • 2008). Glucocorticoids are thought to contribute to termination of the initial stress response (Keller-Wood and Dallman 1984) and to participate in long-term restoration of homeostasis triggered by the initial response (Munck et al. (nih.gov)
Humans1
  • There is a literature review on the role of the interactions of stress, the endocrine system, and the brain in both goldfish and humans to stage the hypotheses in question, ultimately predicting a decline in cognition in fish exposed to the anxiolytics unless they are also presented with exogenous stress. (ufl.edu)
Vessels1
  • At this site, these cells can release substances into small blood vessels that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland (the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels). (wikipedia.org)
Neuroendocrine system1
  • Alterations in the development of this neuroendocrine system lead to anomalous or absent GnRH secretion, resulting in heterogeneous reproductive disorders such as congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) or other conditions characterized by infertility or subfertility. (karger.com)
Nervous system5
  • They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. (lookformedical.com)
  • The normal development of the central nervous system depends on the accurate migration of neurons from their site of production to their final location and their appropriate integration into functional networks. (karger.com)
  • This, in turn, affects the excitability of the nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • The posterior pituitary is controlled by the nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • It was an effort to convert a large amount of knowledge obtained from literature into a condensed text, aiming to provide an updated view, how leptin functioning as a peripheral signal of energy availability to central nervous system influences on the neural activity involved in regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
Receptors1
  • This review summarizes current knowledge of the role of semaphorins and their receptors on the development, differentiation and plasticity of the GnRH system. (karger.com)
Dysregulation1
  • In this review, we discuss the biological function of the two systems, their interactions, and the clinical implications of their dysregulation or uncoupling. (nih.gov)
Reproductive System1
  • Ubiquitous environmental chemicals, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are associated with declining human reproductive health, as well as an increasing incidence of cancers of the reproductive system. (nih.gov)
Biological1
  • To adjust to these recurrent day/night cycles, the biological clock system employs the heterodimer of transcription factors circadian locomotor output cycle kaput/brain-muscle-arnt-like protein 1 (CLOCK/BMAL1), along with a set of other transcription factors, to regulate the circadian pattern of gene expression. (nih.gov)
Immune system2
  • Stress and the immune system]. (nih.gov)
  • Cannot be removed with the blunt follicular growth in fetal and suppressing the immune system, according to Cleveland Clinic. (thetravelcenter.com)
Hormone systems1
  • This approach promises to shed light on the hormonal pathways and their interrelationships, providing knowledge on the integration of hormone systems. (frontiersin.org)
Proteins1
  • The semaphorin proteins, which contribute to the morphogenesis and homeostasis of a wide range of systems, are among the best-studied families of guidance cues. (karger.com)
Term2
  • This suggests that meditation produces long-term increases in the efficiency of the executive attentional network (anterior cingulate/prefrontal cortex) but no effect on the orientation network (parietal systems). (virginia.edu)
  • The important role of kisspeptin/GPR54 in regulating puberty and adult reproduction means that in utero disruption of this system is likely to have long-term consequences in adulthood and represents a novel, additional pathway through which environmental chemicals perturb human reproduction. (nih.gov)
Stress2
  • The stress system effectively restores the internal balance--or homeostasis--of living organisms in the face of random external or internal changes, the stressors. (nih.gov)
  • Considerable evidence indicates that stress systems play a major role in addictive processes, including alcohol dependence. (nih.gov)
Complex1
  • Homeostasis, a complex process that involves biochemical and about article selection Global Anabolic Deca 300 rare in middle-aged and elderly men who are not receiving testosterone or other steroid treatments. (thetravelcenter.com)
Effects2
  • We evaluated the effects of maternal exposure to a pollutant cocktail (sewage sludge) on the ovine fetal reproductive neuroendocrine axes, particularly the kisspeptin (KiSS-1)/GPR54 (G-protein-coupled receptor 54) system. (nih.gov)
  • The chemicals present within the environment include both inorganic (e.g., heavy metals such as cadmium and lead) and organic (e.g., alkylphenols, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides) compounds, and many are termed endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) due to their effects on physiologic systems. (nih.gov)
Major1
  • A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior) is the glandular, anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis). (wikipedia.org)