• The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development. (lookformedical.com)
  • Potential variance affecting homeotic Ultrabithorax and Antennapedia phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. (lookformedical.com)
  • We have performed comprehensive analysis of homeodomain and Cys2His2 zinc finger specificities in D. melanogaster - (fruit fly) in collaboration with Michael Brodsky (UMMS-MCCB) & Gary Stormo (Wash. U). We have coupled this data with specificity data from artificial zinc fingers and homeodomains that we have selected using our bacterial one-hybrid system. (umassmed.edu)
  • With the completed genome sequences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast), Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster , complete proteomes from representatives of three eukaryotic kingdoms (plants, fungi and animals) are now available for comprehensive comparative studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) protein apterous, required for the normal development of the wing and halter imaginal discs. (embl.de)
  • Homeobox genes encode homeodomain protein products that are transcription factors sharing a characteristic protein fold structure that binds DNA to regulate expression of target genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The characteristic homeodomain protein fold consists of a 60-amino acid long domain composed of three alpha helixes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The specificity of a single homeodomain protein is usually not enough to recognize specific target gene promoters, making cofactor binding an important mechanism for controlling binding sequence specificity and target gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antennapedia homeodomain protein. (lookformedical.com)
  • Antennapedia homeodomain protein is a homeobox protein involved in limb patterning in ARTHROPODS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Mutations in the gene for the antennapedia homeodomain protein are associated with the conversion of antenna to leg or leg to antenna DROSOPHILA. (lookformedical.com)
  • The Engrailed homeodomain protein is an 'active' or dominant transcriptional repressor in cultured cells. (biologists.com)
  • In contrast, the Fushi Tarazu homeodomain protein is an activator, both in cultured cells and in Drosophila embryos, where it activates several known target genes, including its own gene. (biologists.com)
  • 1991). The maize Kn1 gene was found to encode a homeodomain-containing protein, the first identified in the plant kingdom. (grassius.org)
  • Protein interactions of homeodomain proteins. (embl.de)
  • The recent structural determinations and biochemical analysis of several multimeric complexes have provided a better understanding of how protein interactions influence the DNA-binding activity of homeodomain proteins. (embl.de)
  • The 2.5 A resolution structure of a cocrystal containing the paired domain from the Drosophila paired (prd) protein and a 15 bp site shows structurally independent N-terminal and C-terminal subdomains. (embl.de)
  • Homeodomain proteins regulate gene expression and cell differentiation during early embryonic development, thus mutations in homeobox genes can cause developmental disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • The "homeo-" prefix in the words "homeobox" and "homeodomain" stems from this mutational phenotype, which is observed when some of these genes are mutated in animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The existence of homeobox genes was first discovered in Drosophila by isolating the gene responsible for a homeotic transformation where legs grow from the head instead of the expected antennae. (wikipedia.org)
  • The existence of additional Drosophila genes containing the antennapedia homeobox sequence was independently reported by Ernst Hafen, Michael Levine, William McGinnis, and Walter Jakob Gehring of the University of Basel in Switzerland and Matthew P. Scott and Amy Weiner of Indiana University in Bloomington in 1984. (wikipedia.org)
  • Through the HTH motif, they share limited sequence similarity and structural similarity to prokaryotic transcription factors, such as lambda phage proteins that alter the expression of genes in prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. (lookformedical.com)
  • The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Genetic analysis of plant architecture has led to the discovery of key genes that function in meristems, including the maize ( Zea mays ) transcription factor knotted1 ( kn1 ), the founding member of the kn1 homeobox ( knox ) gene family (Vollbrecht et al. (grassius.org)
  • The presence of a homeodomain (HD), which comprises 60 amino acids, makes a three-helix tertiary structure, that binds the promoter regions of specific target genes (Sharif et al. (grassius.org)
  • Since the discovery of the Kn1 gene, a large number of transcription factor (TF) genes encoding proteins with homeodomains have been found in all plants and there are about 135 family members in maize. (grassius.org)
  • By analyzing lethal mutations in the fruit fly Drosophila Hadorn accumulated evidence that genes control development to a large extent and that they determine the body plan in great detail. (balzan.org)
  • The fraction of transcription factor genes among all genes is slightly higher in Arabidopsis (5.9%) compared with Drosophila , C. elegans and yeast (4.5, 3.5 and 3.5%, respectively). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The zinc finger-homeodomain (ZF-HD) TFs, containing a conserved zinc finger (ZF) domain in the N-terminal and a homeodomain (HD) in the C-terminal. (grassius.org)
  • A variety of prominent transcription factor families are present in all four species, including Myb, basic helix-loop-helix, basic leucine zipper, C2H2 zinc finger and homeodomain transcription factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)
  • Their binding properties depend on the amino acid sequence of the finger domains and of the linker between fingers, as well as on the higher-order structures and the number of fingers. (embl.de)
  • Using this information we can build simple qualitative models of recognition that allow the design of homeodomains with novel DNA-binding specificity. (umassmed.edu)
  • This dataset can also be used to broadly predict the specificity of homeodomains ( http://stormo.wustl.edu/flyhd/ ) and zinc fingers ( http://stormo.wustl.edu/ZFModels/ ). (umassmed.edu)
  • Many homeodomain proteins require additional cofactors to bind with high affinity and specificity to their DNA sites. (embl.de)
  • Homeodomain proteins are conserved DNA-binding factors that are involved in the transcriptional regulation of key developmental processes. (embl.de)
  • The homeobox domain was first identified in a number of Drosophila homeotic and segmentation proteins, but is now known to be well-conserved in many other animals, including vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Homeotic mutations in Drosophila can result in dramatic phenotypes that suggest the possibility for rapid morphological evolution, but dissection of the genetic pathway downstream of Ultrabithorax is beginning to reveal how wing morphology may have evolved by more gradual transformations. (lookformedical.com)
  • Introgression of homeotic mutations into wild-type genetic backgrounds results in a wide variety of phenotypes and implies that major effect modifiers of extreme phenotypes are not uncommon in natural populations of Drosophila. (lookformedical.com)
  • This was due to the homeotic mutation, which transformed one part into another part in the Drosophila body. (grassius.org)
  • Homeodomain proteins are found in eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Homeodomain proteins play key roles in development and gene regulation in eukaryotes. (embl.de)
  • Homeodomains can bind both specifically and nonspecifically to B-DNA with the C-terminal recognition helix aligning in the DNA's major groove and the unstructured peptide "tail" at the N-terminus aligning in the minor groove. (wikipedia.org)
  • Past structural studies have focused on the binding of monomeric homeodomains to DNA, but two recent structures have revealed how homeodomains bind DNA as multimers. (embl.de)
  • The structures of the Drosophila Paired homodimer and the yeast a1/alpha2 heterodimer bound to DNA, along with a high-resolution study of a Drosophila eve-DNA complex, have deepened our understanding of how homeodomains locate their DNA targets. (embl.de)
  • There are many superfamilies of Znf motifs, varying in both sequence and structure. (embl.de)
  • Homeodomain interactions. (embl.de)
  • sequence-independent binding occurs with significantly lower affinity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The recent completion of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence allowed the first prediction of a full plant proteome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For a genetic analysis of the inheritance of behavior, the genetic tools were simply not available at that time. (balzan.org)
  • A homeobox is a DNA sequence, around 180 base pairs long, that regulates large-scale anatomical features in the early stages of embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Imaginal discs are the primordia of the Drosophila larva, which during metamorphosis give rise to the various parts of the adult fruit fly. (balzan.org)
  • Each of these domains contains a helical region resembling the homeodomain and the Hin recombinase. (embl.de)
  • Based on their sequence conservation and functional properties, HD-ZIP can be further divided into four subfamilies (HD-Zip I, HD-Zip II, HD-Zip III, and HD-Zip IV) (Sharif et al. (grassius.org)