Histones sumoylation methylation of cytosine residues. Medical search. Frequent questions

The code is an array of post-translational modifications (acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation) of NH 2 -terminal tails of core histone and to a lesser degree their globular domains. (aacrjournals.org)
2 In addition to the well-established epigenetic role of DNA methylation, this definition includes a variety of more transient histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, or phosphorylation that underlie epigenetic effects, and that will be discussed in this chapter along with the influence of SUMOylation, ubiquitination, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation, and microRNA. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Histone acetylation is catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and is counteracted by histone deacetylases (HDACs). (musculoskeletalkey.com)
HDACs and HATs not only modify histones, they also form complexes with transcription factors, oncoproteins, and tumor suppressors and regulate their activity by changing the acetylation status. (musculoskeletalkey.com)

This particular form of methylation can be associated with a more "open" or "closed" configuration of the chromatin depending on various factors including the specific lysine residues being methylated. (basicmedicalkey.com)
It is important to mention here that there is a correlation between histone methylation and DNA methylation, where the latter can induce the former to effect a closed chromatin configuration to silence expression. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The effects of DNA methylation and the histone code are due, at least in part, to modification-specific recruitment of factors, such as heterochromatin-associated proteins (HP1) and methyl-binding domain proteins, which establish and maintain higher order of chromatin structure. (aacrjournals.org)
It is generally believed that the histone code can influence transcriptional activity directly by affecting chromatin structure, thereby making it more or less accessible for transcription factors and indirectly leading to the attraction of effector molecules that in turn recruit and stabilize the transcription machinery. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
A retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in CHROMATIN REMODELING, histone deacetylation, and repression of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. (lookformedical.com)
Although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core HISTONES and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)

More specifically, the "epigenome" refers to the constellation of covalent modifications of DNA and the histone proteins that help pack DNA on the chromosome as well as the newly discovered noncoding transcripts that function to modulate the transcriptional activity of DNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Methylation also refers to the addition of methyl group to lysine residues in the histone proteins around which DNA is wrapped. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The best studied effector proteins binding phosphorylated histones are 14-3-3 proteins and BRCA1 C-terminus (BRCT) domains. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell. (lookformedical.com)

Methylation refers to the addition of a methyl group to the cytosine residues in DNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in DNA occurs by the covalent addition of a methyl group at the 5-carbon of the cytosine ring by DNA methyltransferases. (epigentek.com)

In mammalian cells, histone H3 Lys 9 (H3K9) methylation and histone hypoacetylation are usually associated with methylated DNA, heterochromatin, and gene silencing. (aacrjournals.org)
Thus H3K9 methylation at the promoter region silences transcription, but within the coding region, H3K9 methylation was found to be associated with actively transcribed genes. (musculoskeletalkey.com)

Cross-talk between different histone modifications, as well as DNA methylation, seems complex. (aacrjournals.org)
Also, more and more accumulating evidence indicates that the different histone modifications are strongly interconnected and can enforce or counteract each other. (musculoskeletalkey.com)

Enzymes that catalyze acyl group transfer from ACETYL-CoA to HISTONES forming CoA and acetyl-histones. (lookformedical.com)

Finally, the cross-matching analysis of ESCs, iPSCs and MEFs transcriptomes and AKT1 phosphorylation targets provided new clues about possible factors that could be involved in the SUMOylation-dependent Nanog induction by AKT. (bvsalud.org)

This lack of methylation confers a permissive environment of transcription and represents an important transcriptional regulatory mechanism. (basicmedicalkey.com)

It is found as a subunit of protein complexes that are in involved in the enzymatic modification of histones including the Mi2 and Sin3 histone deacetylase complexes and the polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)

A retinoblastoma-binding protein that has an affinity for core HISTONES. (lookformedical.com)

A histone chaperone protein that plays a role in the deposition of NUCLEOSOMES on newly synthesized DNA. (lookformedical.com)

Enriched pathways analysis of these positively correlated genes featured Toll-like receptor and SUMOylation pathways. (preprints.org)

Central to the epigenetic control of gene expression is the histone code through which input signals can be translated into a heritable pattern of gene expression defining cellular output states ( Fig. 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)

Histone hyperacetylation and H3K4 methylation are associated with unmethylated DNA, euchromatin, and gene expression ( Fig. 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
We have previously demonstrated that AKT1 induces the expression of the pluripotency transcription factor Nanog in a SUMOylation-dependent manner in mouse embryonic stem cells. (bvsalud.org)