Hiv 1 env rna. Medical search. Frequent questions

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-specific broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are currently under development to treat and prevent HIV-1 infection. (nature.com)
HIV disease is caused by infection with HIV-1 or HIV-2, which are retroviruses in the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus. (medscape.com)
The patient with HIV may present with signs and symptoms of any of the stages of HIV infection. (medscape.com)
CDC guidelines recommend testing for HIV infection with a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antigen/antibody immunoassay that detects HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies and the HIV-1 p24 antigen, with supplemental testing after a reactive assay result to differentiate between HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. (medscape.com)
If supplemental testing for HIV-1/HIV-2 antibodies shows nonreactive or indeterminant results (or if acute HIV infection or recent exposure is suspected or reported), an HIV-1 nucleic acid test is recommended to differentiate acute HIV-1 infection from a false-positive test result. (medscape.com)
1 false-positive result per 100 people diagnosed with HIV infection). (medscape.com)
Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) generally suppresses HIV replication to undetectable levels in peripheral blood, but immune activation associated with increased morbidity and mortality is sustained during ART, and infection rebounds when treatment is interrupted. (umn.edu)
Furthermore, about 80% Chinese men, who have sex with men (MSM), feel forced to enter eventually into heterosexual marriages due to the Chinese traditional marriage culture, which may cause HIV-1 infection in families. (scienceopen.com)
Accurate identification of the transmitted virus and sequences evolving from it could be instrumental in elucidating the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and in developing vaccines, drugs, or microbicides to prevent infection. (scienceopen.com)
These findings indicate that HIV-1 env genes, other viral genes, and even full-length viral genomes responsible for productive clinical infection can be identified by SGA analysis of plasma virus sampled at intervals typical in large-scale vaccine trials and that pathways of viral diversification and immune escape can be determined accurately. (scienceopen.com)
Approximately 25 million deaths worldwide have been attributed to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) since the beginning of the HIV epidemic in the early 1980s. (medscape.com)
Early diagnosis of HIV infection is of paramount importance, allowing health care providers an invaluable opportunity to prevent further transmission of the disease and to begin therapy, if warranted. (medscape.com)
[ 3 , 4 ] The diagnosis of HIV infection, as with any other disease, should include a complete history and a detailed physical examination in order to reach an accurate interpretation of the information provided by laboratory data. (medscape.com)
This article provides an overview of the available testing for the diagnosis of HIV infection. (medscape.com)
Incidence of HIV infection by risk group. (medscape.com)
Timeline of CD4 T-cell and viral-load changes over time in untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. (medscape.com)
HIV infection can be diagnosed based on detection of antibodies that are directed against the proteins encoded by the 3 major genes, the detection of the p24 antigen, the viral nucleic acid, and, finally, by means of culturing the virus. (medscape.com)
However, in clinical practice, the most common method for diagnosing established HIV infection is by performing a screening test (eg, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) and by confirming a positive result with a supplementary test. (medscape.com)
A key goal of HIV-1 vaccine development is to induce long-lasting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that can inhibit HIV-1 infection. (grantome.com)
Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by small interfering RNA-mediated RNA interference. (dbcls.jp)
Due to its sequence specificity, RNAi is a potentially selective method for intracellular immunization against HIV-1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
This more clinical fervor is along authoritative to express capitalism tools disabling to see or to admit against HIV-infection. (scgchicago.org)
Upon subsequent infection of a new host cell by these mature heterodimeric progenies, recombination events during reverse transcription would result in a recombinant provirus [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
500 HIV-1 env sequences from acute/early infection. (ox.ac.uk)
A productive infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes by HIV-1 was severely inhibited by the simultaneous infection of these cells with HIV-2. (biu.ac.il)
A similar reciprocal effect on HIV-2 infection was not observed. (biu.ac.il)
The inhibitory effect was observed with T cell-tropic, dual-tropic, as well as with primary HIV-1 isolates from different subtypes (A, B, C, E, F, and O). Infection of PBLs with different subtypes of HIV-2 (A and B) as well as with SIV mac resulted in the inhibition of HIV-1. (biu.ac.il)
however, the infection by HIV-2 had to take place within 24 hr after PBLs were infected by HIV-1 for inhibition of HIV-1 replication to occur. (biu.ac.il)
Therefore we conclude that HIV-2 can potently inhibit the productive infection of PBLs by HIV-1 and that the mechanism of this inhibition appears to prevent HIV-1 assembly or release from PBLs. (biu.ac.il)
Latently infected resting memory CD4+ T-cells are an important cellular reservoir, and the central nervous system (CNS) an important anatomical reservoir for HIV-1 infection. (avhandlingar.se)
The knowledge of the early events during primary HIV-1 infection (PER) is of great importance for the understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV-1. (avhandlingar.se)
Because HIV-2 infection has been sporadically reported in Japan, the use of the Geenius Reader is preferable to ensure more reliable HIV-1/HIV-2 differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
However, it is difficult to diagnose HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection based on the results of the LAV I and LAV II tests alone because of cross-reactivity to anti-HIV-2/anti-HIV-1 antibodies, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
The Geenius HIV-1/2 Confirmatory Assay (Geenius) was developed as a confirmatory/supplementary test to improve the diagnostic accuracy of HIV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
HIV is part of the genus lentiviridae and family of retroviridae, with its categorization being attributed to its morphology and infection mechanism, respectively. (jpt.com)
HIV infection distinguishes between its latent/dormant and replicating stage, allowing for a long term evasion from the immune system, and - if left untreated - to acute acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (jpt.com)
The pharmacotherapy of HIV infection is a rapidly moving field. (mhmedical.com)
SARS-CoV-2 prolonged infection during advanced HIV disease evolves extensive immune escape. (cdc.gov)
In particular, viruses pseudotyped with env genes from HIV strains AC10 and QH0692.42 were assayed on siRNA-silenced lymphocytes from three healthy donors: the differences in infection with pseudoviruses were even higher than those observed in infections with normal viruses. (univr.it)
EMBO J. 15, 1112?120 Chen, B. K., Gandhi, R. T., and Baltimore, D. (1996) CD4 down-modulation through infection of human T cells with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entails independent activities of Vpu, Env, and Nef. (deubiquitinaseinhibitor.com)
The usage of Env pseudotype infections within a round infection program has significantly improved the precision and simplicity from the evaluation of neutralization activity in vaccinated human beings and experimental pets (Derdeyn et al. (giknet.org)
It has been suggested that different virological and immunological events during the very early stages of HIV infection may determine the rate of the future disease course of the individual patient. (lu.se)
Moreover, differences in clinical symptoms during the acute HIV-1 infection may be driven by both viral factors and innate immune responses. (lu.se)
The detailed underlying mechanisms that determine differences in disease progression and clinical presentation of acute HIV infection (AHI) are largely unknown. (lu.se)
The main goal of this project is to dissect the relationship between HIV-1 viral diversity, evolutionary dynamics, innate immune responses, and acute retroviral syndrome during acute HIV-1 infection, and how they contribute to disease pathogenesis during the acute and chronic stages of infection. (lu.se)
Clear differences in the natural history of acute HIV-1 infection exist between adults and infants both clinically and with respect to viral population dynamics and the nature of the immune response. (lu.se)
In this study, we plan to analyse samples that has been collected during acute HIV-1 infection (AHI) from a total of 115 participants (74 from the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative [IAVI, http://www.iavi.org/ , samples from Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Rwanda], 26 from Sweden, and 15 from South Africa). (lu.se)
The HIV-1 gag and env genes amplified from blood plasma samples of a unique cohort of acute HIV-1 infections are analyzed in this project with the aim to assess virus adaptations during acute HIV-1 infection and how these relates to the replicative capacity of the virus. (lu.se)
Curbing the HIV epidemic represents one of the biggest challenges of our time and although combination antiretroviral therapy can control the infection, HIV infection remains incurable. (lu.se)
Interestingly, the disease progression rate can vary considerably between individuals (with time to AIDS ranging between months to decades), and the immune specificity against HIV infection has been suggested to only explain about 22% of the most reliable predictor of when AIDS will develop? (lu.se)

RNA was isolated from patient plasma and a two step RT-PCR amplification of the gag p24, env gp41 IDR, env gp120 V3 and pol genome regions performed. (sun.ac.za)
The gag p24 genome region was found to be more conserved than the env gp41 IDR, with the env gp41 IDR more conserved than the env gp120 V3. (sun.ac.za)
The variability of the env gp120 V3 region indicates that patients might be dually infected with variant HIV-1 subtype C strains or quasispecies. (sun.ac.za)
We tested this concept by administering two immunizations of alum-adjuvanted HIV-1 89.6 gp120 to macaques being primed at weeks 0 and 8 with SHIV 89.6 Gag-Pol-Env DNA and boosted at week 24 with SHIV-89.6 Gag-Pol-Env recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA). (nih.gov)
However, the plus-gp120 group had less consistent control of viremia and higher levels of plasma viral RNA for the first year postchallenge. (nih.gov)
We conclude that gp120 inoculations that fail to raise neutralizing antibody do not improve the efficacy of Gag-Pol-Env DNA/MVA vaccines. (nih.gov)
HIV-1 Rev response element (RRE) is a functional region of viral RNA lying immediately downstream to the junction of gp120 and gp41 in the env coding sequence. (irsicaixa.es)
The virus' RNA, its associated nucleocapsid proteins, and reverse transcriptase are enveloped by a capsid structure and then by a spherical lipid membrane including env-glyco- (gp41 + gp120), and matrix proteins. (jpt.com)
Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV . (lookformedical.com)
It serves as a precursor for both the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 and the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP41 . (lookformedical.com)

The most recent studies have shown that the protein has multiple functions in the regulation of HIV-1 proteins, and its name has been changed to Rev (regulator of expression of virion proteins), which more generally describes its function. (wikipedia.org)
The ARM is a highly specific sequence which allows for the multimerization of Rev proteins, prior to RNA binding. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] HIV-1 regulatory proteins (including Rev) are translated from completely processed mRNA transcripts, while structural proteins are translated from incompletely spliced transcripts. (wikipedia.org)
HIV-1 also has regulatory genes ( tat and rev ) and genes that encode for accessory proteins ( vpu , vpr , vif , and nef ) that are important in viral replication and interaction with the host. (medscape.com)
We developed a candidate DNA vaccine called "DNA-4"consisting of 4 plasmid DNAs encoding Nef, Gag, Pol(rt), and gp140 HIV-1 proteins. (mdpi.com)
Immunocytochemical analysis of HIV-1 proteins demonstrated that equal numbers of cells were infected and that equal amounts of intracellular HIV-1 Env and Gag proteins were produced throughout the culture period. (biu.ac.il)
HIV-1 uses cellular co-factors for virion formation and release, and is able to incorporate host cellular proteins in the viral particles, such as tetraspanins which serve as gateways for HIV-1 egress. (biomedcentral.com)
Our data revealed that HIV-1 Gag and Env structural proteins colocalized with specific tetraspanins in the form of clusters at the cell surface. (biomedcentral.com)
This notion can be extend to other cell membrane proteins, such as Hdlg, a cell-cell junction protein, that can also modulate HIV-1 infectivity [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. (lookformedical.com)
Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins synthesized by HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES such as the HIV-1 and HIV-2 . (lookformedical.com)
70, 6044 ?6053 Henderson, A. J., Zou, X., and Calame, K. L. (1995) C/EBP proteins activate transcription in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 extended terminal repeat in macrophages/monocytes. (deubiquitinaseinhibitor.com)

citation needed] The rev response element (RRE) is a 240 base-pair sequence located in the second intron of the HIV-1 genome, immediately downstream of the env gene. (wikipedia.org)
Deciphering human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission and early envelope diversification by single-genome amplification and sequencing. (scienceopen.com)
Here we describe an experimental approach to analyze HIV-1 env genes as intact genetic units amplified from plasma virion RNA by single-genome amplification (SGA), followed by direct sequencing of uncloned DNA amplicons. (scienceopen.com)
To investigate the extent to which drug resistance mutations are missed by standard genotyping methods, we analyzed the same plasma samples from 26 patients with suspected multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by using a newly developed single-genome sequencing technique and compared it to standard genotype analysis. (scienceopen.com)
In order to adequately comprehend the scope of laboratory methods, a basic understanding of the structure of the HIV virion and its genome is necessary. (medscape.com)
Nora Chapman et al from the Enterovirus Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, have shown that human enteroviruses Coxsackie B can naturally delete sequence from the 5' end of the RNA genome and that this deletional mechanism results in long-term viral persistence, which has substantially altered the previously held view (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440640/?tool=pubmed). (investinme.org)
In order to solve this problem, we constructed an HIV-1 variant with a 300 bp long hairpin structure in the 3' part of the genome corresponding to the Nef gene (HIV-lhNef). (biomedcentral.com)
Expression of the lhNef hairpin within the HIV-1 genome results in potent trans-inhibition of wild-type HIV-1. (biomedcentral.com)
A prominent characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a high rate of recombination, resulting in increased genetic diversity and linkage of resistance mutations in the same genome. (biomedcentral.com)
HIV is a typical retrovirus with a small RNA genome of 9300 base pairs. (mhmedical.com)
Two copies of the genome are contained in a nucleocapsid core surrounded by a lipid bilayer, or envelope, that is derived from the host cell plasma membrane ( Figure 59-1 ). (mhmedical.com)
HIV-1 env sequences will be determined by single genome sequencing, with 20 clonal sequences generated from each time point. (kemri-wellcome.org)
1990). Since only 1 amplifiable viral genome is normally amplified in each PCR response in either technique, the products aren't suffering from resampling or recombination. (giknet.org)

Several bNAbs have been tested to date in HIV-1-infected individuals, including the CD4-binding, site-specific antibodies VRC01, 3BNC117, VRC07-523LS and N6-LS, the V3-glycan-specific antibody 10-1074 and the V2-apex-specific antibodies PGDM1400 and CAP256-VRC26.25 (refs. (nature.com)
Hypotheses: Messenger RNA vaccination of humanized mice, Rhesus macaques and humans will induce long-lasting anti-V3 glycan bnAb epitope antibodies, and mRNA vaccination will promote sequential somatic hypermutations and affinity maturation in V3-glycan targeted B cell lineages. (grantome.com)
Envelope protein immunogens may improve DNA or live-vectored HIV vaccines by complementing antiviral cellular responses with Env antibodies. (nih.gov)
When HIV-1 producing cells were treated with anti-CD81 antibodies or upon CD81 silencing by RNA interference, HIV-1 release was significantly impaired and its infectivity on SupT1 lymphocytes was modulated. (biomedcentral.com)
Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS . (lookformedical.com)

The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= GENE PRODUCTS, REV ), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE). (lookformedical.com)

and that evidence of strong immunologic selection can be seen in Env and overlapping Rev sequences based on nonrandom accumulation of nonsynonymous mutations. (scienceopen.com)
To evaluate this approach for deriving safety-modified lentiviral vectors, we created HIV-1 vectors engineered to delete the Rev-response element (RRE) during reverse-transcription by sandwiching the RRE between two non-functional hygromycin phosphotransferase sequences. (peerj.com)
Although HIV-1 based gene transfer vectors lack most of the viral coding sequences, it retains a small portion of the gag sequence, and also contains a 5′ splice donor site upstream of gag and frequently a 3′ splice acceptor site further downstream. (peerj.com)
Lentiviral siRNAs targeting multiple highly conserved RNA sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. (dbcls.jp)
Near full length sequences of URFs from Asia, Europe, and Africa (one sequence/patient), and representative sequences of worldwide CRFs were retrieved from the Los Alamos HIV database. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, we examined "footprints" of APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F activity in longitudinal HIV-1 RNA pol sequences from approximately 3,000 chronically infected patients by determining whether G-to-A mutations occurred in motifs that were favored or disfavored by these deaminases. (ox.ac.uk)
2006). Evaluation of a lot of Env pseudovirions from many different people using autologous and Pseudoginsenoside-F11 heterologous sera can lead to id of personal sequences of vital neutralization epitopes and support vaccine design. (giknet.org)

Rev is a transactivating protein that is essential to the regulation of HIV-1 (and other lentiviral) protein expression. (wikipedia.org)
A novel protein was found to be involved in the translation of gag and env mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
Later studies suggested that the protein was involved in regulation of the RNA splicing mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
The alpha-helical secondary structure specifically can be considered a helix-loop-helix motif, which allows the REV protein to stably bind to the RRE RNA to form the ribonucleoprotein complex. (wikipedia.org)
We report a comparison of assays of two potential sources of immune activation during ART: rare cells producing HIV and the virus' major viral protein, p24, benchmarked on a cell model of active and latent infections and a method to visualize HIV-producing cells. (umn.edu)
6) Appearance lately mRNAs encoding the structural protein Env, Gag, Pol and integrase. (biomedigs.org)
The RRE is essential for HIV replication and binds with the Rev protein to facilitate the export of viral mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm. (irsicaixa.es)
and env encodes the large transmembrane envelope protein responsible for cell binding and entry. (mhmedical.com)
External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
The RUNX1: type pyrophosphate directly is change of the dendritic receptor, quantifying DNA transcription protein 1( CD35)( Kim et al. (erik-mill.de)

This previously unknown and unsuspected aspect of enterovirus replication provides an explanation for reports of enteroviral RNA detected in diseased tissue in the apparent absence of virus particles" (Journal of IiME 2009:3:1). (investinme.org)
Potent and specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by RNA interference. (dbcls.jp)
Increased mutations in Env and Pol suggest greater HIV-1 replication in sputum-derived viruses compared with blood-derived viruses. (washington.edu)
Low-level HIV-1 replication may occur during antiretroviral therapy (ART) that suppresses plasma HIV-1 RNA to less than 50 copies/ml (suppressive ART). (washington.edu)
Our objective was to examine sputum, which is rich in macrophages, for evidence of increased HIV-1 replication compared with that in the blood during suppressive ART. (washington.edu)
However, HIV-lhNef demonstrated a severe production and replication defect, which we were able to solve by selecting spontaneous virus variants with truncated hairpin structures. (biomedcentral.com)
Unexpectedly, this impairment was not reflected in functional capacity when RNA export was evaluated using a reporter assay, or during virus replication in lymphoid cells, suggesting that in vivo the RRE would be highly malleable. (irsicaixa.es)
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the virus is able to persist in cellular and anatomical viral reservoirs. (avhandlingar.se)
pIC significantly abrogated HIV-1 replication, whereas IL-1, which also potently activates astrocytes, did not. (elsevierpure.com)
Viperin induction could also be substantially inhibited by neutralizing Abs to IFN-β, as could HIV-1 replication. (elsevierpure.com)
RNAi directed against viperin, bat not a scrambled RNAi, significantly inhibited viperin expression, and also significantly reversed pIC-induced inhibition of HIV-1 replication. (elsevierpure.com)
Here, we investigated the implication of several tetraspanins on HIV-1 formation and release in chronically infected T-lymphoblastic cells, a model that permits the study of the late steps of HIV-1 replication in persistent infected cells. (biomedcentral.com)
69, 5337?344 SphK2 Inhibitor manufacturer Connor, R. I., Chen, B. K., Choe, S., and Landau, N. R. (1995) Vpr is required for effective replication of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 in mononuclear phagocytes. (deubiquitinaseinhibitor.com)

Gp41 is one of the most common HIV antigens detected by IMMUNOBLOTTING. (lookformedical.com)

RNA was detected by RT-PCR among alimaea ) infections: beyond cat scratch. (cdc.gov)
HIV-1 group M Subtype C is currently responsible for the majority of HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa (56% worldwide). (sun.ac.za)
These results indicate the region with high-pairing probabilities may be a more fundamental factor affecting HIV-1 recombination than sequence similarity in natural HIV-1 infections. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently, 72 HIV-1 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), as well as a large number of unique recombinant forms (URFs) have been identified, both of which cause common infections in partial regions or around the world. (biomedcentral.com)
Possible footprints of APOBEC3F and/or other APOBEC3 deaminases, but not APOBEC3G, on HIV-1 from patients with acute/early and chronic infections. (ox.ac.uk)
Analysis of HIV-1 RNA and DNA demonstrated that the inhibition was not at uptake or reverse transcription and that equal amounts of PBLs were infected by HIV-1 in single infections and coinfections. (biu.ac.il)
There are currently two types of Human immunodeficiency virus: HIV-1 and HIV-2, with the former being more infectious and virulent, currently responsible for the majority of global infections. (jpt.com)
For this good reason, two sections of subtype B and C infections have been suggested for make use of as criteria for the evaluation of anti-HIV-1 neutralization activity in anti-HIV-1 sera (Li et al. (giknet.org)

Persistent low-level HIV-1 viremia (pLLV) can occur in people with HIV despite high adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), without significant drug resistance, and due to unclear mechanisms. (natap.org)
Highly active antiretroviral therapy prolongs the life span of HIV-infected individuals, nonetheless it requires lifelong treatment and leads to cumulative toxicities and viral-escape mutants. (biomedigs.org)
This was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of safety, and dose selection of "DNA-4" in HIV-1 infected people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). (mdpi.com)
HIV-1 and HIV-2 have similar sensitivity to most antiretroviral drugs, although the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are HIV-1-specific and have no activity against HIV-2. (mhmedical.com)
Replicative cycle of HIV-1 and sites of action of available antiretroviral agents. (mhmedical.com)

7) Packaging of unspliced genomic RNA and discharge of viral contaminants. (biomedigs.org)
HIV-1 is composed of two copies of positive single-stranded genomic RNA (gRNA). (biomedcentral.com)

The main objective was to study drug resistance mutations (DRM) in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) gene of minor HIV-1 quasispecies, not detectable with standard techniques. (avhandlingar.se)

Nef escape mutations and HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses were strongly correlated (r=0.9, p=0.008). (natap.org)
a ) Schematic of the HIV-1 5'UTR indicating introduced mutations. (elifesciences.org)
Multiple, linked human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance mutations in treatment-experienced patients are missed by standard genotype analysis. (scienceopen.com)
Recombination occurs frequently during reverse transcription, and can lead to a combination of beneficial mutations, the loss of deleterious mutations, or new starting points for subsequent viral evolution [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
UNLABELLED: Members of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like-3 (APOBEC3) innate cellular cytidine deaminase family, particularly APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G, can cause extensive and lethal G-to-A mutations in HIV-1 plus-strand DNA (termed hypermutation). (ox.ac.uk)
It is unclear if APOBEC3-induced mutations in vivo are always lethal or can occur at sublethal levels that increase HIV-1 diversification and viral adaptation to the host. (ox.ac.uk)
IMPORTANCE: Collectively, our results suggest that APOBEC3G-induced mutagenesis is lethal to HIV-1, whereas mutagenesis caused by APOBEC3F and/or other deaminases may result in sublethal mutations that might facilitate viral diversification. (ox.ac.uk)

Through serotyping and genotyping the majority of HIV strains were characterised as HIV-1 group M subtype C. One sample (1154) was characterised as a possible C / D recombinant strain. (sun.ac.za)
Antiviral effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific small interfering RNAs against targets conserved in select neurotropic viral strains. (dbcls.jp)
Infectability by HIV (strains IIIB and Bal and primary isolates) was significantly reduced (P=0.016) in silenced cells compared with cells that maintained HLA-C expression in 10 of the 11 PBL donors. (univr.it)
Additional confirmation of the HLA-C effect was obtained in several assays employing HLA-C-positive and -negative cell lines, a number of HIV strains and also pseudoviruses. (univr.it)
2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Amplification of HIV-1 env genes Seven plasma samples had been gathered from HIV-1 positive individuals signed up for a report of current HIV-1 strains in Ndola, Zambia. (giknet.org)

Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. (dbcls.jp)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 escape from RNA interference. (dbcls.jp)
Promoter choice affects the potency of HIV-1 specific RNA interference. (dbcls.jp)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 escapes from RNA interference-mediated inhibition. (dbcls.jp)
Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. (dbcls.jp)
RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAs. (dbcls.jp)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can be inhibited by means of RNA silencing or interference (RNAi) using synthetic short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or gene constructs encoding short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) or long hairpin RNAs (lhRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
To explore a role for viperin in IFN-β-mediated inhibition of HIV-1, we used an RNA interference (RNAi) approach. (elsevierpure.com)

The secondary endpoints were changes in anti-PGT121 antibody titers and CD4 + T-cell count, and development of HIV-1 sequence variations associated with PGT121 resistance. (nature.com)
The NLS overlaps with the sequence required for RNA-binding. (wikipedia.org)
The RRE sequence is cis-acting, and is necessary to achieve high levels of env mRNA in the cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
However the gag/pol coding sequence serves as an intron and is spliced out for expression of Env. (peerj.com)
HIV-1 based vectors also contain the RRE sequence. (peerj.com)

We show that this strategy precludes in vitro artifacts caused by Taq-induced nucleotide substitutions and template switching, provides an accurate representation of the env quasispecies in vivo, and has an overall error rate (including nucleotide misincorporation, insertion, and deletion) of less than 8 x 10(-5). (scienceopen.com)
In-depth analysis of how HIV evolutionary dynamics in diversity and divergence as well as adaptation to host immune responses require methods that enable large-scale and thorough dissection of the HIV quasispecies. (lu.se)

Applying this method to the analysis of virus in plasma from 12 Zambian subjects from whom samples were obtained within 3 months of seroconversion, we show that transmitted or early founder viruses can be identified and that molecular pathways and rates of early env diversification can be defined. (scienceopen.com)
VirStrain: a strain identification tool for RNA viruses. (cdc.gov)
Additionally, by targeting cellular pathways shared by HIV variants and in some cases viruses other than HIV, these therapies have potentially broad spectrum anti viral activities. (hivprotease-signal.com)

Binding of Rev to viral RNAs containing the RRE allows for mRNA export out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm by a mechanism different than that of cellular mRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
We show that the sensitivities of these assays are sufficient to detect one rare HIV-producing/env mRNA +/p24 + cell in one million uninfected cells. (umn.edu)
We show that assays of HIV envelope mRNA (EDITS assay), gag mRNA, and p24 (Flow-FISH, HIV-Flow. (umn.edu)
Develop mRNA delivery constructs for sequential Env trimers for V3-glycan bnAb B cell lineage vaccinations. (grantome.com)
Moreover, the mRNA immunogens selected for CGMP production will produce stable Env trimers upon transfection of cell lines in vitro and after immunization in vivo in humanized mice. (grantome.com)

Efficient gene transfer of HIV-1-specific short hairpin RNA into human lymphocytic cells using recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. (dbcls.jp)

These results demonstrate that non-suppressible HIV viremia is driven by the critical intersection of factors at the viral genetic, epigenetic and cellular level (Figure). (natap.org)
With increasing data on HIV-1, a more relevant molecular model describing mechanism details of HIV-1 genetic recombination usually requires upgrades. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently an incomplete structural understanding of the copy choice mechanism along with several other issues in the field that lack elucidation led us to perform an analysis of the correlation between breakpoint distributions and (1) the probability of base pairing, and (2) intersubtype genetic similarity to further explore structural mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Then the relationships between breakpoint distributions and (1) the probability of base pairing, and (2) intersubtype genetic similarities were investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
Our analysis reveals a critical conflict between results from natural HIV-1 isolates and those from HIV-1-based assay vectors in which genetic similarity has been shown to be a very critical factor promoting recombination. (biomedcentral.com)
Extensive experiments have been performed on HIV-1 as well as other retroviruses, all suggesting that HIV-1 genetic recombination results from a "copy choice" mechanism i.e. the alternating use of two templates during the synthesis of a single viral DNA strand [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
With an ever increasing amount of data on HIV-1, the proposed genetic recombination mechanism of HIV-1 as well as a more representative molecular model requires repeated upgrades. (biomedcentral.com)
Upon entering the infected cell the single stranded positive RNA virus makes use of reserve transcriptase to eventually insert its genetic material into the hosts' DNA. (jpt.com)
The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV . (lookformedical.com)
Characterization of Genetic Elements Carrying mcr-1 Gene in Escherichia coli from the Community and Hospital Settings in Vietnam. (cdc.gov)

Enhanced gene silencing of HIV-1 specific siRNA using microRNA designed hairpins. (dbcls.jp)
The physiological relevance of this finding is now confirmed in this report, where small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was used to silence HLA-C expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from 11 healthy donors. (univr.it)

Messenger (m) RNA has emerged as a promising new vaccine modality that can elicit potent immune responses, while avoiding the safety risks and anti-vector immunity associated with some live virus vaccines. (grantome.com)
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. (lookformedical.com)

1990). This enables for the analysis of genes from a lot of HIV-1 isolates (Derdeyn et al. (giknet.org)

The sensitivity of Geenius for HIV-1 detection was the same as or greater than that of LAV I, but less than that of Genscreen HIV Ag-Ab ULT, in our analysis of the commercial performance and seroconversion panels. (biomedcentral.com)

We evaluated the performance of Geenius HIV-1/2 Confirmatory Assay (Geenius), both as a confirmatory test and for differentiation between HIV-1 and HIV-2, in comparison with LAV I and LAV II. (biomedcentral.com)
The specimens were evaluated using cobas TaqScreen HIV on cobas s 401 (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., NJ, USA) or Procleix Ultrio Elite ABD assay on Procleix PANTHER System (Grifols Diagnostic Solutions, CA, USA), and decided HIV-1-positive by the discriminatory assay. (biomedcentral.com)
We also offer our assay and analysis service using your samples with this high-content HIV peptide microarray. (jpt.com)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, shared intravenous drug paraphernalia, and during the birth process or via human milk (vertical transmission). (medscape.com)
Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. (medscape.com)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 is a member of the Retroviridae family. (medscape.com)
There are currently an estimated 5.3 million people infected with human immunodeficiency virus / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in South Africa. (sun.ac.za)
NEW LAV BLOT I and II (LAV I and LAV II), they were only option for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) confirmatory test, following HIV screening test using HIV Ag/Ab combination test in Japan. (biomedcentral.com)
In Japan, specimens that are detected as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive via the screening test, using HIV Ag/Ab combination test, are subjected to a confirmatory test using western blot test. (biomedcentral.com)
The hypothesis that open conformers of HLA-C on target cells might directly exert an effect on their infectability by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been suggested previously. (univr.it)
Thirty-seven million individuals are currently infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. (lu.se)

This short article reviews a number of the hereditary methods which have been found in gene therapy medical tests for HIV-1 treatment aswell as methods that are going to become examined. (biomedigs.org)

We enrolled 8 ART-treated participants with ≥3 HIV-1 RNA levels between 40-1000 copies/mL over 24 months. (natap.org)
It is an enveloped virus with two copies of single-stranded RNA, which have capacity to recombine. (medscape.com)

This study represents the most comprehensive assessment of persistent low-level viremia to date and provide insight into ART-independent factors necessary for HIV clearance. (natap.org)

In the absence of Rev, mRNAs of the HIV-1 late (structural) genes are retained in the nucleus, preventing their translation. (wikipedia.org)

Ideally, a single lhRNA should generate multiple effective siRNAs upon intracellular processing, providing more durable inhibition of HIV-1 than a single shRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Remarkably, sEVs enhanced lymphangiogenesis and tumor cell adhesion by inducing ERK kinase, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in lymphatic endothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)

The env gene encodes for glycoprotein (gp) 120 and gp 41. (medscape.com)

1) HIV binds to Compact disc4 and co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 and it is internalized. (biomedigs.org)

The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Khayelitsha using serotyping and genotyping techniques. (sun.ac.za)

20, 2970 ?983 Zhang, Z., and Gilmour, D. S. (2006) Pcf11 is usually a termination aspect in Drosophila that dismantles the elongation complicated by bridging the CTD of RNA polymerase II towards the nascent transcript. (deubiquitinaseinhibitor.com)

The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and antiviral activity in viremic HIV-infected adults not on ART. (nature.com)
To determine whether pIC induced an antiviral state in astrocytes, a pseudotyped HIV viral particle, vesicular stomatitis virus g-env-HIV-1, was used. (elsevierpure.com)

As an alternative to PepMix Pools we also offer single antigen peptides and MHC multimers to profile antigen-specific immune responses for HIV. (jpt.com)
Archived samples from a well characterized cohort of patients with AHI (defined as RNA or P24 antigen positive and Antibody negative) from 6 collaborating sites in Africa and Europe will be included, with each patient contributing plasma samples from four time points. (kemri-wellcome.org)

Nevertheless, there's been a recent Trimebutine change toward beginning retroviral therapy when the Compact disc4 count is within the number of 300 106 to 350 106/liter (Workplace of AIDS Study Advisory Council recommendations, http://AIDSinfo.nih.gov)1,2. (biomedigs.org)
International reference institute, leader in the research for the eradication of HIV/AIDS and related diseases. (irsicaixa.es)
According to the WHO, 1.5 million were newly infected with the virus in 2021, with 650.000 dying of AIDS in the same year, with an estimated 70% of HIV-positive people located in sub-Saharan African Countries. (jpt.com)

Contributions to mi- humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

IMPORTANCE Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has greatly improved the quality and length of life for people living with HIV, but immune activation does not normalize during ART, and persistent immune activation has been linked to increased morbidity and mortality. (umn.edu)

We determine a cryo-EM structure of the PRD-0038 RBD bound to Rhinolophusalcyone ACE2, explaining receptor tropism and highlighting differences with SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. (uw.edu)

These data suggest that further investigation of the potential of antibody-based therapeutic strategies for long-term suppression of HIV is warranted, including in individuals off ART and with low viral load. (nature.com)
PGT121 is a monoclonal antibody isolated in 2011 from an African donor infected with HIV-1 subtype A, whose sera had demonstrated superior neutralization breadth and potency in an observational cohort, and so was considered an 'elite neutralizer' 9 . (nature.com)
Messenger RNAs are the current most promising vaccine strategy for inducing high-titered and long-lasting antibody responses. (grantome.com)
This was tested by exploiting the peculiar specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) L31 for HLA-C open conformers to show that normal levels of Env-driven fusion were restored in HLA-C transfectants of a major histocompatibility complex-deleted (fusion-incompetent) cell line. (univr.it)

HIV-1 infected MOLT cells were analyzed for HIV-1 production by RT assays and Western blot analysis. (biomedcentral.com)

Inhibition of HIV-1 by lentiviral vector-transduced siRNAs in T lymphocytes differentiated in SCID-hu mice and CD34+ progenitor cell-derived macrophages. (dbcls.jp)
Down-regulation of CD81 expression in HIV-1 chronically infected MOLT cells was performed by shRNA lentiviral vectors and infectivity was monitored on SupT1 cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Gag clusters on membranes were identified in 10 z-stacks each containing ~10 GUVs, using an unsupervised script which calculated the average RNA fluorescence within the clusters. (elifesciences.org)

Although these escape variants lost the ability to trans-inhibit HIV-1, they effectively outgrew the wild-type virus in competition experiments in SupT1 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
An alternative method to inhibit HIV-1 is the use of gene constructs encoding HIV-1-specific long hairpin RNAs (lhRNAs, transcripts folding an extended hairpin structure) or long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs, two complementary transcripts that form an extended duplex). (biomedcentral.com)

PGT121 reduced plasma HIV RNA levels by a median of 1.77 log in viremic participants, with a viral load nadir at a median of 8.5 days. (nature.com)
Near-full length sequencing of the proviruses and pol-env sequencing of plasma HIV were performed. (natap.org)
Eighty-nine HIV-1-positive plasma specimens, one anti-HIV-1 low-titer performance panel, 10 seroconversion panels, and two anti-HIV-1/2 combo performance panels were tested. (biomedcentral.com)
Eighty-nine HIV-1-positive plasma specimens that had been declared ineligible for transfusion were provided by the Japanese Red Cross Blood Centers from 2013 through 2015. (biomedcentral.com)

These conserved regions can play a key role in the development of an effective HIV-1 immunogen reactive against all HIV-1 subtypes. (sun.ac.za)

RNA antivirals could be made with high specificity, and HIV-1 items are the favored focus on (Fig. 1). (biomedigs.org)

The arginine-rich domain of Rev interacts with the rev-binding element (RBE), which is part of the HIV Rev response element (RRE) located in an intron downstream of the env gene. (wikipedia.org)
Actin primers that spanned two exons and an intron had been used to verify that the merchandise generated had been representative of RNA. (tam-receptor.com)

In this thesis we have investigated different aspects of HIV-2 in order to understand the pathogenesis of HIV-2 better. (avhandlingar.se)
Results from the proposed analyses will increase the understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis and may have implications for therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine design. (kemri-wellcome.org)

Intriguingly, HIV-lhNef potently inhibited wild-type HIV-1 production in trans. (biomedcentral.com)

At the cracking of the point, a historical interaction returned noted( on 1 August) and meant, getting for a rhesus of a pattern of nothing, necessity and international science which they presented to browse. (scgchicago.org)

Anatomy11

Organisms26

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Psychiatry and Psychology13

Phenomena and Processes64

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science5

Named Groups2

Health Care9

Geographicals7

Infection50

Gp12010

Proteins13

Genome13

Antibodies5

Gene Products1

Sequences7

Protein11

Replication13

Gp411

Infections8

Antiretroviral5

Genomic2

Reverse transcriptase1

Mutations7

Strains5

Interference8

Sequence5

Quasispecies2

Viruses3

MRNA5

Recombinant1

Genetic10

SiRNA2

Vaccines2

Isolates1

Sensitivity1

Assay3

Human immun8

Methods1

Copies2

Viremia1

MRNAs1

Intracellular2

Encodes1

Binds1

Molecular1

Polymerase1

Antiviral2

Antigen2

AIDS3

Humans1

Retroviral1

Receptor1

Antibody4

Assays1

Lentiviral2

Fluorescence1

Inhibit2

Plasma4

Subtypes1

Specificity1

Intron2

Pathogenesis2

Potently1

Rhesus1