Hiv protease. Medical search. Frequent questions

Around 2.5 million HIV-infected individuals failing first-line therapy qualify for boosted protease inhibitor (bPI)-based second-line therapy globally. (ucl.ac.uk)
The hepatitis C protease inhibitor Victrelis (boceprevir) has some significant drug-drug interactions with common Norvir (ritonavir)-boosted protease inhibitor (PI) combinations, according to preliminary data from a clinical trial and a warning issued to health care providers by Merck on February 6. (hepmag.com)
For health care providers who have already prescribed Victrelis together with a Norvir-boosted protease inhibitor, Merck says they "should discuss these findings with those patients, and closely monitor those patients for HCV treatment response and for potential HCV and HIV virologic rebound. (hepmag.com)
HIV-infected patients on ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor (PI) containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at an increased risk for elevated cholesterol. (openaidsjournal.com)

When viral HIV-RNA enters the cell, it is accompanied by a reverse transcriptase, an integrase, and a mature HIV-1 PR. (wikipedia.org)
Auto-processing of HIV-1 PR is characterized by two sequential steps: (1) the intramolecular cleavage of the N-terminus at the p6pol-protease cleavage site, which serves to finalize PR processing and increase enzymatic activity with the newly formed PR-reverse transcriptase intermediate, and (2) the intermolecular cleavage of the C-terminus at the protease-reverse transcriptase cleavage site, leading to the assembly of two PR subunits into mature dimers. (wikipedia.org)
The active n-butanol fraction was evaluated for its inhibition against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease, pro-viral genome integration and viral Tat protein mediated transactivation. (nih.gov)
The n-butanol fraction demonstrates a potent inhibitory activity against the viral protease (IC50 = 12.9 μg/ml), but not reverse transcriptase or integrase. (nih.gov)
Although more than 25 antiretroviral medications are available from 6 major classes, an ART regimen for treatment-naive patients generally consists of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in combination with a third active ART drug from 1 of 3 drug classes: an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), or a protease inhibitor (PI) with a pharmacologic enhancer (ie, cobicistat or ritonavir). (medscape.com)
VIREAD is a nucleotide analog HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an HBV reverse transcriptase inhibitor. (nih.gov)
Here we describe the methods to study CARD8 sensing of HIV-1 protease activity through non- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-mediated pyroptosis of HIV-1 -infected immune cells and through an HIV and CARD8 co- transfection model. (bvsalud.org)
The aim of this study was to compare different second-line strategies after virological failure of an initial protease inhibitor (PI) based regimen, specifically the comparison between change to a different PI and class change to a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). (rki.de)
HIV-infected adults enrolled in this cross-sectional study were (a) on ART including zidovudine or stavudine but not non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), (b) on ART including NNRTI, or (c) not on ART. (nih.gov)
RESCRIPTOR tablets contain delavirdine mesylate, a synthetic non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). (drugs.com)
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) block the action of an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, which HIV needs to replicate. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) bind to reverse transcriptase and prevent HIV from replicating. (medicalnewstoday.com)
HIV-1 Protease, Reverse Transcriptase, and Integrase Variation. (cdc.gov)

The n-butanol fraction showed a dose-dependent inhibition against HIV-1NL4.3 infection of the peripheral blood lymphocytes and against HIV-1BaL(R-5-tropic) as well as two different primary viral isolates of HIV-1 infection of TZM-bl cells. (nih.gov)
Effective antiretroviral therapy is the most important intervention in terms of improving longevity and preventing opportunistic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. (medscape.com)
For more information, see Pediatric HIV Infection . (medscape.com)
It is used in combination with other medications to control HIV infection and is included in the antiretroviral (ARV) class of drugs known as HIV protease inhibitors. (biospace.com)
The treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has changed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from a terminal illness to a chronic, managable disease with a life expectancy approaching that of the general population. (medscape.com)
The CD4 count is an important indicator of immune function and also guides ART in patients with HIV infection. (medscape.com)
It also helps to reduce inflammation and other complications associated with HIV infection and to reduce HIV transmission. (medscape.com)
The current recommendation is that all patients with HIV infection be prescribed ART regardless of CD4 counts to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection. (medscape.com)
Patients should be informed that VIRACEPT is not a cure for HIV infection and that they may continue to acquire illnesses associated with advanced HIV infection, including opportunistic infections. (pharmacycode.com)
VIREAD is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults and pediatric patients 2 years of age and older. (nih.gov)
Background and objective: While there are evidence-based recommendations for the initial combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) of HIV infection, there are no comparative studies on long-term efficacy of different second-line strategies after initial virological failure. (rki.de)
Oxidant stress may be an effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) or chronic HIV infection. (nih.gov)
Prospective studies should better define relationships between oxidant stress and complications of HIV infection and its therapy. (nih.gov)
Our data reveal a new PC-PAR1-interaction pathway, which offsets the effects of HIV-induced neuroinflammation, viral infection, and potentially the development of HAND. (utmb.edu)
Protease inhibitor (PR) resistance remains the major limiting in the treatment of HIV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Atazanavir (as sulfate)/Ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg Tablets should be prescribed by health care provider experienced in the treatment of HIV infection. (who.int)

Mello and Mendelson, 1980 ), are likely to be coadministered with protease inhibitors to acquired acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. (aspetjournals.org)

The results presented here show a potential anti-HIV-1 activity of A. catechu mediated by the inhibition of the functions of the viral protein and Tat. (nih.gov)
As this P450 isoform is involved in the metabolism of about 50% of drugs, coadministration of protease inhibitors with other drugs may lead to serious effects due to enzyme inhibition. (aspetjournals.org)
The aza-Michael products have been targeted as truncated ritonavir analogues for investigation as potential HIV -1 protease inhibitors, and representative compounds have been subjected to enzyme inhibition assays to explore the extent and type of inhibition. (ru.ac.za)
One key study showed a 3,059% increase in simvastatin exposure when coadministration with the protease inhibitor combo, saquinavir (Invirase) and ritonavir (Norvir).2 The mechanism for the interaction is potent inhibition of the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme by all known protease inhibitors. (ebmconsult.com)
In particular, CYP450 3A4 is responsible for the vast majority of simvastatin metabolism and plasma clearance.3 Thus, protease inhibitor mediated inhibition of the CYP450 3A4 clearance pathway for simvastatin results in dangerously high concentrations of this statin. (ebmconsult.com)
The relationship between the in vitro susceptibility of HIV-1 RT inhibitors and the inhibition of HIV replication in humans has not been established. (drugs.com)
Indeed, PAR1 upregulation leads to the inhibition of membrane-bound furin, PC5B, and PC7 and inhibits gp160 processing and HIV infectivity. (utmb.edu)

A discussion of the structural features responsible for its high potency against wild-type HIV protease is given along with an analysis of the effect of active site mutations on potency in in vitro assays. (rcsb.org)
All the extracts and fractions were evaluated for cytotoxicity and anti-HIV-1 activity using different in vitro assays. (nih.gov)
In this study, metabolic interactions between these protease inhibitors and methadone or buprenorphine were studied in vitro in a panel of 13 human liver microsomes. (aspetjournals.org)
As the prediction of in vivo metabolic drug interaction from in vitro data has made significant advances in the last decade ( Bertz and Granneman, 1997 ), in vitro data allow us to estimate the likelihood of metabolic interactions between three protease inhibitors and two opioid substitutes. (aspetjournals.org)
We further show that cleavage of preassembled CA-SP1-NC by HIV-1 protease in vitro leads to release of SP1 and NC without disassembly of the lattice. (ox.ac.uk)
XM323, a novel non-peptidyl inhibitor of HIV protease with potent in vitro antiviral activity. (unt.edu)
Our objective was to use the crystallographic structural information of HIV-1 protease to design and synthesize novel non-peptidyl inhibitors of the enzyme and to determine their antiviral activity in vitro. (unt.edu)
RESULTS: XM323, a representative of a new class of non-peptidyl inhibitors, was identified as a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication in vitro. (unt.edu)
CONCLUSION: XM323 is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication in vitro and represents a new class of de novo designed non-peptidyl inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. (unt.edu)
In vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of delavirdine was assessed by infecting cell lines of lymphoblastic and monocytic origin and peripheral blood lymphocytes with laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1. (drugs.com)

To determine whether the metabolic and morphological abnormalities seen in patients with lipodystrophy (LD) are reversed by stopping protease inhibitors (PIs). (natap.org)

Data are scarce regarding the incidence of neuropsychiatric events (NPEs) in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 taking integrase inhibitor (INI)- or protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimens. (psychiatrist.com)
HIV uses an enzyme called integrase to send its genetic material into the cells' DNA. (medicalnewstoday.com)

HIV-1 protease (PR) is a retroviral aspartyl protease (retropepsin), an enzyme involved with peptide bond hydrolysis in retroviruses, that is essential for the life-cycle of HIV, the retrovirus that causes AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
HIV protease (PR) is identified as an important drug-screening target for the design of selective acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) therapeutics. (eurogentec.com)
Approximately 30% of HIV/AIDS patients in the developing world depend on Matrix's ARV products. (biospace.com)
[ 1 ] Most persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) can experience a long, healthy life if given appropriate treatment. (medscape.com)
Protease inhibitors are in the category of antiretroviral drugs and are currently in use to treat HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. (mindzymes.com)
Oral contraceptives are a very effective method of birth control, but they do not prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]) and other sexually transmitted diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
Dr Gandhi is a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, co-director of the Harvard Center for AIDS Research, and the director of HIV Clinical Services and Education at Massachusetts General Hospital. (medscape.com)
In January 2016, the National AIDS Programme (NAP) in Oman introduced a package of interventions, in- cluding capacity building for service providers, to improve the quality of HIV services. (who.int)

Merck does not recommend the coadministration of Victrelis and ritonavir-boosted HIV protease inhibitors," the letter states. (hepmag.com)

Zidovudine is often included as part of the initial regimen and is the only antiretroviral agent for which there is evidence of reduced risk of HIV transmission following occupational exposure. (medscape.com)
In drug combination studies of delavirdine with zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, lamivudine, interferon-α, and protease inhibitors, additive to synergistic anti-HIV-1 activity was observed in cell culture. (drugs.com)
Genotypic analysis of HIV-1 isolates from patients receiving RESCRIPTOR plus zidovudine combination therapy (n = 79) showed resistance-conferring mutations in all isolates by Week 24 of therapy. (drugs.com)
It was also fueled by the fact that a lot of those early drugs, especially in the 1990s and early 2000s, were quite toxic - drugs like zidovudine (AZT) , stavudine (d4T), didanosine (ddI) , and the early protease inhibitors . (medscape.com)

Ritonavir, indinavir, and saquinavir, all human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors with a potent antiviral effect during triple therapy, are extensively metabolized by liver cytochrome P450 3A4. (aspetjournals.org)
These drugs, namely ritonavir, indinavir, and saquinavir, are potent and specific inhibitors of HIV-1 protease, one of the major enzymes encoded by the retrovirus. (aspetjournals.org)
The aim of this study was to compare the inhibitory potential of the HIV protease inhibitors ritonavir, indinavir, and saquinavir against methadone and buprenorphine N -dealkylations catalyzed by P450 3A4 in a panel of human liver microsomes. (aspetjournals.org)
Stock solutions of protease inhibitors were 1 mM ritonavir in methanol, 1 mM saquinavir, and 1 mM indinavir both in H 2 O/acetonitrile (1/1, v/v). (aspetjournals.org)
Developmental toxicity of the HIV-protease inhibitor indinavir in rats. (bvsalud.org)

As an aspartic protease, the dimerized HIV-1 PR functions through the aspartyl group complex, in order to perform hydrolysis. (wikipedia.org)
In a general aspartic protease mechanism, once the substrate is properly bound to the active site of the enzyme, the deprotonated Asp25 catalytic amino acid undergoes base catalysis, rendering the incoming water molecule a better nucleophile by deprotonating it. (wikipedia.org)
HIV protease is an aspartic protease encoded by the amino terminus of the pol gene. (bvsalud.org)

The Gag-Pol polyprotein, which contains premature coding proteins, including HIV-1 PR. (wikipedia.org)
The viral DNA can either remain dormant in the nucleus or be transcribed into mRNA and translated by the host cell into the Gag-Pol polyprotein, which would then be cleaved into individual functional proteins (including a newly synthesized HIV-1 PR) by the mature HIV-1 PR. (wikipedia.org)
Mature protease is able to hydrolyze peptide bonds on the Gag-Pol polyproteins at nine specific sites, processing the resulting subunits into mature, fully functional proteins. (wikipedia.org)
HIV-1 protease is an enzyme required for the proteolytic cleavage of the viral polyprotein precursors into the individual functional proteins found in infectious HIV-1. (pharmacycode.com)
During retrovirus particle maturation, the assembled Gag polyprotein is cleaved by the viral protease into matrix (MA), capsid (CA), and nucleocapsid (NC) proteins. (ox.ac.uk)
HIV must bind to cells' proteins to penetrate immune cells, and these drugs keep this from happening. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The proprotein convertases (PCs) furin, PC5, PACE4, and PC7 cleave secretory proteins after basic residues, including the HIV envelope glycoprotein (gp160) and Vpr. (utmb.edu)
We evaluated the abundance of PC mRNAs in postmortem brains of individuals exhibiting HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), likely driven by neuroinflammation and neurotoxic HIV proteins (e.g., envelope and Vpr). (utmb.edu)

The aspartyl protease mediates proteolytic cleavages of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins during or shortly after the release of the virion from the plasma membrane. (proteopedia.org)

HIV is a retrovirus. (medicalnewstoday.com)

First, a protease (or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that is the catalyst for proteolysis. (mindzymes.com)
Additionally, this drug group includes protease or proteolytic enzymes but also includes many others. (mindzymes.com)
Collectively, our results indicate that the proteolytic cleavage of Gag leads to a structural reorganization of the polypeptide and creates the three-fold interhexamer interface, important for the formation of infectious HIV-1 particles. (ox.ac.uk)

This study evaluated the prevalence, incidence, and economic burden of NPEs among people living with HIV-1 who were newly treated with INI- or PI-based regimens in a Medicaid population. (psychiatrist.com)
Background: The World Health Organization recommends protease inhibitor (PI)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) as second-line and third-line regimens in pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV). (ox.ac.uk)
Combination regimens for HIV nPEP are recommended to address drug resistance, but there is no clear consensus on the preferred regimen and no established national guidelines. (medscape.com)
Generic regimens based on the local patterns of HIV resistance may also be used. (medscape.com)
Triple nucleoside-only regimens: Early virologic failure has been reported in HIV-infected patients. (nih.gov)
CONCLUSION: Among Swedish PWH, LLV during ART was associated with markers of HIV disease severity before starting ART, male sex, injecting drug use and use of PI-based or non-standard ART regimens. (lu.se)

In short, protease inhibitors block the action of protease which results in viruses that no longer infect other cells in the body. (mindzymes.com)
Protease inhibitors block the part of HIV called protease. (pharmacycode.com)

Design and synthesis of Small Molecule Viral Protease Inhibitors. (umassmed.edu)
The June 2000 RCSB PDB Molecule of the Month feature on HIV-1 Protease by David S. Goodsell is 10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2000_6 . (proteopedia.org)

Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (ox.ac.uk)

HIV protease cleaves newly synthesized polyproteins (namely, Gag and Gag-Pol) at nine cleavage sites to create the mature protein components of an HIV virion, the infectious form of a virus outside of the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
The HIV-1 PR precursor catalyzes its own production by facilitating its cleavage from the Gag-Pol polyprotein in a mechanism known as auto-processing. (wikipedia.org)
Incubation of the recombinant HIV-1 PR with this substrate results in specific cleavage and a time-dependent increase in fluorescence intensity that is linearly related to the extent of substrate hydrolysis. (eurogentec.com)
Following PI failure, previously described mutations in Protease and Gag were observed, including those at the cleavage sites such as R361K and P453L. (ucl.ac.uk)
While mutations on Gag have already been mapped to protease inhibitor resistance, there remain many mutations, particularly the non-cleavage mutations, that are not characterized. (a-star.edu.sg)
Protease cleavage leads to formation of mature trimer interface in HIV-1 capsid. (ox.ac.uk)

Ziel dieser Studie war die Analyse unterschiedlicher Strategien für die Zweit-Therapie nach virologischem Versagen einer initialen Protease-Inhibitor-basierten Therapie, spezifisch der Vergleich zwischen dem Wechsel zu einem anderen Protease-Inhibitor (PI) und dem Klassenwechsel auf einen nicht-nukleosidischen Reverse-Transkriptase-Inhibitor (NNRTI). (rki.de)
Delavirdine is an NNRTI of HIV-1. (drugs.com)

Additionally, HIV protease has two molecular "flaps" which move a distance of up to 7 Å when the enzyme becomes associated with a substrate. (wikipedia.org)
The SensoLyte® 490 HIV Protease Assay Kit uses an optimized FRET peptide substrate for a continuous measurement of HIV protease activities. (eurogentec.com)
This FRET-based fluorogenic substrate is derived from a natural processing site for HIV-1 PR. (eurogentec.com)
As patients with HIV disease are likely to be taking a multiple prolonged drug regimen, this may lead to drug interactions as a result of competition for the same substrate binding site of enzyme. (aspetjournals.org)
Ac-SQNYPVV-NH2 is a substrate for HIV-1 protease (K M = 5.5 mM, k cat = 54 s -1 ). (echelon-inc.com)
HIV protease inhibitors against the viral protease are often hampered by drug resistance mutations in protease and in the viral substrate Gag. (a-star.edu.sg)

The antibody recognizes free N-terminus of mature HIV protease (HIV-1 and HIV-2). (genetaq.com)
HIV testing: HIV antibody testing should be offered to all HBV-infected patients before initiating therapy with VIREAD. (nih.gov)
So in anyone who you see with that constellation of symptoms, definitely think of HIV and think of ordering both an HIV RNA test and an antibody test. (medscape.com)

Drug-drug interactions between HIV antiretrovirals (ARV) and the recently approved hepatitis C PIs Victrelis and Incivek (telaprevir) are an essential area of study, given that roughly one third of people living with HIV are coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and may wish to use either Victrelis or Incivek to boost the efficacy of pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment. (hepmag.com)
What's more, when used in a medication regimen for hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors actually play their part in curing hepatitis C! (mindzymes.com)

Although ART cannot remove HIV from the body, it can keep the immune system strong enough to fend off infections and some HIV-related cancers . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Protease inhibitors interact with rifamycin derivatives, which are used to treat and prevent the mycobacterial infections commonly observed in patients with the HIV. (cdc.gov)

Additionally, by targeting cellular pathways shared by HIV variants and in some cases viruses other than HIV, these therapies have potentially broad spectrum anti viral activities. (hivprotease-signal.com)
Additionally, triggering the CARD8 inflammasome offers a promising strategy for reducing HIV-1 latent reservoirs . (bvsalud.org)

Significant interactions with other Norvir-boosted protease inhibitors have been documented, and thus far only Norvir-boosted Reyataz and efavirenz are being studied in combination with Incivek in the ongoing Phase II coinfection clinical trial. (hepmag.com)
New data from this study, however, indicate that there are significant drug interactions between Victrelis and Norvir-boosted PIs that "may be clinically significant for patients infected with both chronic HCV and HIV by potentially reducing the effectiveness of these medicines when coadministered," the February 6 letter from Merck warns. (hepmag.com)
Interactive docking of the chromone-containing ligands into the HIV -1 protease receptor site, using the Ligandfit module, has indicated the importance of hydrogen-bonding interactions mediated by bridging water molecules situated in the receptor cavity. (ru.ac.za)
Pharmacokinetic interactions between protease inhibitors and statins in HIV seronegative volunteers: ACTG Study A5047. (ebmconsult.com)

To counteract this elevated antiviral activity, HIV-1 protease cleaves SV200 into a shorter, less restrictive isoform. (uthscsa.edu)

To be more effective, doctors prescribe protease inhibitors in combination with other antiretroviral drugs. (mindzymes.com)
In today's world of HIV medications, you will hear reference to cART which stands for combination antiretroviral therapy. (mindzymes.com)
Used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children. (pharmacycode.com)
Protease inhibitors are almost always used in combination with at least two other anti-HIV drugs. (pharmacycode.com)
VIREAD should only be used as part of an appropriate antiretroviral combination regimen in HIV-infected patients with or without HBV coinfection. (nih.gov)
Redistribution/accumulation of body fat: Observed in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral combination therapy. (nih.gov)
One study reported that 21% of HIV infected patients were receiving a contraindicated statin with their PI.11 Therefore, the combination of simvastatin and PIs should be avoided and other statin options (such as pravastatin which does not undergo CYP450 metabolism) are preferred.12 Use of simvastatin with nevirapine, efavirenz, or etravirine may be acceptable. (ebmconsult.com)
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) uses a combination of drugs to reduce the amount of HIV in the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
To treat HIV, experts recommend combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). (medicalnewstoday.com)
Atazanavir (as sulfate)/Ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg Tablets is indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infected adults and children weighing at least 30 kg, in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products. (who.int)

To understand and combat the HIV-1 Protease drug resistance at the molecular level to design potent inhibitors. (umassmed.edu)
Molecular clock of HIV-1 envelope genes under early immune selection. (cdc.gov)

He's been actively involved in HIV care and research since 1996. (medscape.com)

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-HIV-1 activity of the extracts from stem bark of A. catechu. (nih.gov)
In the above assay, n-butanol fraction exhibited anti-HIV-1 activity with an IC50 of 1.7 ± 0.12 μg/ml. (nih.gov)

With its integral role in HIV replication, HIV protease has been a prime target for drug therapy. (wikipedia.org)
By blocking protease, protease inhibitors prevent viral replication to stop new HIV or HCV from becoming mature enough to infect other cells. (mindzymes.com)

Treatment-naive and treatment-experienced adults with HIV-1 newly treated with an INI- or PI-based regimen were included. (psychiatrist.com)
In this study of the Medicaid population, the prevalence and incidence of NPEs, as well as health care costs, were similar among people living with HIV-1 newly treated with an INI- or PI-based regimen. (psychiatrist.com)
Whenever possible, the choice of nPEP antiretroviral regimen should make use of the source's treatment history and the results of any HIV resistance testing. (medscape.com)
We analysed the association between the following factors and LLV using multivariable logistic regression: sex, age, pre-ART VL and CD4 count, ART regimen, country of birth, HIV-1 subtype and transmission category. (lu.se)

Before bPI, significant variation in Protease and Gag was observed at positions previously associated with PI exposure and resistance including Gag mutations L449P, S451N, and L453P and Protease K20I and L63P. (ucl.ac.uk)
Most current HIV medicines target the HIV virus and consequently are vulnerable for the develop ment of drug resistance through viral mutation. (hivprotease-signal.com)
In con trast, therapeutics based mostly on these newly recognized human host targets will avoid HIV virus from employing the hosts cellular mechanism for its daily life cycle and are insensitive to drug resistance. (hivprotease-signal.com)
Viral supression allows for immunologic improvement (as measured by CD4 counts), prevents the selection of drug-resistance mutation, and decreases HIV transmission to others. (medscape.com)
To overcome this drug resistance and inhibit viral maturation, targeting Gag alongside protease rather than targeting protease alone may be more efficient. (a-star.edu.sg)
In order to successfully inhibit Gag, understanding of its drug resistance mutations and the elicited structural changes on protease binding needs to be investigated. (a-star.edu.sg)
Through structural studies to unravel how Gag mutations contributes to protease drug resistance synergistically, it is thus possible to glean insights to design novel Gag inhibitors. (a-star.edu.sg)

The pattern recognition receptor CARD8 is an inflammasome sensor for intracellular HIV-1 protease activity. (bvsalud.org)

Recombinant full length protein corresponding to HIV protease. (genetaq.com)

Many of the antiretroviral drugs that have been approved for HIV-infected adults and adolescents are gaining FDA approval for use in younger children. (medscape.com)
Although protease inhibitors do not cure HIV, they are very effective when taken with other antiretroviral drugs. (mindzymes.com)
The fact is the antiretroviral drugs of today are normally prescribed in combinations to treat HIV. (mindzymes.com)

Based on the START and TEMPRANO findings, the Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents (the Panel) increased the strength and evidence rating for the recommendation on initiating ART to AI for all HIV-infected patients, regardless of CD4 count. (medscape.com)
It was in 2015 that the START study came out and showed that we should start HIV therapy regardless of CD4 count. (medscape.com)

Dimerization is indispensible for discharge from the HIV protease (PR) from it is precursor (Gag-Pol) and ensuing mature-like catalytic activity that's crucial for disease maturation. (tam-receptor.com)

Reviewing HIV-1 Gag Mutations. (a-star.edu.sg)

The crystal structure of ABT-378 (lopinavir), bound to the active site of HIV-1 protease is described. (rcsb.org)

Here, we have sequenced Gag-Protease before and following failure in 23 patients in the SARA trial infected with subtypes A, C, and D viruses. (ucl.ac.uk)
While neither Merck's Victrelis nor Vertex's Incivek is officially approved for people coinfected with HIV and HCV-coinfection studies are still being conducted-some clinicians have already started prescribing these drugs for their patients living with both viruses. (hepmag.com)
How Do the HIV & HCV Viruses Grow? (mindzymes.com)
The compound was equally effective against laboratory strains of HIV-1 and HIV-2 and against AZT sensitive and resistant clinical isolates of HIV-1 with a mean IC90 against all viruses tested of 0.14 +/- 0.06 microM. (unt.edu)
Deep Sequencing of the HIV-1 env Gene Reveals Discrete X4 Lineages and Linkage Disequilibrium Between X4 and R5 Viruses In the V1/V2 and V3 Variable Regions. (cdc.gov)

Recent structural studies of assembled HIV-1 CA revealed several inter-subunit interfaces in the capsid lattice, including a three-fold interhexamer interface that is critical for proper capsid stability. (ox.ac.uk)
This capsid restriction by TRIM5 is one of the factors which restricts HIV-1 to the human species (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)

44 (23%) of whom were receiving efavirenz, 45 (23%) nevirapine, and 85 (44%) protease inhibitors. (nih.gov)

Recommended dose for the treatment of HIV-1 or chronic hepatitis B in adults and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older (35 kg or more): 300 mg once daily taken orally without regard to food. (nih.gov)
We explored factors associated with F2-IsoP in HIV-infected adults. (nih.gov)

Nelfinavir binds to the protease active site and inhibits the activity of the enzyme. (pharmacycode.com)
Human APOBEC3H (A3H) is a single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase that inhibits HIV-1. (uthscsa.edu)

OBJECTIVE: Currently the most potent inhibitors of HIV protease are peptidyl in nature. (unt.edu)

Two large observational studies of serodiscordant couples revealed that PLWHA who consistently take ART and maintain undetectable HIV viral loads do not transmit HIV to their sexual partners. (medscape.com)
Through this process, the protease inhibitors decrease HIV to undetectable levels which makes it unable to transmit through sexual contact. (mindzymes.com)

The concurrent use of protease inhibitors with rifampin might be possible by modifying the doses of both to compensate for the drug interaction. (cdc.gov)

Our goal is to provide HIV treatments to patients around the world -- especially in developing countries. (biospace.com)
11 In particular, costs are substantially greater for people with HIV-1 who have a serious mental illness compared to patients with either HIV-1 or a serious mental illness alone. (psychiatrist.com)
CD4 counts provide a good asessment of innate immunity via T cells in patients infected with HIV. (medscape.com)
Antiretrovirals are a group of drugs specifically developed for HIV patients. (mindzymes.com)
Immune reconstitution syndrome: Observed in HIV-infected patients. (nih.gov)
Patients and methods: This cohort study retrospectively analyzed patient data documented for the Clinical Surveillance of HIV Disease project (ClinSurv) between 1999 and 2008, run by the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin, Germany. (rki.de)
However, use of simvastatin in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is limited by the potential for this drug to interact with antiretroviral medications, specifically drugs from the protease inhibitor class. (ebmconsult.com)
Little is known about the use of statin for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction among HIV-infected patients on protease inhibitors (PI`s) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). (openaidsjournal.com)
However, whether cholesterol lowering and/or statin therapy is associated with decrease in CVD events among HIV-infected patients is unknown. (openaidsjournal.com)
Following administration of delavirdine 400 mg 3 times daily (n = 67, HIV-1-infected patients), the mean ±SD steady-state peak plasma concentration (C max ) was 35 ± 20 microM (range: 2 to 100 microM), systemic exposure (AUC) was 180 ± 100 microM per hour (range: 5 to 515 microM per hour), and trough concentration (C min ) was 15 ± 10 microM (range: 0.1 to 45 microM). (drugs.com)
This report describes approaches for managing patients with TB who are candidates for or who are undergoing protease inhibitor therapy and presents interim recommendations for managing these patients until additional data are available and formal guidelines are issued. (cdc.gov)

If the source's virus is known or suspected to be resistant to 1 drug or more, an expert in antiretroviral therapy and HIV transmission should be consulted. (medscape.com)

Anatomy8

Organisms6

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs77

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care3

Geographicals1

Boosted protease inhibitor4

Reverse transcriptase13

Infection16

Coadministered with protease inhibitors1

Inhibition7

Vitro10

Stopping protease inhibitors1

Integrase2

AIDS8

Coadministration1

Zidovudine4

Indinavir5

Aspartic protease3

Proteins8

Aspartyl protease1

Retrovirus1

Proteolytic3

Regimens6

Inhibitors block2

Molecule2

Inhibitor-based1

Cleavage6

NNRTI2

Substrate6

Antibody3

Hepatitis C vir2

Infections2

Additionally2

Interactions4

Cleaves1

Combination10

Molecular2

19961

Anti-HIV-1 activity2

Replication2

Regimen4

Resistance7

Receptor1

Recombinant1

Antiretroviral drugs3

Regardless of CD4 count2

Maturation1

Mutations1

Bound to the active site1

Viruses5

Capsid2

Efavirenz1

Adults2

Inhibits2

Potent1

Undetectable2

Rifampin1

Patients11

Drug1