• Conclusions: These results suggest that the eight-arm radial maze is involved in the induction of Trh, Tnxa, S100a9 and Nnat in hippocampus in rats. (umich.edu)
  • We recently showed that early aversive contextual memory in infant rats, which is in fact rapidly forgotten, is actually not lost, as reminders presented later in life reinstate a long-lasting and context-specific memory. (ed.gov)
  • Rats were then tested in a series of object recognition memory tasks. (jneurosci.org)
  • This research investigates the way that different subtypes of gamma rhythms in the hippocampus correlate differently with rats' behavior. (utexas.edu)
  • Biomedical engineers analyze and duplicate the neural mechanism of learning in rats Scientists have developed a way to turn memories. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Autophagy May Be Involved in Fluoride-Induced Learning Impairment in Rats. (fluoridealert.org)
  • A naturally occurring growth factor significantly boosted retention and prevented forgetting of a fear memory when injected into rats' memory circuitry during time-limited windows when memories become fragile and changeable. (nih.gov)
  • They tracked the movement of rats in an environment where the animals learned to associate a dark area with mild foot shocks. (nih.gov)
  • Remarkably, the rats' memory markedly improved - with the effects lasting at least a few weeks. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we tested whether similar mechanisms apply to a nonaversive, hippocampal type of learning. (ed.gov)
  • Moreover, reduced NREM SWA generation was further associated with impaired overnight memory consolidation and impoverished hippocampal-neocortical memory transformation. (nature.com)
  • Episodic memory loss is related to hippocampal-mediated beta-amyloid deposition in elderly subjects. (nature.com)
  • Two-photon calcium imaging of CA3 axonal projections to CA1 combined with simultaneous local field potential recordings revealed that CA3 projections that encode behaviourally informative sensory stimuli were selectively recruited during the memory replay events that underlie hippocampal memory consolidation 5 . (nature.com)
  • Eichenbaum, H. A cortical-hippocampal system for declarative memory. (nature.com)
  • The Tolman-Eichenbaum machine: unifying space and relational memory through generalization in the hippocampal formation. (nature.com)
  • Buzsaki, G. Hippocampal sharp wave-ripple: a cognitive biomarker for episodic memory and planning. (nature.com)
  • Hippocampal CA3 NMDA receptors are crucial for memory acquisition of one-time experience. (nature.com)
  • The mechanisms by which the hippocampus regulates negative emotion are clearly complicated, but suggest that interventions aimed at restoring normal hippocampal function may help with disorders of negative affect, such as depression or post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. (nih.gov)
  • Excitatory hilar mossy cells (MCs) in the dentate gyrus receive inputs from dentate granule cells (GCs) and project back to GCs locally, contralaterally, and along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus, thereby establishing an associative positive-feedback loop and connecting functionally diverse hippocampal areas. (nih.gov)
  • However, the recent discovery of discrete gene expression domains in the mouse hippocampus has provided the opportunity to re-evaluate hippocampal connectivity," write the investigators. (genengnews.com)
  • To integrate mouse hippocampal gene expression and connectivity, we mapped the distribution of distinct gene expression patterns in mouse hippocampus and subiculum to create the Hippocampus Gene Expression Atlas (HGEA). (genengnews.com)
  • Such an experimental system is hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), which is widely accepted as an in vitro model of cellular processes fundamentally involved in memory formation. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The present thesis focuses on the establishment and validation of LTP in rat hippocampal slices to characterize memory enhancing drugs as a potential treatment of AD. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The Y-maze is usually employed to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial memory by measuring the spontaneous alternation behaviour in a Y-maze. (lu.se)
  • GABAergic and glutamatergic co-localization in mossy fiber boutons has been observed primarily in the developing hippocampus, but in adulthood, evidence suggests that mossy fiber synapses may alternate which neurotransmitter is released through activity-dependent regulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mossy fibers form multiple synapses with the elaborate dendritic spines of CA3 pyramidal cells in the stratum lucidum of the hippocampus. (wikipedia.org)
  • By tracing a protein tagged to glow fluorescent green as it migrates through individual neurons, from the cell body out through the branching dendrites, the researchers could see exactly which synapses-connections to other neurons-were involved when the mice learned to fear an electric shock. (technologyreview.com)
  • It's a first step in visualizing the synapses that encode memories," says Stephen Maren , director of the neuroscience graduate program at the University of Michigan , who was not involved with the research. (technologyreview.com)
  • The receptor's "preference" for mushroom-type synapses suggests that, at least in the process of forming a fear-related memory, there is a specialized trafficking system to direct synaptic proteins to their targets. (technologyreview.com)
  • Another mystery is why the tagged receptor disappears from the synapses after 72 hours, when the memory persists much longer. (technologyreview.com)
  • The junctions through which the nerve cells communicate, the synapses, disappear long before the nerve cells die, damage that impairs both learning and memory. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • The nature of memory is one of the biggest mysteries of neuroscience. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A recent study from Boston University's Center for Systems Neuroscience has shown the power of smell in recalling memories, challenging a decades-old theory in the process. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This protective role was accomplished via inhibition of the canonical NF- κ B signaling pathway, through downregulation of the expressions of P-P65 and P-I κ B- α in the heart, hippocampus, cortex, and hypothalamus. (hindawi.com)
  • Investigations of the neural basis of recognition memory have implicated several brain regions. (jneurosci.org)
  • Sam Kean walks us through this astonishing medical case, detailing everything H.M. taught us about the brain and memory. (brainfacts.org)
  • Memories are at the basis of who we are, and how the brain processes and consolidates them is the subject of work around the globe. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The hippocampus - a small brain structure shaped like (and named after) a seahorse - is critical in the process of memory formation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This is because the same brain cells that are active when a memory forms reactivate when a person recalls that memory. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In both groups of mice, the region of the brain associated with short-term memory, the hippocampus, was active. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This finding suggests] that we can bias the hippocampus to come back online at a time point when we wouldn't expect it to be online anymore because the memory is too old," explains Steve Ramirez, assistant professor of psychology and brain sciences and senior author of the study. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • We hypothesised that extended engagement of memory structures through prolonged rehearsal would result in enhanced efficacy of recall and also of brain structures implicated in new learning. (maynoothuniversity.ie)
  • The hippocampus is an area of the brain which functions in creating some types of memory, is involved in learning and in bringing about certain behaviors linked to emotional responses. (differencebetween.net)
  • The hippocampus is a region of the brain which functions in creating some types of memory, and is important in learning, and certain emotional responses. (differencebetween.net)
  • Hippocampus being the part of the brain that enables memory and learning. (artscouncilcollection.org.uk)
  • The hippocampus is the part of the brain associated with learning and memory. (pediastaff.com)
  • Understanding the organization of the hippocampus is fundamental to understanding brain function related to learning, memory, emotions, and diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. (genengnews.com)
  • Our results define the hippocampus' multiscale network organization and elucidate each subnetwork's unique brain-wide connectivity patterns. (genengnews.com)
  • It's the first part of the brain impaired by Alzheimer's and hippocampus degeneration can cause epilepsy and other diseases. (genengnews.com)
  • As we move through life, our brain converts experiences into memories so that we can move toward things that feel good and move away from things that feel not-so-good. (psychcentral.com)
  • Located at the back of the brain, the hippocampus is considered the learning center. (psychcentral.com)
  • The cells in the hippocampus are hypersensitive to oxygen loss or lower blood flow in the case of a brain injury. (brainline.org)
  • ATLANTA - A modified version of whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) might preserve memory function in cancer patients with brain metastases, according to a single-group study presented here at the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) 55th Annual Meeting. (medscape.com)
  • The hippocampus is the portion of the brain responsible for new memory formation, he explained to reporters at a press briefing. (medscape.com)
  • The preservation of memory in cancer patients with brain metastases treated with radiotherapy is increasingly important because patients are living longer, said Colleen Lawton, MD, from the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. (medscape.com)
  • The investigators assessed a number of cognitive functions after radiotherapy in 113 adults who had a measurable brain metastasis outside a 5-mm margin around the hippocampus. (medscape.com)
  • Currently, a phase 3 trial, RTOG 1317, is comparing partial cranial radiation with and without sparing of the hippocampus in patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer and brain metastases. (medscape.com)
  • Cortisol we know, affects kind of the key region in the brain that's involved in learning and memory. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • The authors of the study are propositioning that possibly, if you are unable to stop shift work then it might be a good idea to do other things that might help boost the birth of new brain cells in the hippocampus. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Your brain will get better as you give it up and even if you can't give it up, there are things you can do to improve your learning memory and your general cognition. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • A patient known as H.M. had the much of the brain structure hippocampus surgically removed because of debilitating epilepsy. (sltrib.com)
  • We are developing techniques that allow us to focus on the actual physical sites that are changing in the brain with learning, at finer and finer resolution," says the study's lead investigator, Mark Mayford , associate professor of cell biology at the Scripps Research Institute . (technologyreview.com)
  • Look no further than the hippocampus, the part of the brain responsible for long-term memory and spatial navigation. (wholisticresearch.com)
  • In this blog post, we will explore some of the best nootropics for the hippocampus and how they benefit your brain health. (wholisticresearch.com)
  • Nooceptin is a highly effective nootropic supplement that has a range of beneficial effects on the brain, especially the hippocampus. (wholisticresearch.com)
  • Produced by the reputable company SAP Nutra, Nooceptin offers seven natural ingredients that support different areas of brain function, including memory, learning, focus, and stress reduction. (wholisticresearch.com)
  • So, Prof. Zhang and colleagues monitored "the effect of a progressive, moderate to high intensity" program of aerobic exercise on memory, executive function, brain volume, and cortical levels of beta-amyloid. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • They also monitored total brain volume and the brain volume of the hippocampus as secondary outcomes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In order to investigate whether replacing the lost or damaged neurons can improve brain signaling and alleviate disease symptoms, scientists from the Gladstone Institutes and the University of California San Francisco transplanted progenitor inhibitory neurons into the hippocampus of aged mice expressing apoE4. (iflscience.com)
  • Many trials have examined the effect of caffeine on brain function , and it has been shown to improve mood, memory, reaction time and general cognitive function. (askmen.com)
  • This set of brain structures plays a significant role in the formation of memories, emotional processing, and behaviors. (edutopia.org)
  • Brain region: hippocampus, important for learning and memory. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • It particularly affects regions of the brain that are fundamental for memory and learning. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • This region of the brain is involved in memory, learning and spatial navigation, and one of the first areas to be damaged early in Alzheimer's disease . (theconversation.com)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of potent memory enhancement via a naturally occurring factor that readily passes through the blood-brain barrier - and thus may hold promise for treatment development," explained Cristina Alberini, Ph.D., of Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, a grantee of the NIH's National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (nih.gov)
  • The staying power of a memory depends on the synthesis of new proteins and structural changes in the connections between brain cells. (nih.gov)
  • This program targets and stimulates the hippocampus in the brain by using a special sound frequency called Theta-based sound frequency, which has been the subject of substantial research and scientific investigations. (reviewjournal.com)
  • The hippocampus is an integral part of the brain for learning, memory and other cognitive processes. (reviewjournal.com)
  • The Billionaire Brain Wave method promotes rapid hippocampus development by inducing a condition of high neuroplasticity. (reviewjournal.com)
  • Theta is the dominant brain wave associated with creativity, intuitive insights, healing the body, effortless learning and feelings of bliss. (reviewjournal.com)
  • Children visiting the exhibition learn that the brain has the amazing capacity to increase its own potential almost by itself. (euronews.com)
  • which plays a role in learning and memory, and the part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord (the brainstem). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The take-home message for practicing clinicians is that the regular intake of coffee, by reducing the connectivity of particular brain networks at risk, may be of relevance for attention/alertness, with possible implications in learning and memory, and also for motor control," senior author Nuno Sousa, MD, PhD, told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
  • According to research from Lund University, this type of intensive language learning makes the brain grow. (lu.se)
  • Research has already shown that intensive studies make the hippocampus - which serves as a junction point between the different parts of the brain - grow. (lu.se)
  • However, neuropsychologist Johan Mårtensson became interested in seeing how language learning in particular affects the brain. (lu.se)
  • The focus of Johan Mårtensson's investigation was to find out whether the effort essentially changed the brain or if the brain was re-modelled after the students learned something new. (lu.se)
  • The right hippocampus changed as well as the areas on the left side of the brain, in the brain cortex. (lu.se)
  • In students who found it easier to acquire a new foreign language, the growth of the hippocampus was greater, that is, the part of the brain that helps with associative learning on which this language programme was largely based. (lu.se)
  • How is the brain restructured when students stimulate their brains in order to learn language? (lu.se)
  • The rodent hippocampus displays a longitudinal axis bending from the septal nuclei rostrodorsally toward the temporal lobe in the caudoventral area (see Fig. 1 A ) ( Amaral and Witter, 1989 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Physiological studies in humans and rodents have suggested that there is both structural and functional heterogeneity along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus. (genengnews.com)
  • Molecular, structural, and functional characterization of Alzheimer's disease: evidence for a relationship between default activity, amyloid, and memory. (nature.com)
  • The hippocampus deals primarily with learning and memory, and Alzheimer's usually severely affects the area. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • By transplanting neuronal precursor cells into the brains of mice, researchers have managed to reverse the learning and memory deficits in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and thus restore normal cognitive function. (iflscience.com)
  • The study not only not only suggests a novel way to investigate how learning and memory is affected by certain diseases, but also raises the possibility that cell replacement therapy could be used to treat Alzheimer's in the future. (iflscience.com)
  • As a result, the ROS and MDA levels were significantly increased, which leads to the neuron apoptosis in the hippocampus. (hindawi.com)
  • The hippocampus neuron oxidative stress and apoptosis were both decreased compared to untrained HFD group, which finally improved cognitive function of HFD mice. (hindawi.com)
  • By increasing the excitation/inhibition balance, MC-GC LTP enhances GC output at the associative MC-GC recurrent circuit and may contribute to dentate-dependent forms of learning and epilepsy. (nih.gov)
  • Midlife decline in declarative memory consolidation is correlated with a decline in slow wave sleep. (nature.com)
  • Episodic memories in early childhood are rapidly forgotten, a phenomenon that is associated with 'infantile amnesia,' the inability of adults to remember early-life experiences. (ed.gov)
  • We conclude that in infancy the hippocampus plays a necessary role in processing episodic and contextual memories, including nonaversive ones, and matures through a developmental critical period. (ed.gov)
  • Unexpectedly, the grafted cells not only survived in the brains of the mice and matured into inhibitory neurons, but they also functionally integrated into the neuronal circuit, restoring learning and memory. (iflscience.com)
  • They suggest that these time-limited effects might be explained by a gradual shift in the site where a memory is stored as it grows older, from the hippocampus to the brain's outer mantle, or cortex. (nih.gov)
  • They form three morphologically different synaptic terminals, which include large mossy terminals, filopodial extensions within the mossy terminals, and small en passant synaptic varicosities. (wikipedia.org)
  • The three synaptic terminals types - mossy terminals, filopodial extensions, and en passant synaptic varicosities - differ in synaptic output. (wikipedia.org)
  • En passant boutons with 25-35 synaptic connections and filopodial extensions with 12-17 make up a significant portion of total granule cell synaptic terminals and are mainly responsible for the excitation of GABAergic interneurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • We really haven't had a tool like this to see memory encoding at a synaptic level. (technologyreview.com)
  • Neuroscientists believe that in order for a memory to form, individual synaptic connections must be strengthened in response to a memory-generating stimulus. (technologyreview.com)
  • Earlier studies by Müller's research group had already shown that APPsα has an essential function in the nervous system, particularly because it regulates the formation and function of synaptic junctions and spatial memory. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • The number of synaptic junctions increased, and spatial memory began to function again," reports Ulrike Müller. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • Objectives: It has been reported that spatial learning and memory was impaired by loss of teeth, but the effect of teeth loss on the changes in gene expression was not clarified yet. (umich.edu)
  • In order to identify the memory-related gene expression by behavioral test, we performed DNA microarray analysis to investigate the changes in gene expression in the hippocampus. (umich.edu)
  • Independent evidence associates β-amyloid pathology with both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep disruption and memory impairment in older adults. (nature.com)
  • However, whether the influence of β-amyloid pathology on hippocampus-dependent memory is, in part, driven by impairments of NREM slow wave activity (SWA) and associated overnight memory consolidation is unknown. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, structural equation models revealed that the association between mPFC β-amyloid pathology and impaired hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation was not direct, but instead statistically depended on the intermediary factor of diminished NREM SWA. (nature.com)
  • By linking β-amyloid pathology with impaired NREM SWA, these data implicate sleep disruption as a mechanistic pathway through which β-amyloid pathology may contribute to hippocampus-dependent cognitive decline in the elderly. (nature.com)
  • Oh, H. & Jagust, W.J. Frontotemporal network connectivity during memory encoding is increased with aging and disrupted by beta-amyloid. (nature.com)
  • Now that we know that odor can shift memories to become more hippocampus-dependent, we could potentially develop strategies that engage or disengage the hippocampus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It is revealed that parental stress, absence of games and lower exposure to interac- tions that promote development are connected to changes in cognitive, emotional, and learning processing, in addition to exerting a negative impact on motor and language development. (bvsalud.org)
  • We also showed that the formation of this infantile memory recruits in the hippocampus mechanisms typical of developmental critical periods. (ed.gov)
  • Thus, the molecular mechanisms underlying acquisition and/or consolidation of the memory for extinction are similar to those described for the acquisition and/or consolidation of the original contextual fear. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • As we learn more about such mechanisms of fear memory formation and extinction, we hope to apply this knowledge to address clinical problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder," said NIMH Director Thomas R. Insel, M.D. (nih.gov)
  • An examination of the animals' brains revealed that IGF-II had strengthened the cellular connections and mechanisms underlying long-term memory - a process called long-term potentiation. (nih.gov)
  • To find out how it might work in memory, Alberini's team employed a standard test of fear memory called inhibitory avoidance training. (nih.gov)
  • Almonds are packed with the potent antioxidant vitamin E. Good levels of vitamin E have been shown to prevent cognitive decline, boost alertness and preserve memory. (askmen.com)
  • I think the most important thing about this study is that it suggests that a specific type of spine may be more important for learning and memory processes than other types of spines," says Powell. (technologyreview.com)
  • Hints from other studies led the researchers to suspect that IGF-II plays a role in these processes within the brain's memory center, the hippocampus, where it is relatively highly concentrated. (nih.gov)
  • We propose that utility-dependent recruitment of sensory experience during memory consolidation is a general coding principle for associative learning. (nature.com)
  • Additional studies have shown that the hippocampus regulates the gating of fear by contextual information. (nih.gov)
  • An emerging literature also links the hippocampus to prediction errors during fear learning and extinction. (nih.gov)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - The role of NMDA glutamate receptors, PKA, MAPK, and CAMKII in the hippocampus in extinction of conditioned fear. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • This suppression can slow down the learning of new information that could help you control your fear. (psychcentral.com)
  • Redundant catecholamine signaling consolidates fear memory via phospholipase C. J Neurosci 32: 1932-41, 2012. (upenn.edu)
  • Follow the glow: By engineering mice to manufacture a fluorescently tagged glutamate receptor protein (shown in green) in active neurons, researchers could follow the protein's path as the mice learned to fear an electric shock. (technologyreview.com)
  • The resulting fear is "a very long-lasting, very robust memory," says Mayford. (technologyreview.com)
  • The more an animal avoided the dark area, the better its fear memory. (nih.gov)
  • Among future directions, researchers could explore whether IGF-II might enhance other types of memory, such as extinction learning , in which a fear memory is replaced by a memory of safety, said Alberini. (nih.gov)
  • A new strain of genetically engineered mice has allowed researchers to pinpoint, for the first time, the precise cellular connections that form as a memory is created. (technologyreview.com)
  • However, the hippocampus showed significantly more activity in the mice who smelled the almonds than those who had the shock alone. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Studies conducted by NASA and Japanese researchers have shown that Theta wave stimulation can significantly enhance memory and cognitive abilities. (reviewjournal.com)
  • The pathway allows sensory information to reach the hippocampus for encoding. (wikipedia.org)
  • By contrast, axons encoding uninformative, peripatetic sensory cues were notably suppressed during memory replay. (nature.com)
  • Thus, while the hippocampus comprehensively encodes the real-time sensory environment, it implements a flexible filtering mechanism to maximize the utility of memories destined for long-term storage. (nature.com)
  • Scientists at the University of Southern California (USC) say they have created a map of the hippocampus using fluorescent tracers and 3D animation that show structures, nerve connections, and functions in vivid detail. (genengnews.com)
  • USC scientists have produced the most detailed atlas yet of the hippocampus, its functions, and structures. (genengnews.com)
  • The participants had amnestic mild cognitive impairment - the most common form of mild cognitive impairment that affects memory, in particular. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Synaptophysin and the dopaminergic system in hippocampus are involved in the protective effect of rutin against trimethyltin-induced learning and memory impairment. (bvsalud.org)
  • showing that, depending on the nature of the recognition memory judgment, these cortical regions may function within a neural circuit. (jneurosci.org)
  • The study showed that the growth factor works through its own - also little known - IGF-II receptor and depends on activation of an enzyme (GSK3 beta) , and AMPA receptors for the chemical messenger glutamate, both of which are implicated in memory. (nih.gov)
  • Specifically, their hippocampus had decreased in size a lot less, compared with participants who had not exercised at all. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In this eBriefing, learn strategies for effective grant writing, specifically applied to fellowship applications in biomedical fields. (nyas.org)
  • Recognition memory involves making judgments about whether a stimulus has been encountered before. (jneurosci.org)
  • Using smells to spark memories could, therefore, be a significant pathway to treatment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The researchers created powerful memories in the mice by giving them a series of harmless but jolting electric shocks while inside a container. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • So the researchers injected synthetic IGF-II directly into the hippocampus during windows of consolidation or reconsolidation, when memories are malleable. (nih.gov)
  • However, in students who had difficulty completing the programme, the researchers saw greater development in areas where the motor skills are located, rather than in the hippocampus. (lu.se)
  • Qualitatively different neural circuits underlie "explicit," conscious learning - producing the memories we can verbally declare - and "implicit," subconscious learning - producing reactions and skills we readily display, but for reasons we can't quite articulate. (sltrib.com)