Histones y chromosome. Medical search. Frequent questions

In molecular biology, the linker histone H1 is a protein family forming a critical component of eukaryotic chromatin. (wikipedia.org)
histone H1 histone nucleosome chromatin Jordan, Albert (2016-03-01). (wikipedia.org)
The successful completion of the proposed studies is expected to provide crucial insights into the ways in which this major component of chromatin affects the structure and activity of eukaryotic chromosomes. (elsevierpure.com)
Deletion of the H3K56 acetylase and downstream chromatin assembly factors suppressed the Ofm phenotype of hst3, indicating that persistence of H3K56Ac-containing chromatin is deleterious for the maintenance of ORIΔ chromosomes, and experiments with synchronous cultures showed that it is replication of H3K56Ac-containing chromatin that causes chromosome loss. (nyu.edu)
Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
Independent Mechanisms Target SMCHD1 to Trimethylated Histone H3 Lysine 9-Modified Chromatin and the Inactive X Chromosome. (ox.ac.uk)
We further show that the principal mechanism for chromatin loading of SMCHD1 involves an LRIF1-mediated interaction with HP1γ at trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3)-modified chromatin sites on the chromosome arms. (ox.ac.uk)
A parallel pathway accounts for chromatin loading at a minority of sites, notably the inactive X chromosome. (ox.ac.uk)
Notably, histone macroH2A1.1 senses PARP1 activation, transiently compacts chromatin, reduces the recruitment of DNA damage factor Ku70-Ku80 and alters γ-H2AX patterns, whereas the splice variant macroH2A1.2, which is deficient in poly-ADP-ribose binding, does not mediate chromatin rearrangements upon PARP1 activation. (nature.com)
We thus identify macrodomains as modules that directly sense PARP activation in vivo and establish macroH2A histones as dynamic regulators of chromatin plasticity. (nature.com)
Centromere loss and relocation in chromosome regions with otherwise conserved collinearity can be explained by conventional mechanisms of chromosome rearrangements or, as newly available phylogenomic and cytogenomic data suggest, by centromere inactivation through epigenetic chromatin modifications and/or intra-and inter-chromosomal recombination. (muni.cz)
Chemical modification of these histones is one way that the cell regulates the packing and unpacking of the DNA and its associated proteins (collectively called chromatin), which in turn helps to determine whether a given gene is activated or repressed. (mdanderson.org)
The Bedford lab studies one such modification, the methylation of arginine amino acids in histones and other chromatin-associated proteins. (mdanderson.org)
The linker histone, H1, interacts with linker DNA between nucleosomes and functions in the compaction of chromatin into higher order structures. (fishersci.com)
Her lab focuses on histones, which package the entirety of the human genome into chromatin. (elifesciences.org)
These results describe a novel pathway for regulating transcription using variant histones to modulate chromatin structure (Santisteban, 2000). (sdbonline.org)
These advances establish a third mechanism of chromatin reconfiguration, raising fundamental questions about the stability of nucleosomes in nonreplicative phases of the cell cycle and the cellular machinery responsible for incorporating histone variants into nucleosomes (Mizuguchi, 2004). (sdbonline.org)
1) Various complex formation of Histone methyltransferases for repressive chromatin and the molecular basis of their formation, 2) Relationship between heterochromatin formation and repressive histone modification on inactive X chromosome, 3) Involvement of an HP1 binding protein in pathway choice for repairing double-strand breaks. (nii.ac.jp)
ASF1 is required to load histones on the HIRA complex in preparation of paternal chromatin assembly at fertilization. (ens-lyon.fr)
Intellectual disability-associated dBRWD3 regulates gene expression through inhibition of HIRA/YEM-mediated chromatin deposition of histone H3.3. (ens-lyon.fr)
Histone proteins make up chromatin, large clusters of DNA- and RNA-containing molecules comprising our body's chromosomes. (mdanderson.org)
Eight histones comprise a nucleosome, and long strings of nucleosomes coil in turn into chromatin, the basic material of chromosomes. (sciencedaily.com)
Chromosomes are made of a material called chromatin, which is dispersed throughout the cell nucleus during interphase. (visionlearning.com)
During mitosis, however, the chromatin condenses making individual chromosomes visible under an ordinary light microscope. (visionlearning.com)
They bind to structural components (emerin, nesprin), chromatin components (histone), signal transduction molecules (protein kinase C), and several gene regulatory molecules. (medscape.com)
The protein structure that surrounds the DNA, chromatin, largely comprises histone proteins and can be open or closed and thus allow or prevent factors binding to the DNA. (lu.se)

In this episode of the Epigenetics Podcast, we caught up with Professor Bill Earnshaw , Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow at the University of Edinburgh, to talk about his work on the role of non-histone proteins in chromosome structure and function during mitosis. (activemotif.jp)
DNA and proteins (such as histones). (answers.com)
How can you get millions of proteins from only 46 chromosomes? (answers.com)
in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are the histones . (wikipedia.org)
Although homology with canonical SMC family proteins suggests a role in chromosome organization, the mechanisms underlying SMCHD1 function and target site selection remain poorly understood. (ox.ac.uk)
Chromosome 9 likely contains 800 to 900 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
The physical association between Mcd1p and Smc1p, one of the SMC family of chromosomal proteins, further suggests that Mcd1p functions directly on chromosomes. (nih.gov)
Each chromosome consists of one very long molecule of DNA twisted around proteins. (carnivorousplants.org)
In chromosomes, DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. (news-medical.net)
The S phase is characterized by DNA synthesis, and in the 1960s it was discovered that histone proteins are also synthesized during this phase. (news-medical.net)
DNA is tightly packaged into chromosomes along with histone proteins. (mdanderson.org)
Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. (fishersci.com)
The histone H2A.F/Z (H2AZ) variant is a functionally distinct, highly conserved histone subgroup that likely represents a separate evolutionary lineage of histone H2A proteins. (sdbonline.org)
Findings from a study at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center revealed the leukemia-boosting abilities of ENL, which contains a protein component called YEATS that "reads" histone proteins. (mdanderson.org)
Research results, which build upon a previous MD Anderson study of histone-reading proteins, are published in the March 1 online issue of Nature . (mdanderson.org)
Histone modifications like acetylation serve as docking sites for reader proteins which recognize specific modifications, influencing downstream biological outcomes. (mdanderson.org)
While many such reader proteins have been identified for histone modifications called methylation, few are known to recognize histone acetylation. (mdanderson.org)
A single nucleosome consists of about 150 base pairs of DNA sequence wrapped around a core of histone proteins. (genome.gov)
Histones are the main proteins involved in the packaging of DNA in the chromosomes. (phys.org)
and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell. (bvsalud.org)
Bound proteins were purified by DNA affinity precipitation assays (DAPA) and eluted proteins analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS), demonstrating that rs14798008 bound H1 histones. (cdc.gov)
Epigenetic changes mainly take place through chemical modification of DNA (DNA methylation) and histones, the proteins around which the DNA helix winds itself. (lu.se)
Epigenetic modifications of the histone proteins, such as acetylation or methylation, affect how tightly the DNA is packed around the histones and thus how accessible the DNA sequence is. (lu.se)
As well as DNA methylation, there are also other epigenetic mechanisms such as modification of histone proteins. (lu.se)

Heterochromatic domains are enriched with repressive histone marks, including histone H3 lysine 9 methylation, written by lysine methyltransferases (KMTs). (nih.gov)
Methylation of histones does not usually change as much as phosphorylation does. (news-medical.net)
Some methylation alterations of H3 histones occur in the M phase, whereas many other H3s do not change noticeably. (news-medical.net)
Over 10 years ago, arginine methylation of histone tails was identified as an epigenetic mark that was linked to gene activation. (mdanderson.org)
the evolution and diversity of epigenetic regulation (e.g. methylation, histone modification, etc. (dfg.de)
In htz1Delta cells, Sir2 and Sir3 spread into flanking euchromatic regions, producing changes in histone H4 acetylation and H3 4-methylation indicative of ectopic heterochromatin formation. (sdbonline.org)
DNA methylation and histone modifications play a central role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation. (cipsm.de)
The epigenetic mark known as H3K27me3 refers to methylation of a particular amino acid in the histone H3. (phys.org)
For each type of virus, what is known about the roles of DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, and regulatory RNA in epigenetic regulation of the virus infection will be discussed. (mdpi.com)

They are encoded by genes within histone cluster 1 located in human cells on chromosome 6. (wikipedia.org)
The chromosomal protein SMCHD1 plays an important role in epigenetic silencing at diverse loci, including the inactive X chromosome, imprinted genes, and the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy locus. (ox.ac.uk)
Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. (medlineplus.gov)
Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (medlineplus.gov)
People with a 9q22.3 microdeletion are missing two to more than 270 genes on chromosome 9. (medlineplus.gov)
Research shows that several genes that control cell growth and division are located on chromosome 9. (medlineplus.gov)
The S. cerevisiae MCD1 (mitotic chromosome determinant) gene was identified in genetic screens for genes important for chromosome structure. (nih.gov)
Moreover, analysis showed that while expression of many genes on the monosomic Ch5 is altered in accordance with the chromosome ploidy, expression of a large fraction of genes is increased to the normal diploid level, presumably compensating for gene dose. (biomedcentral.com)
In light of data pointing to the importance of Ch5 in C. albicans drug resistance, there is a growing need to better understand the control of Ch5 ploidy and regulation of genes on this chromosome. (biomedcentral.com)
The regulation of transcription of histone genes differs between eukaryotes. (news-medical.net)
The replication independent histone genes are transcribed at a relatively constant low rate, regardless of cell cycle stage. (news-medical.net)
However, most of the vertebrate histone genes are replication dependent and are therefore more highly expressed during the cell cycle's S phase. (news-medical.net)
Given that the replication dependent histone genes all activate upon entry into the S phase, it is speculated that there exists some further upstream regulatory element. (news-medical.net)
This mechanism is hypothesized to transduce a shared signal that activates the transcription of histone genes when the G1/S phase boundary is reached. (news-medical.net)
Therefore, NPAT could be the link between cell cycle machinery and shared heightened transcription of histone genes during S phase. (news-medical.net)
Several types of chemical modifications of the five major histone protein families give rise to a complex 'histone code' that signals the transcriptional machinery to turn genes on or off. (mdanderson.org)
Swr1 is required for the deposition of histone H2AZ at specific chromosome locations in vivo, and Swr1 and H2AZ commonly regulate a subset of yeast genes. (sdbonline.org)
In the body's scheme for safely storing genes away until needed, DNA is tightly looped around the histones, kept secure by enzymes similar to the ones studied by the Wistar team until made accessible by the activity of other enzymes responsible for gene expression. (sciencedaily.com)
A previous study showed that unlike X. laevis, X. borealis contains a predominant or major histone gene cluster, which contains 70% of the 80-90 copies of the H4 genes in the genome (Turner & Woodland 1983 (Nucl. (bl.uk)
Clones containing histone genes were isolated from a library prepared for this purpose. (bl.uk)
In the resulting offspring, the researchers observed abnormal gene expression patterns, with genes on the paternal chromosomes (inherited from the sperm) turned on or "upregulated" in the absence of the repressive epigenetic mark. (phys.org)
Analysis of the chromosomes in the offspring's germline tissue revealed that the upregulated genes still lacked the repressive histone mark, while the mark had been restored on the genes that were not upregulated. (phys.org)
Fission yeast is a single-celled organism with chromosomes very similar to those in humans, and uses the same genes to maintain those chromosomes. (usc.edu)
Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person's genes. (msdmanuals.com)
Genes are contained in chromosomes, which are in the cell nucleus. (msdmanuals.com)
A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes. (msdmanuals.com)
Protein synthesis is controlled by genes, which are contained on chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
Chromosomes Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body or the code for functional ribonucleic. (msdmanuals.com)
A chromosome contains many genes. (msdmanuals.com)

These data show a significant chromosome-wide elevation in histone H4 acetylation on the mCh5, but not on any other chromosome. (biomedcentral.com)
Importantly, strains lacking subunits of the NuA4 H4 histone acetyltransferase complex, orthologous to a complex previously shown in Drosophila to be associated with a similar gene dosage compensation mechanism, did not show an increase in H4 acetylation. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results are consistent with a model wherein chromosome-wide elevation of H4 acetylation mediated by the NuA4 complex plays a role in increasing gene expression in compensation for gene dose and adaption to growth in a toxic environment. (biomedcentral.com)
Acetylation of histones is correlated to areas where transcription is occurring. (news-medical.net)
Histone acetylation/deacetylation alters chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA. (cancerindex.org)
Just as a scanner "reads" data on an identification badge, ENL recognizes a type of histone modification known as acetylation. (mdanderson.org)

Two molecules of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) form an octamer, around which approximately 146 bp of DNA is wrapped in repeating units, called nucleosomes. (fishersci.com)
Nucleosomes impose a block to transcription that can be overcome in vivo by remodeling complexes such as SNF/SWI and histone modification complexes such as SAGA. (sdbonline.org)
Histone variant H2A.Z (Htz1 in yeast) replaces conventional H2A in many nucleosomes. (sdbonline.org)
How histone variants such as H2AZ are incorporated into nucleosomes has been obscure. (sdbonline.org)
In forming a chromosome, the nucleosomes repeatedly fold in on themselves to tighten and condense the packaged DNA. (genome.gov)
In eukaryotic organisms, nucleosomes function as the most basic unit of chromosome organization directly binding and assembling on DNA to modulate DNA topology, drive compaction, and regulate transcription. (mpg.de)
The dynamic events that underlie the disassembly and reassembly of nucleosomes during replication remains a long-standing puzzle in chromosome biology. (mpg.de)

They consist of a dimer of dimers with two copies each of the histones H3, H4, H2A and H2B, that tightly bind and wrap DNA, while leaving long exposed tails available for post-translational modification that can carry epigenetic information. (mpg.de)
The study, published the week of September 26 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) , focused on a particular modification of a histone protein that changes the way DNA is packaged in the chromosomes. (phys.org)

Much of the current understanding of these processes is derived from analyses of nucleosomal histones that represent the major histone species within cells. (sdbonline.org)

PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The goals of this project are to understand the functions of a major component of all eukaryotic chromosomes called H1 linker histone. (elsevierpure.com)
This whole package of DNA (genome) and protein (epigenome) in a chromosome is what controls the development and maintenance of eukaryotic organisms (protists, fungi, animals, and plants). (carnivorousplants.org)
Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells and have a "true" nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and rod-shaped chromosomes. (coursehero.com)

The conserved histone variant H2AZ has an important role in the regulation of gene expression and the establishment of a buffer to the spread of silent heterochromatin. (sdbonline.org)
Rapid evolution of a Y-chromosome heterochromatin protein underlies sex chromosome meiotic drive. (ens-lyon.fr)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 is inhibited by a histone H2A variant, MacroH2A, and contributes to silencing of the inactive X chromosome. (nature.com)

To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which H1 controls chromosome structure and gene activity, to identify the factors that work in concert with H1 to regulate the epigenetic states of the genome, and to discover other cellular processes that depend upon H1 for proper function, we propose to pursue the following specific aims. (elsevierpure.com)
By collaborating with other components of chromosomes, H1 regulates the epigenetic state of the genome. (elsevierpure.com)
The major human fungal pathogen Candida albicans possesses a diploid genome, but responds to growth in challenging environments by employing chromosome aneuploidy as an adaptation mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
C. albicans normally possesses a diploid genome organized in eight pairs of chromosomes, but uses reversible loss or gain of an entire chromosome or a large part of chromosomes to survive in toxic environments that would otherwise kill cells or prevent their propagation [reviewed in 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The more similar the chromosomes (the genome and epigenome as well as chromosome number) the more likely hybrids will form and reproduce but also the more likely the net result will only be the introgression of genetic material from one species to the other. (carnivorousplants.org)
To ensure genome integrity, this sophisticated molecular machine must coordinate events over a broad range of time and length scales, from the breaking and reformation of chemical bonds within DNA polymerases to the large-scale structural rearrangements of chromosomes. (mpg.de)
Professor Forsburg studies how chromosome duplication and maintenance contributes to overall genome stability using a simple model genetic system, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe . (usc.edu)
11 SNPs exceeded genome-wide significance with the strongest association with rs12913832 SNP on chromosome 15, mapping to HERC2 gene (p=6.94x10-14). (cdc.gov)

The discovery of H1 variants in calf thymus preceded the discovery of core histone variants. (wikipedia.org)
TS - testis specific, OO - oocyte specific variants Histone H1 differs strongly from the core histones. (wikipedia.org)
Multiple nomenclatures (around 12) for linker histone variants have been proposed and used in publications previously, greatly complicating comparison across studies. (wikipedia.org)
In 2012, a diverse group of scientists from multiple institutions across the world working on different aspects of histone biology proposed a unified phylogeny-based nomenclature for histone variants, including H1 histones, with the aim of producing informative and easily searchable histone variant names. (wikipedia.org)
Functional centromeres, ensuring regular chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis, are a prerequisite for the evolutionary success of pre-existing and new chromosome variants. (muni.cz)
Recent studies have revealed that variants of histone H2A and histone H3 play important roles not only in gene expression but also in the repair of DNA breaks and the assembly of chromosome centromeres. (sdbonline.org)
Histone Variants: The Nexus of Developmental Decisions and Epigenetic Memory. (ens-lyon.fr)

Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
Fission yeast is a simple, single-celled organism with chromosomes very similar to those in humans, and has proven to be an important model for cell division. (usc.edu)
While humans have 46 chromosomes and dogs have 78, one kind of ant has only 2 chromosomes and a type of protozoan has nearly 16,000! (visionlearning.com)

Analysis of the mcd1 mutant and cell cycle-dependent expression pattern of Mcd1p suggest that this protein functions in chromosome morphogenesis from S phase through mitosis. (nih.gov)
Remarkably, despite the high turnover of microtubules throughout mitosis 2 , the spindle maintains its bipolar structure with the chromosomes at its center and two poles that are separated by the plane of cell division. (nature.com)

Unlike core histones featuring a so-called histone fold, H1s typically have a short basic N-terminal domain, a globular domain and a lysine-rich C-terminal domain (the N- and C-termini are also referred to as tails). (wikipedia.org)
The chromo-domain binds histone H3 tails methylated on lysine 9. (cipsm.de)
The histone H4 lysine 20 demethylase DPY-21 regulates the dynamics of condensin DC binding. (harvard.edu)

The mitotic spindle ensures the faithful segregation of chromosomes. (nature.com)
The mitotic spindle is a dynamic microtubule-based apparatus that ensures the segregation of chromosomes during cell division. (nature.com)
These histones are crucial for efficient packaging of DNA, as well as the replication and segregation of chromosomes themselves. (news-medical.net)

In a study of epigenetic inheritance, researchers created embryos of the worm C. elegans that inherited egg chromosomes properly packaged with the epigenetic mark H3K27me3 and sperm chromosomes lacking the mark. (phys.org)
The new study involved selectively stripping this histone mark from the chromosomes of C. elegans sperm, which were then used to fertilize eggs with fully marked chromosomes. (phys.org)

[1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. (cancerindex.org)

H1 histones bind to the linker DNA exiting from the nucleosome core particle, while the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) form the octamer core of the nucleosome around which the DNA is wrapped. (wikipedia.org)
H1s are also less conserved than the core histones. (wikipedia.org)
Mutations in the major core histones relieve transcriptional repression and bypass the requirement for SNF/SWI and SAGA. (sdbonline.org)
To counteract constraints imposed by nucleosome structure, cells deploy two major classes of multiprotein enzymes, which covalently modify the nucleosome core histones or catalyze nucleosome mobility in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent fashion. (sdbonline.org)

We propose to use the fruit fly, Drosphila melanogaster, as a model system because it provides many advantages for studies of chromosome structure and genetic activity and because Drosophila H1 strongly resembles mammalian H1 linker histones. (elsevierpure.com)
The main mammalian histone subtypes ( H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 ) and the linker H1 are located in different gene clusters. (news-medical.net)

Somatic XIST activation and features of X chromosome inactivation in male human cancers. (harvard.edu)

The Lid/KDM5 histone demethylase complex activates a critical effector of the oocyte-to-zygote transition. (ens-lyon.fr)
The enzyme in question is called BHC110/LSD1, and it was the first human histone demethylase identified. (sciencedaily.com)

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the cell's genetic material, contained in chromosomes within the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this proposal is to understand the functions of H1 linker histone in chromosome structure and activity. (elsevierpure.com)
Much of our knowledge about the roles of linker histones comes from in vitro studies. (elsevierpure.com)

The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 9. (medlineplus.gov)
9q22.3 microdeletion is a chromosomal change in which a small piece of the long (q) arm of chromosome 9 is deleted in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
If you already know about chromosomal evolution or do not care, jump directly to information on Drosera chromosome numbers. (carnivorousplants.org)
In the case of chromosomal origin, microtubules instead nucleate around chromosomes and only later attach to kinetochores, as observed in Xenopus cell-free extracts 13 . (nature.com)
The picture of histone gene cluster structure in X. borealis that emerges from these studies, is compared at the nucleotide, gene, and chromosomal levels with X. laevis. (bl.uk)

She is currently a Senior Investigator leading the Chromosome Structure and Epigenetics Mechanism Unit within the Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression at the Center for Cancer Research of the NCI/NIH in Bethesda. (elifesciences.org)
These results establish a cause-and-effect relationship between sperm-transmitted histone marks and gene expression and development in offspring and grandoffspring," said corresponding author Susan Strome, professor emerita of molecular, cell and developmental biology at UC Santa Cruz. (phys.org)

A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle. (mcw.edu)

Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
We seek to define the operating principles that guide replisome function and understand how replisomes recognize and process obstacles encountered on parental chromosomes such as DNA lesions, unfavorable topological structures, and architectural factors. (mpg.de)
Furthermore, chromosomes are structures within the nucleus that are made up of DNA, the genetic material. (coursehero.com)
In eukaryotes, chromosomes are linear structures. (coursehero.com)

The mcd1 mutant is defective in sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome condensation. (nih.gov)

The variant histone H2A.Z regulates gene transcription, and deletion of the gene encoding H2A.Z strongly increases the requirement for SNF/SWI and SAGA. (sdbonline.org)

Histone storage and deposition in the early Drosophila embryo. (ens-lyon.fr)
Moreover, this inheritance pathway must be coordinated with the deposition of newly synthesized histones to ensure chromosome duplication. (mpg.de)

To address this issue, we deleted replication origins from S. cerevisiae chromosome III to create chromosomes with long interorigin gaps and identified mutations that destabilize them [originless fragment maintenance (Ofm) mutations]. (nyu.edu)

This work shows that while normal chromosomes can tolerate hyperacetylation of H3K56Ac, deacetylation of histone H3K56Ac by Hst3p is required for stable maintenance of a chromosome with a long interorigin gap. (nyu.edu)

This approach allowed us to demonstrate that H1 is essential for Drosophila development and that it is required for normal chromosome architecture. (elsevierpure.com)

A few years ago the lab identified TDRD3, a protein that 'reads' methyl-arginine marks on histone tails. (mdanderson.org)

Long gaps between active replication origins probably occur frequently during chromosome replication, but little is known about how cells cope with them. (nyu.edu)
[5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
Chromosome 9 is made up of about 141 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents approximately 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
A rearrangement (translocation) of genetic material between chromosomes 9 and 22 causes a type of cancer of blood-forming cells called chronic myeloid leukemia. (medlineplus.gov)
Chromosomes got their name by early cell biologists when they observed certain dark-staining objects in dividing cells. (carnivorousplants.org)
In human dividing cells 46 chromosomes can be observed. (carnivorousplants.org)
Chromosomes must be folded and compacted in an orderly fashion to fit inside cells but retain dynamic flexibility to allow for rapid information access. (mpg.de)
In Cell Division I: The Cell Cycle , we learned that Flemming observed how chromosomes became visible in patterns that repeated each time the cells of fire salamanders divided. (visionlearning.com)
A karyotype is a picture of the full set of chromosomes in a person's cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Except for certain cells (for example, sperm and egg cells and red blood cells), the cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

The translocation involved in this condition, written as t(9;22), fuses part of the ABL1 gene from chromosome 9 with part of the BCR gene from chromosome 22, creating an abnormal fusion gene called BCR-ABL1 . (medlineplus.gov)
The abnormal chromosome 22, containing a piece of chromosome 9 and the fusion gene, is commonly called the Philadelphia chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)

EDMD1 is caused by mutations in the EMD gene on the X chromosome that codes for the nuclear envelope protein emerin. (medscape.com)
The mutations can be small, and sometimes insignificant, or entail major changes that affect large parts of the chromosomes. (lu.se)

The rapid progress in plant comparative genomics and cytogenetics brings new insights into the evolutionary fate of centromeres and mechanisms of chromosome number reduction (descending dysploidy). (muni.cz)

Gene-rich X chromosomes implicate intragenomic conflict in the evolution of bizarre genetic systems. (harvard.edu)

Extensive DNA sequence comparisons between various Xenopus histone gene clusters were undertaken. (bl.uk)
The protein encoded by this gene has sequence homology to members of the histone deacetylase family. (caslab.com)

The enzyme's function is to remove methyl groups from small molecules called histones to modify them in ways that trigger gene repression. (sciencedaily.com)

Histones can be classified as replication dependent or replication independent, which is decided by their expression pattern during the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)

However, how KMTs bind to chromosomes varies substantially between organisms. (nature.com)

Two copies of chromosome 9, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
Affected individuals are missing at least 352,000 base pairs, also written as 352 kilobases (kb), in the q22.3 region of chromosome 9. (medlineplus.gov)
Every normal human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

The two-cell embryo on the right shows the egg and sperm chromosomes united in each nucleus. (phys.org)

H1 is a key determinant of the structure and genetic activity of chromosomes. (elsevierpure.com)

In toto , our results show that the connection between centrosomes and chromosomes is mediated by an anchoring into the entire spindle network and that any direct connections through KMTs are few and likely very transient. (nature.com)
If the role of KMTs is to mediate forces between chromosomes and spindle poles, they need to somehow connect to the centrosomes. (nature.com)

As part of this project, a novel chromosome translocation was identified, which provides a model for Robertsonian translocation. (usc.edu)

In budding yeast, single continuous KMTs span the full pole-to-chromosome distance 6 . (nature.com)

Deletions of part or all of chromosome 9 are commonly found in bladder cancer. (medlineplus.gov)

Ladurner, A.G. Inactivating chromosomes: a macro domain that minimizes transcription. (nature.com)
The histone variant mH2A1.1 interferes with transcription by down-regulating PARP-1 enzymatic activity. (nature.com)
A cyclin E-CDK2 substrate called NPAT has been found to be associated with histone gene clusters, and cyclin E-CDK2 bolsters activation of histone gene transcription by NPAT. (news-medical.net)
It has histone deacetylase activity and represses transcription when tethered to a promoter. (cancerindex.org)

A 'chromosome walk' experiment allowed the isolation of clones indicating a tandem of arrangement of clusters on the chromosome. (bl.uk)

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
In spite of our lack of attention to chromosomes and chromosome numbers in formally defining species, it is the chromosomes and the genetic material they contain that define true species and control the evolution of new species. (carnivorousplants.org)

[4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
We present a model for mitotic chromosome structure that incorporates this previously unsuspected link. (nih.gov)
The 82nd Cold Spring Harbor Symposium focused on Chromosome Segregation & Structure and addressed the enormous progress in our understanding of the nature and behavior of chromosomes during the life cycle of the cell. (cshlpress.com)
Cohesin controls X chromosome structure remodeling and X-reactivation during mouse iPSC-reprogramming. (harvard.edu)

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Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Humanities1

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care2

Geographicals3

Chromatin26

Proteins24

Methylation9

Genes29

Acetylation6

Nucleosomes7

Modification2

Major histone1

Eukaryotic3

Heterochromatin2

Inactive X chromosome1

Genome8

Variants7

Humans3

Mitosis2

Lysine3

Segregation of chromosomes3

Elegans2

Transcriptional regulation2

Core histones4

Mammalian2

INACTIVATION1

Demethylase2

Deoxyribonucleic Acid1

Linker2

Chromosomal5

Biology2

Meiotic1

Structures4

Sister chromatid cohesion1

Regulates1

Deposition2

Cerevisiae1

Deacetylation1

Normal chromosome1

Tails1

Cells10

Abnormal2

Mutations2

Mechanisms1

Implicate1

Sequence2

Molecules1

Replication-dependent1

Bind1

Pairs3

Nucleus1

Determinant1

Centrosomes2

Translocation1

Yeast1

Bladder cancer1

Transcription4

Clusters1

Genetic material2

Structure5