Centromere-specific histoneChromatinMethylationVariantEpigeneticLysinePeptideVariantsProteinsNucleosomeHeterochromatin2021EpigeneticsChromosomeArabidopsisModificationGeneRNAsFormSpeciesHumanAnalysisCentromereNucleosomesCentromeresLysine 27 methylationCore histonesLinker histoneCanonical histoneChromatin structureCENPGenesAntibodiesStructurallyProteinDuplicationRevealsRegulationSpeciesBackgroundRoleCell
Centromere-specific histone1
- Correct chromosome segregation relies on the centromere-specific histone H3 isoform identified usually as CenH3, or as Cse4 in budding yeast. (hirassoc.com)
Chromatin9
- A closely related debate around chromatin modifications is about causality: several histone PTMs correlate with specific transcriptional states, but in many cases they are not responsible for a transcriptional outcome but rather are a consequence of it [7] . (plos.org)
- The nucleosome is the smallest subunit of chromatin and consists of 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of core histone proteins (two each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). (activemotif.com)
- Recombinant histones are suitable for use as positive controls in the analysis of histone post-translational modifications, as substrates for histone modification enzymes, or to generate chromatin in vitro . (activemotif.com)
- In plants, cytosine methylation is an additional factor regulating inactive chromatin, but the mechanisms regulating the coexistence of cytosine methylation and repressive histone modification remain obscure. (omicsdi.org)
- The DNA in all eukaryotic cells is packaged with histones to form chromatin. (biomedcentral.com)
- The basic unit of chromatin in eukaryotes, the nucleosome, consists of 147 base pairs (bp) of DNA wrapped around an octamer of four core histones, comprising an H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers. (biomedcentral.com)
- CenH3 core particles obtained by hydroxylapatite enrichment of chromatin followed by immunoprecipitation were visualized by an anti-CenH3 atomic force microscopy tip (A). The recognition signal is detected as dark spots in the recognition image (B). In the overlay shown in (C), the recognition signal is marked with green dots for visual clarity using custom software. (biomedcentral.com)
- BPTF (Bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor) is a histone-binding component of NuRF (nucleosome-remodeling factor), a complex which catalyzes ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding and facilitates transcription of chromatin. (activemotif.com)
- Bromodomains recognize acetylated histone lysine residues and function as 'readers' of these epigenetic histone marks to regulate chromatin structure and gene expression by linking associated proteins to the acetylated nucleosomal targets. (activemotif.com)
Methylation6
- Epigenetic information can be transmitted by several different molecular mechanisms, which include but are not limited to DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications (PTMs). (plos.org)
- Transduction of RNA-directed DNA methylation signals to repressive histone marks in Arabidopsis thaliana. (omicsdi.org)
- Analysis of a single-copy gene, SUPPRESSOR OF drm1 drm2 cmt3 (SDC), revealed that mom1 activates SDC with concomitant reduction of di-methylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2) at the tandem repeats in the promoter region without changes in siRNA accumulation and cytosine methylation. (omicsdi.org)
- Centromeric constitutive heterochromatin is marked by DNA methylation and dimethylated histone H3 Lys 9 (H3K9me2) in Arabidopsis. (omicsdi.org)
- Histones and DNAs in heterochromatin have characteristic features with abundant H3H9me2 and cytosine methylation, respectively. (omicsdi.org)
- 2021) The histone variant H2A.W and linker histone H1 co-regulate heterochromatin accessibility and DNA methylation. (oeaw.ac.at)
Variant1
Epigenetic2
- The centromeres are the most dynamic and least well understood part of the nucleus, subject to rapid evolutionary change and with an epigenetic mark based on a special form of histone CENH3. (aber.ac.uk)
- These epigenetic mechanisms are mediated by chemical modifications of DNA, proteins (most commonly histones), and RNA. (activemotif.com.cn)
Lysine2
- In Arabidopsis, constitutive heterochromatin is characterized by hypermethylated DNA and histone H3 dimethylated at lysine (K) 9 (H3K9me2) together with depletion of histone H3 dimethylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me2). (omicsdi.org)
- The core histones can be extensively modified on their N- and C-terminal tails and globular domains, and these modifications may change binding sites for regulatory factors or neutralize the charge of lysine residues via acetylation. (biomedcentral.com)
Peptide4
- In EPL, the histone globular domain is ligated to a peptide that contains the N-terminal histone tail with the desired site-specific modification. (activemotif.com)
- The purified protein is subsequently ligated to a N-terminal histone tail peptide containing phosphorylated serine 10 via a native peptide bond. (activemotif.com)
- No recognition signal is seen after incubation with a peptide corresponding to the CenH3 epitope (D). The bar is 100 nm and the Z range and volt scale are shown at the bottom of the images. (biomedcentral.com)
- 3 µM histone peptide H4K5/8/12/16(4Ac) was incubated with BPTF / FALZ (2791-2911) protein in reaction buffer including 50 mM HEPES-NaOH pH 7.0, 0.1% BSA for 1 hour at room temperature. (activemotif.com)
Variants4
- Community-led discussions at the EMBO Workshop on Histone Variants in 2011 resulted in agreement amongst experts on a revised systematic protein nomenclature for histones, which is based on a combination of phylogenetic classification and historical symbol usage. (biomedcentral.com)
- There are multiple histone H3, H2A and H1 protein variants which replace the canonical histones at specific sites in the genome. (biomedcentral.com)
- Borg M, Jiang D, Berger F (2021) Histone variants take center stage in shaping the epigenome. (oeaw.ac.at)
- In this model, large portions of genomic DNA operate as 'sinks', which are filled by 'sources', such as available histone variants, covalent modifications to histones, the readers of these modifications and non-coding RNAs. (biologists.com)
Proteins5
- Overlapping regulation of CenH3 localization and histone H3 turnover by CAF-1 and HIR proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (hirassoc.com)
- Recombinant Histone H3 phospho Ser10 (H3S10ph) proteins are generated using expressed protein ligation (EPL) technology. (activemotif.com)
- In mammalian cells this requires synthesis of about 10 8 molecules of each of the four core histone proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- In metazoans, these histone proteins are encoded by the set of replication-dependent histone genes, which encode representatives of all five classes of histone proteins [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Xenopus), as well as invertebrates like sea urchins and Drosophila, store large amounts of histone mRNA and proteins in the egg and start development with a series of rapid cell cycles in the absence of zygotic transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
Nucleosome4
- Replication-coupled histone H3.1 deposition determines nucleosome composition and heterochromatin dynamics during Arabidopsis seedling development. (igred.fr)
- Histone H3 is one of the core components of the nucleosome. (activemotif.com)
- Histone H1 is a linker protein, present at the interface between the nucleosome core and DNA entry/exit points. (activemotif.com)
- In multicellular organisms, there is a histone H1 bound to the linker region between two nucleosomes, which binds to the region where DNA enters and exits the nucleosome. (biomedcentral.com)
Heterochromatin3
- Here, we describe loci with intermediate properties of heterochromatin in which transcription downregulation is inherited in a manner similar to constitutive heterochromatin, although the loci are associated with opposing histone marks--H3K4me2 and H3K9me2. (omicsdi.org)
- RNA-directed modification of histones is essential for the maintenance of heterochromatin in higher eukaryotes. (omicsdi.org)
- Here, by using a genome tiling array, we showed that a subset of heterochromatin loci are silenced by the action of Morpheus' molecule 1 (MOM1) that is an epigeneic regulator for transcriptional gene silencing independent of global DNA and histone modification. (omicsdi.org)
20212
- 2021) Nitric oxide coordinates growth, development, and stress response via histone modification and gene expression. (oeaw.ac.at)
- 2021) A CENH3 mutation promotes meiotic exit and restores fertility in SMG7-deficient Arabidopsis. (oeaw.ac.at)
Epigenetics1
- Several voices have questioned this use of the word epigenetics, because many histone PTMs do not carry heritable information [1] - [8] . (plos.org)
Chromosome1
- There are 4 genes in a third distinct locus on chromosome 1, and a single replication-dependent histone H4 gene on chromosome 12 (with a neighboring H2A gene for which replication dependency is uncertain). (biomedcentral.com)
Arabidopsis1
- The H3 histone chaperone NASP(SIM3) escorts CenH3 in Arabidopsis. (igred.fr)
Modification1
- The results suggest that MOM1 transduces RdDM signals to repressive histone modification in the core region of RdDM. (omicsdi.org)
Gene4
- Human and mouse histone gene symbols previously followed a genome-centric system that was not applicable across all vertebrate species and did not reflect the systematic histone protein nomenclature. (biomedcentral.com)
- This prompted a collaboration between histone experts, the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) and Mouse Genomic Nomenclature Committee (MGNC) to revise human and mouse histone gene nomenclature aiming, where possible, to follow the new protein nomenclature whilst conforming to the guidelines for vertebrate gene naming. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition to packaging the DNA into the nucleus, histones play multiple roles in gene expression, DNA replication and DNA damage repair. (biomedcentral.com)
- For example, analysis of global gene expression in normal non-dividing tissues revealed that a subset of 10 human replication-dependent histone genes produced polyadenylated mRNAs in all non-dividing tissues analyzed [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
RNAs1
- The replication-dependent histone genes encode messenger RNAs (mRNAs) which differ from all other cellular mRNAs: instead of being polyadenylated, these mRNAs end in a stem-loop structure. (biomedcentral.com)
Form2
- These structures including bent DNA, slipped DNA, Z-DNA, G-quadruplexes, and R-loops were prone to form within CENH3-binding regions. (bvsalud.org)
- These genes do not contain introns, and the only processing event is cleavage of the nascent transcript to form the 3' end of the histone mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Species1
- Histones have a long history of research in a wide range of species, leaving a legacy of complex nomenclature in the literature. (biomedcentral.com)
Human1
- Truncated human Histone H3.2 is produced in E. coli and purified using FPLC. (activemotif.com)
Analysis1
- SDS-PAGE analysis of 2 µg Recombinant Histone H3 phospho Ser10 (lane 1) and 1 µg Recombinant Histone H3 phospho Ser10 (lane 2). (activemotif.com)
Centromere13
- The central component of centromere specification and function is the centromere-specific histone H3 (CENH3). (biomedcentral.com)
- The specific role of histone H3 is that inclusion of one of its variants (the one designated as CENP-A in animals and as CENH3 (centromere-specific histone H3) in plants) in the nucleosomes defines the location of centromeres on chromosomes [ 3 ] and is essential for centromere and kinetochore formation in most organisms [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Within the HFD, loop1 and α2 helix are necessary for targeting centromeric histone H3 to the centromere and the region formed by the two is referred to as the CATD [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- We used chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with high-throughput sequencing ("ChIP-seq") of DNA associated with the centromere-specific histone H3, CENP-A (CenH3), to identify centromeric DNA, and ChIP-seq with antibodies against dimethylated H3K4, trimethylated H3K9 and trimethylated H3K27 to determine the relative distribution and proportion of euchromatin, obligate and facultative heterochromatin, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
- At the heart of the centromere is the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A/CENH3. (nih.gov)
- Centromere protein (CENP) A, a histone H3 variant, is a key epigenetic determinant of chromosome domains known as centromeres. (elifesciences.org)
- Correct chromosome segregation relies on the centromere-specific histone H3 isoform identified usually as CenH3, or as Cse4 in budding yeast. (hirassoc.com)
- These histone variants dramatically alter the structure and dynamics of the local chromatin fiber resulting in epigenetic control of functions ranging from promoter accessibility to centromere identity. (nih.gov)
- Here, we reveal that the centromeric histone variant PfCENH3 occupies a 4-4.5kb region on each P. falciparum chromosome, which is devoid of pericentric heterochromatin but harbors another histone variant, PfH2A.Z. These CENH3 covered regions pinpoint the exact position of the centromere on all chromosomes and revealed that all centromeric regions have similar size and sequence composition. (unibas.ch)
- Meštrović, Nevenka (2021) The Centromere Histone Is Conserved and Associated with Tandem Repeats Sharing a Conserved 19-bp Box in the Holocentromere of Meloidogyne Nematodes . (irb.hr)
- Sullivan, Beth A (2009) Histone modifications within the human X centromere region . (irb.hr)
- Among these proteins, centromere-specific histone H3 (CENH3) is one of the most characterized and found to be located only on active centromeres. (elsevierpure.com)
- Immunostaining with the antibody revealed the preferential centromere localization, indicating that the cDNAs cloned in this study encode authentic tobacco CENH3. (elsevierpure.com)
Nucleosomes6
- In contrast, no single histone modification tested here correlated with the distribution of centromeric nucleosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Histones H2a, H2b, H3, H4 form pseudo-symmetrical bead-like units called nucleosomes around which 147bp DNA is wrapped. (nih.gov)
- These repeating units package the entirety of the genome, with spacing between individual nucleosomes dictated by DNA sequence, linker histone, and non-histone proteins. (nih.gov)
- We have uncovered features of native Drosophila and human CenH3-nucleosomes that differ from those seen for canonical nucleosomes in vivo . (nih.gov)
- We have recently proposed that these structural differences determine the accessibility of the centromeric chromatin fiber during the cell cycle so that kinetochore proteins can distinguish CenH3 nucleosomes, and that other forms of the CenH3 nucleosome at ectopic locations that block kinetochore recognition, protecting the cell from neocentromere formation. (nih.gov)
- The presence of CENPA subtly modifies the nucleosome structure and the way DNA is wrapped around the nucleosome and gives rise to protruding DNA ends that are less well-ordered and rigid compared to nucleosomes containing histone H3 (PubMed:27499292, PubMed:26878239). (nih.gov)
Centromeres3
- some centromeres contain only unique DNA sequences, and bona fide expressed genes are located in regions enriched with CenH3. (biomedcentral.com)
- We focus on centromeres to elucidate the relationship between histone variants, chromatin fiber structure, assembly/disassembly dynamics and biological function. (nih.gov)
- Mravinac, Brankica (2020) CenH3 distribution reveals extended centromeres in the model beetle Tribolium castaneum . (irb.hr)
Lysine 27 methylation2
- Histone H3 lysine 27 methylation ELISA kits provide everything needed for screening the levels of histone H3 mono- or trimethyl Lys 27 in human, mouse, rat and other (wide range predicted) systems. (activemotif.com)
- Histone H3 lysine 27 methylation (H3K27) has been correlated with heterochromatin formation and transcriptional repression, making the methylation state of lysine 27 an interesting marker of transcriptional activity. (activemotif.com)
Core histones3
- 1AOI ) is comprised of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 core histones types, wrapping ~147 bp of DNA. (nih.gov)
- Histone Modification ELISAs provide a simple, sensitive method for detecting changes in specific histone modifications from purified core histones or histones isolated by acid extraction. (activemotif.com)
- The Histone H3 monomethyl Lys27 ELISA was used to assay purified HeLa core histones (10 µg) made using Active Motif's Histone Purification Mini Kit (Catalog No. 40026) and HeLa acid extracts (10 µg). (activemotif.com)
Linker histone2
Canonical histone2
- Canonical histone H3 has a globular C-terminal domain (HFD, the histone-fold domain), which harbors four helix motifs (αN, α1, α2, α3) and the loop1 and loop2 regions. (biomedcentral.com)
- The histone H3 family comprises at least three canonic H3 variants in most eukaryotes and these members, H3.1, H3.2, and H3.3, share more than 95% identity, while CENH3s are highly divergent in sequence compared to canonical histone H3, particularly in N-terminal tail [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromatin structure1
CENP1
- The crystal structure of the nucleosome revealed that CENP-A structurally differs from conventional histone H3 at the N-terminal region in the nucleosome and this specific structure may cause the unwrapping of DNA at the entry/exit regions in the nucleosome [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes4
- We applied a homology-based approach to sequenced cereal genomes, in order to finally trace the mutual evolution of the structure of the CENH3 genes and the nearby regions in various tribes. (biomedcentral.com)
- We have established that the syntenic group or the CENH3 locus with the CENH3 gene and the boundaries defined by the CDPK2 and bZIP genes first appeared around 50 Mya in a common ancestor of the subfamilies Bambusoideae, Oryzoideae and Pooideae. (biomedcentral.com)
- DNA regions with homology to histone H3 genes have been found in the genomes of primitive organisms, such as unicellular algae, and H3 gene families have expanded and diversified across plant evolution to reach 14-15 genes in land plants, such as maize and rice [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- These positions could be recapitulated in vitro using just purified histones and DNA, and detected in vivo, at developmentally regulated genes in mice. (nih.gov)
Antibodies1
- The methylation specific histone H3 antibodies will not cross-react with other site- or degree-specific methylated histones, enabling small changes in methylation levels to be detected. (activemotif.com)
Structurally1
- Structurally distinct monophyletic clade of a histone family. (nih.gov)
Protein3
- For added convenience and a more quantitative interpretation of results, the Histone Modification ELISAs also include a site- and degree-specific methylated recombinant histone protein for use as a reference standard curve. (activemotif.com)
- Supressor of Zeste-12 protein (Suz12), when bound to its target promoter, enables EZH2 to trimethylate histone H3 on lysine 27. (activemotif.com)
- The provided Recombinant Histone H3 monomethyl Lys27 protein was assayed from 15.6 - 1000 ng/well as a reference standard curve. (activemotif.com)
Duplication1
- The CENH3 duplication in cereals was accompanied by changes in the exon-intron structure of the βCENH3 paralog. (biomedcentral.com)
Reveals1
- The observed general tendency towards the expansion of the CENH3 locus reveals an amazing diversity of ways in which different species implement the scenario described in this paper. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulation1
- The methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27) has been correlated with the regulation of gene transcription, making methylated lysine 27 on histone H3 a significant marker in studying the state of transcription activity. (activemotif.com)
Species1
- We isolated four different CENH3-coding complementary DNAs (cDNAs), two from Nicotiana tabaccum and one each from the ancestral diploid species, Nicotiana sylvestris and Nicotiana tomentosiformis and raised an antibody against N-terminal amino acid sequences deduced from the cDNAs. (elsevierpure.com)
Background1
- There is extremely low background from histone H3 and little cross-reactivity for di- or trimethyl Lys27. (activemotif.com)
Role2
- In this episode of the Epigenetics Podcast, we caught up with Ian Maze from Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Investigator to talk about his work on the role of histone dopaminylation and serotinylation in neuronal plasticity. (activemotif.com)
- Polycomb group complexes PRC2 and PRC3, which play a role in proper embryonic development, are both involved involved in the methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3. (activemotif.com)
Cell2
- The Histone H3 monomethyl Lys27 ELISA is capable of detecting the level of histone H3 monomethylated at lysine 27 from core histone preparations or histones purified by acid extraction from tissue or cell samples (Figure 1). (activemotif.com)
- The Histone H3 trimethyl Lys27 ELISA is capable of detecting the level of histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 27 from core histone preparations or histones purified by acid extraction from tissue or cell samples (Figure 1). (activemotif.com)