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Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type IICyclic GMP-Dependent Protein KinasesCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2Protein KinasesCyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type ICalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type IICyclic AMPHoloenzymesCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein KinasesBenzylaminesProtein Kinase CPhosphorylationCyclic AMP-Dependent Protein KinasesAdaptor Protein Complex 3Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1Enzyme ActivationIsoenzymesCyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha SubunitCalciumCyclic GMPCyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type IMolecular Sequence DataProtein Kinase InhibitorsKineticsAmino Acid SequenceProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesSignal TransductionCells, CulturedCalmodulinPhosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)Cell LineProtein BindingMitogen-Activated Protein KinasesParamecium tetraureliaMAP Kinase Signaling Systemp38 Mitogen-Activated Protein KinasesBase SequencePhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesEnzyme InhibitorsBinding SitesSubstrate SpecificityeIF-2 KinaseMutationTetradecanoylphorbol AcetatePyruvate KinaseProtein Kinase C-alphaCyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic SubunitsMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1Phosphoprotein PhosphatasesBlotting, WesternTransfectionRecombinant ProteinsAdenosine TriphosphateMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase KinasesNucleotides, CyclicMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3ColforsinProtein Kinase C-deltaBucladesineIsoquinolinesCalcium-Binding ProteinsCattleRNA, MessengerJNK Mitogen-Activated Protein KinasesMolecular WeightPeptide TSerineAMP-Activated Protein KinasesPhosphoproteins1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-MethylpiperazineTranscription, Genetic8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine MonophosphateReceptors, Cyclic AMPProtamine KinaseProtein Structure, TertiaryRecombinant Fusion ProteinsElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelDose-Response Relationship, DrugRats, Sprague-DawleyRabbitsCloning, Molecularsrc-Family KinasesProtein Kinase C-epsilonCasein Kinase IICalcium SignalingProtein Kinase C betaCatalytic DomainCarrier Proteins1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-KinaseCyclic AMP Response Element-Binding ProteinCytosolTime FactorsProtein-Tyrosine KinasesGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicModels, BiologicalGene Expression RegulationEscherichia coliSequence Homology, Amino AcidCell Membrane
SubunitsAdenosine monophosphateCatalyticNucleotidePhosphatasesRegulatesCGMPSubstratesPhosphorylateGlycogenPhosphoproteinPhosphorylationCellularMitochondriaEvidence suggestsInhibitorMetabolicRegulationMetabolismMechanismBiologicalPhosphodiesteraseTranscriptionEnzymeReversibleHypothesisGenesDiseasesGeneDemonstrateFunctionOrganismsComplexRolesIncreasesActivityActivationRevealTargetTissueCAMPHumanVariantsLevelsFunctionalLocationsNamesContext
Subunits9
  • It was also realized that inside cells, PKA catalytic subunits are found in complex with regulatory subunits and inhibitor proteins that block the activity of the enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inactive PKA holoenzyme exists as a tetramer composed of two regulatory (R) subunits and two catalytic (C) subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biochemical studies demonstrated that there are two types of R subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • The type I R subunits of which there are two isoforms (RIα, and RIβ) bind the catalytic subunits to create the type I PKA holoenzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • Likewise type II R subunits, of which there are two isoforms (RIIα, and RIIβ), create the type II PKA holoenzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the presence of cAMP, each R subunit binds 2 cAMP molecules and causes a conformational change in the R subunits that releases the C subunits to phosphorylate downstream substrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) bind a surface formed between both R subunits and target the kinase to different locations in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclic AMP binds to specific locations on the regulatory units of the protein kinase, and causes dissociation between the regulatory and catalytic subunits, thus enabling those catalytic units to phosphorylate substrate proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The active subunits catalyze the transfer of phosphate from ATP to specific serine or threonine residues of protein substrates. (wikipedia.org)
Adenosine monophosphate2
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP , cyclic AMP , or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate ) is a second messenger , or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Earl Sutherland of Vanderbilt University won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones", especially epinephrine, via second messengers (such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic AMP). (wikipedia.org)
Catalytic4
  • The catalytic subunit α of protein kinase A is a key regulatory enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKACA gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA Cα) is a member of the AGC kinase family (protein kinases A, G, and C), and contributes to the control of cellular processes that include glucose metabolism, cell division, and contextual memory. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, there are two other isoforms of the catalytic subunit of PKA called Cβ and Cγ arising from different genes but have similar functions as Cα. (wikipedia.org)
  • PKA is normally inactive as a tetrameric holoenzyme , consisting of two catalytic and two regulatory units (C 2 R 2 ), with the regulatory units blocking the catalytic centers of the catalytic units. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleotide5
  • In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels and a few other cyclic nucleotide-binding proteins such as Epac1 and RAPGEF2 . (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1998 a family of cAMP-sensitive proteins with guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity was discovered. (wikipedia.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Disruption of cyclic nucleotide signaling in sympathetic postganglionic neurons contributes to impaired intracellular calcium handling (Ca2+) and the development of dysautonomia during the early stages of hypertension, although how this occurs is poorly understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • Emerging evidence supports the uncoupling of signalosomes in distinct cellular compartments involving cyclic nucleotide-sensitive PDEs (phosphodiesterases), which may underpin the autonomic phenotype in stellate neurons. (bvsalud.org)
  • Protein kinases catalyse the transfer of the gamma phosphate from nucleotide triphosphates (often ATP) to one or more amino acid residues in a protein substrate side chain, resulting in a conformational change affecting protein function. (embl.de)
Phosphatases3
  • Fischer and Krebs won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for this discovery and their continued work on kinases, and their counterparts the protein phosphatases. (wikipedia.org)
  • There was also a greater PKA-dependent phosphorylation in the cytosol and at the outer mitochondrial membrane in spontaneously hypertensive rat neurons, where this response was regulated by protein phosphatases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Protein phosphorylation, which plays a key role in most cellular activities, is a reversible process mediated by protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. (embl.de)
Regulates2
  • The second messenger cyclic AMP regulates many nuclear processes including transcription, pre-mRNA splicing and mitosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • By acting as a ligand-dependent transcription factor of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates the action of glucocorticoids and regulates many physiological processes. (pp1a.com)
CGMP3
  • METHODS: Using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing together with Forster resonance energy transfer-based sensors to monitor cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, PKA (protein kinase A)-dependent phosphorylation and cGMP (cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate), we tested the hypothesis that dysregulation occurs in a sub-family of PDEs in the cytosol and outer mitochondrial membrane of neurons from the stellate ganglion. (bvsalud.org)
  • In stellate neurons from prehypertensive SHRs, we found the levels of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and cGMP at the outer mitochondrial membrane were decreased compared with normal neurons. (bvsalud.org)
  • The AGC (cAMP-dependent, cGMP-dependent and protein kinase C) protein kinase family embraces a collection of protein kinases that display a high degree of sequence similarity within their respective kinase domains. (embl.de)
Substrates1
  • This enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating other proteins and substrates, changing their activity. (wikipedia.org)
Phosphorylate2
  • Several mutations in PRKACA have been found in patients with Cushing's syndrome that result in an increase in the ability of PKA to broadly phosphorylate other proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein kinase A can also phosphorylate specific proteins that bind to promoter regions of DNA, causing increases in transcription. (wikipedia.org)
Glycogen2
  • cAMP is associated with kinases function in several biochemical processes, including the regulation of glycogen , sugar , and lipid metabolism . (wikipedia.org)
  • Mechanistic investigations revealed reduce GR-Ser211 phosphorylation following PP1α silencing and provide the first indication of the involvement of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). (pp1a.com)
Phosphoprotein1
  • Dopamine and cyclic-AMP activated Mr32kDa phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) is a central signaling proteins in neurotransmission. (pp1a.com)
Phosphorylation5
  • Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins. (embl.de)
  • AGC kinase proteins are characterised by three conserved phosphorylation sites that critically regulate their function. (embl.de)
  • The two other phosphorylation sites are located outside the kinase domain in a conserved region on its C-terminal side, the AGC-kinase C-terminal domain. (embl.de)
  • Here DARPP-32 phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA), DARPP-32 into a powerful protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitor. (pp1a.com)
  • DARPP-32 can itself inhibit the following PKA DARPP-32 phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). (pp1a.com)
Cellular1
  • A transcriptome analysis revealed that, among various types of cellular senescence, NBIS exhibited a gene expression pattern most similar to that of RS. (bvsalud.org)
Mitochondria1
  • The reduced cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response was due to the hydrolytic activity of overexpressed PDE2A2 located at the mitochondria. (bvsalud.org)
Evidence suggests1
  • While most functions are attributed to protein kinase A, accumulating evidence suggests that not all nuclear cyclic AMP-dependent effects are mediated by this kinase, implying that other effectors may be involved. (bvsalud.org)
Inhibitor2
  • Many studies have proposed multi-objective molecular generation methods and demonstrated their superiority using the public benchmark dataset for kinase inhibitor generation tasks. (bvsalud.org)
  • The proposed model had success rates of 84% in GSK3b+JNK3 inhibitor generation and 99% in Bcl-2 family inhibitor generation tasks. (bvsalud.org)
Metabolic1
  • They realized that a key metabolic enzyme called phosphorylase kinase was activated by another kinase that was dependent on the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP). (wikipedia.org)
Regulation1
  • Defective regulation of PKA holoenzyme activity has been linked to the progression of cardiovascular disease, certain endocrine disorders and cancers. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolism1
  • Metabolism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by Pseudomonas sp. (paperbase.net)
Mechanism1
  • Collectively, our data reveal an unexpected mechanism through which cyclic AMP contributes to nuclear spatial compartmentalization and promotes the transcription of specific genes. (bvsalud.org)
Biological3
  • Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Protein Kinase C Alpha from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (scalegen.com)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Protein Kinase C Alpha (PKCa) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. (scalegen.com)
  • Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Protein Kinase C Alpha (PKCa) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (scalegen.com)
Phosphodiesterase1
  • cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase . (wikipedia.org)
Transcription1
  • This phenomenon depends on intrinsically disordered regions present at its amino-terminus and is independent of protein kinase A. Finally, we demonstrate that nuclear Exchange Protein Activated by cyclic AMP 1 condensates assemble at genomic loci on chromosome 6 in the proximity of Histone Locus Bodies and promote the transcription of a histone gene cluster. (bvsalud.org)
Enzyme2
  • They named this new enzyme the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and proceeded to purify and characterize this new enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • An additional facet of PKA action that was pioneered by John Scott at the University of Washington and Kjetil Tasken at the University of Oslo is that the enzyme is tethered within the cell through its association with a family of A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs). (wikipedia.org)
Reversible1
  • We find that it enters the nucleus where forms reversible biomolecular condensates in response to cyclic AMP. (bvsalud.org)
Hypothesis1
  • This led to the hypothesis that the subcellular localization of anchored PKA controls what proteins are regulated by the kinase. (wikipedia.org)
Genes1
  • More and more we come to realize that understanding the con-served genes and their conserved circuits will require an understanding of their special properties that allow them to function together to generate different pheno-types in different tissues of metazoan organisms. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Diseases1
  • Protein kinase A has been implicated in a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, tumors of the adrenal cortex, and cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Gene2
  • There are two well-described transcripts of this gene, arising from alternative splicing events. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study found an increase in excess GR transcriptional activity of protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1α) in HEK-293 cells and a decrease in the expression levels of GR-responsive gene knockdown following PP1α model A549 cells endogenously . (pp1a.com)
Demonstrate1
  • These data demonstrate the role of DARPP-32 and related kinase signaling as a prognostic marker in ovarian cancer clinical utility. (pp1a.com)
Function1
Organisms1
Complex1
  • PKA Cα is part of a larger protein complex that is responsible for controlling when and where proteins are phosphorylated. (wikipedia.org)
Roles1
Increases2
  • Reducing Ca2+ influx with BTP-2 during target cell killing significantly increases cytotoxic activity at low target:effector ratios. (bvsalud.org)
  • 4) Conclusions: SOCE is enhanced in ex vivo-expanded TILs deriving from mCRC patients but decreasing Ca2+ influx with BTP-2 increases cytotoxic activity at a low TIL density. (bvsalud.org)
Activity1
  • Pharmacological manipulation showed that the increase in SOCE mainly depends on tonic modulation by diacylglycerol kinase, which prevents the protein kinase C-dependent inhibition of SOCE activity. (bvsalud.org)
Activation3
  • [1] Adenylate cyclase is activated by a range of signaling molecules through the activation of adenylate cyclase stimulatory G ( G s )-protein-coupled receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also involved in the activation of protein kinases . (wikipedia.org)
  • The first one is located in an activation loop in the centre of the kinase domain. (embl.de)
Reveal1
  • Moreover, they reveal significantly higher predicted binding affinity score for Raf kinases than for other kinases. (bvsalud.org)
Target3
  • In this paper, a reinforcement learning model is proposed that can maximize the predicted binding affinity between a generated molecule and target proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • The model used to generate molecules in the proposed model was the Stacked Conditional Variation AutoEncoder (Stack-CVAE), which acts as an agent in reinforcement learning so that the resulting chemical formulas have the desired chemical properties and show high binding affinity with specific target proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • We generated 1000 chemical formulas using the chemical properties of sorafenib and the three target kinases of sorafenib. (bvsalud.org)
Tissue1
  • fibroin: A Fibrillation sent from tissue, Fuzzy mechanical protein, or exercise etomoxir. (seabaygame.com)
CAMP6
Human1
  • During the last decade, a massive amount of a new type of characteristics, that are exclusively genomic in nature, became available that allows us to analyze the inherited whole-genome demographics of extant human, especially in the fields such as human genetics, health sciences and medical practices (e.g., 1,2,3), where such health-related characteristics can be related to whole-genome-based categorization. (bvsalud.org)
Variants1
  • Here we report biallelic variants in CACNA2D1, encoding the α2δ-1 protein, in two unrelated individuals showing a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). (stanford.edu)
Levels1
  • Normal cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels were re-established by inhibition of PDE2A. (bvsalud.org)
Functional1
  • 2) Methods: Functional studies were conducted in TILs expanded ex vivo from CRC liver metastases. (bvsalud.org)
Locations1
  • Cyclic AMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase located on the inner side of the plasma membrane and anchored at various locations in the interior of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Names1
  • Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing S_TK_X domain in the selected taxonomic class. (embl.de)
Context1