Highly regulated phases halts cell cycle progression. Medical search. Frequent questions

The molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 ( GRP78 ) or binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), in addition to Ca 2+ binding and protein processing functions, possesses one more key role: master initiator of early UPR signaling. (molvis.org)

The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Ferroptosis-inducing factors can directly or indirectly affect glutathione peroxidase through different pathways, resulting in a decrease in antioxidant capacity and accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, ultimately leading to oxidative cell death. (nature.com)
A number of direct and indirect radiation interaction pathways can produce damage to the DNA of irradiated cells. (cdc.gov)
Reports also suggest that some of the biological effects of anthocyanins and flavonols may be related to their ability to modulate mammalian cell signalling pathways. (chk1inhibitor.com)
In a recent study functional themes associated with Gleason grade include developmental processes, signal transduction, chemokine and embryonic stem cell pathways with specific enrichment of the androgen receptor, EGFR, TNF-alpha, and Notch signaling cascades. (compassionateacupuncture.com)
Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
A study published in Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology found that crocetin affects the growth of cancer cells by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis , enhancing the anti-oxidative system, inducing apoptosis and hindering growth signaling pathways. (cures.news)

Traditionally, cell death has been divided into apoptosis and necrosis. (nature.com)
It does not have the morphological characteristics of typical necrosis, such as swelling of the cytoplasm and organelles and rupture of the cell membrane, nor does it have the characteristics of traditional cell apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies and disintegration of the cytoskeleton. (nature.com)
These findings suggest that CHOP is a fundamental factor that links protein misfolding in the ER to oxidative stress and apoptosis in β cells under conditions of increased insulin demand. (jci.org)
Artemisinin - This study demonstrated that artemisinin -tagged transferrins (ART-Tf) conjugate kills the prostate carcinoma cell line DU 145 by the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. (compassionateacupuncture.com)
In many cases the antiproloferation action is caused by damage to DNA, which initiates apoptosis and cell death [4]. (savedelicious.com)
Hyperactive neurohormonal systems cause additional cell damage, including an increase in programmed cell death called apoptosis. (ceufast.com)
Apoptosis is the method by which normal cells disengage and disintegrate when they reach the preprogrammed end of their lifespan. (ceufast.com)
In a study published in Cell and Bioscience , apigenin was reported to suppress various human cancers in vitro and in vivo by multiple biological effects, such as triggering cell apoptosis and autophagy , inducing cell cycle arrest, suppressing cell migration and invasion and stimulating an immune response. (cures.news)
In a study published in Food Science & Nutrition , fisetin as a polyphenol with pleiotropic pharmacological properties was found to prevent progression in cell cycle and cell growth and induce apoptosis. (cures.news)
A study published in Advances in Nutrition indicated that genistein acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis , the cell cycle and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis. (cures.news)

The atherosclerotic process is accelerated by a myriad of factors, such as the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), growth factors, and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. (hindawi.com)
Integrin-mediated interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) are required for the attachment, cytoskeletal organization, mechanosensing, migration, proliferation, differentiation and survival of cells in the context of a multitude of biological processes including fertilization, implantation and embryonic development, immune response, bone resorption and platelet aggregation. (thno.org)
Proliferation of BC cells was suppressed by ectopic expression of BCRC-3 in vitro and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
BCRC-3 functions as a tumor inhibitor to suppress BC cell proliferation through miR-182-5p/p27 axis, which would be a novel target for BC therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Crataeva Nurvala - (Lupeol is the active compound in Crateva) - Collectively, these data suggest the multitarget efficacy of Lupeol on beta-catenin-signaling network thus resulting in the inhibition prostate cancer cell proliferation. (compassionateacupuncture.com)
IL-15 is considered superior to IL-2 for cancer immunotherapy due to its strong bioactivity in improving CD8 + T and natural killer (NK) cell survival, proliferation and cytotoxic function ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Results obtained indicate that both cannabidiol and Cannabis sativa extracts were able to halt cell proliferation in all cell lines at varying concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
These compounds are almost structurally similar or possess identical pharmacological activities and offer various potential applications including the ability to inhibit cell growth, proliferation and inflammation [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The anti-cancer activities of ginger against colorectal cancer have been well documented with its active component gingerol inhibiting the growth and proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. (cures.news)

However, this activity is regulated in an androgen receptor (AR) dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
SARMS or selective androgen receptor modulators are highly bioavailable investigational non-steroidal alternatives to anabolic steroids, made to help mitigate the long-term side effects. (swolverine.com)

Activating or blocking the ferroptosis pathway to alleviate the progression of the disease, which provides a promising therapeutic strategy for many diseases. (nature.com)
By improving insulin sensitivity, this therapy may help minimize protein loss and alleviate the progression of kidney disease. (kidneyrenew.com)
Novel therapeutic agents that can protect the dopaminergic neurons, stop or reverse the progression, as well as alleviate motor symptoms are in urgent need for PD patients [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The developments in high-resolution multimodal retinal imaging have also transformed our ability to make accurate and more timely diagnoses and more sensitive quantitative assessment of disease progression, and allowed the design of optimised clinical trial endpoints for novel therapeutic interventions. (bmj.com)
The current therapeutic methods to treat DN are limited to slowing disease progression without repair and regeneration of the damaged nephrons. (emjreviews.com)
Key transcription factors involved in DN that can be targeted to halt disease progression are also described. (emjreviews.com)

The three pocket proteins are Retinoblastoma (Rb), p107, and p130, which bind to the E2F transcription factors to prevent progression past the G1 checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)

Compared to the eukaryotic cell cycle, the prokaryotic cell cycle (known as binary fission) is relatively simple and quick: the chromosome replicates from the origin of replication, a new membrane is assembled, and the cell wall forms a septum which divides the cell into two. (wikipedia.org)
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) usually undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)

Androgens are necessary for normal prostate cell growth (1) , and in animal models, androgen ablation causes cell atrophy and death of prostate epithelial cells (2) . (aacrjournals.org)
Likewise, in the early stages of prostate cancer, the growth of cancerous prostatic epithelial cells is often androgen dependent (3) . (aacrjournals.org)
In humans, the frequency of cell turnover ranges from a few hours in early embryonic development, to an average of two to five days for epithelial cells, and to an entire human lifetime spent in G 0 by specialized cells, such as cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells. (openstax.org)
In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)

Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. (wikipedia.org)
As the eukaryotic cell cycle is a complex process, eukaryotes have evolved a network of regulatory proteins, known as the cell cycle control system, which monitors and dictates the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. (openstax.org)
Eukaryotic cell divisions can be classified as mitosis (equational division) and meiosis (reductional division). (mathisfunforum.com)

Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. (openstax.org)
Moving forward from this initiation point, every parameter required during each cell cycle phase must be met or the cycle cannot progress. (openstax.org)
Oxidative stress, induced by enhanced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), harmfully affects lipids, proteins and nucleic acids that leads to initiation of death of neurons, serving as a major contributor in PD progression [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we draw upon studies that have shed light on the initiation and progression of islet autoimmunity from the point of view of the beta cell. (springer.com)
The second part of the review discusses potential host-directed interventional strategies based on existing translational and clinical knowledge of infection-induced inflammation, as well as cancer initiation/progression models. (frontiersin.org)

The G1 checkpoint, also known as the restriction point in mammalian cells and the start point in yeast, is the point at which the cell becomes committed to entering the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
This complex inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, a key protein in cells that regulate the gene translation responsible for cell-cycle regulation. (medscape.com)
When fast-dividing mammalian cells are grown in culture (outside the body under optimal growing conditions), the length of the cycle is about 24 hours. (openstax.org)

The cell cycle checkpoints play an important role in the control system by sensing defects that occur during essential processes such as DNA replication or chromosome segregation, and inducing a cell cycle arrest in response until the defects are repaired. (wikipedia.org)
If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA. (openstax.org)
Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions. (mathisfunforum.com)
All cell divisions, regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA replication. (mathisfunforum.com)
In mitotic metaphase, typically the chromosomes (each with 2 sister chromatid that they developed due to replication in the S phase of interphase) arranged and sister chromatids split and distributed towards daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
They can also cause base mispairing between strands, which interferes with the progression of the replication fork [3]. (savedelicious.com)

Over the last decade, there have been multiple advances that now provide us a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms and associated pathophysiology underlying each subtype of MD. This has thereby facilitated the development of therapeutic strategies to slow/halt progressive visual loss or potentially restore a degree of visual function. (bmj.com)

The E2F gene family is a group of transcription factors that target many genes that are important for control of the cell cycle, including cyclins, CDKs, checkpoint regulators, and DNA repair proteins. (wikipedia.org)
We have two copies of each gene and for oncogenes, a single defective copy is enough to cause a cell to divide. (cancerquest.org)
encoded by Nfe2l2 gene) is a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of cellular redox balance and protective antioxidant and phase II detoxification responses in mammals [ 1 , 2 ]. (springer.com)
He has published over 600 papers on gene therapy, cell cycle, genetics of cancer, and epidemiology. (newswise.com)
The transforming gene products of these viruses, such as the E1A oncoproteins of adenovirus 5, led to the identification of cellular factor p60, known as cyclin A. This research was the first demonstration of a physical link between cellular transformation and the cell cycle, thereby paving the way for the melding of these two areas of research. (newswise.com)
It also helped to open a very exciting avenue of research involving investigators with expertise in different aspects of growth control and cancer.Giordano's lab also discovered the tumor suppressor gene RB2/p130 and the cell cycle kinases CDK9 and CDK10, two other key players in cell cycle regulation and cell differentiation. (newswise.com)
The antitumor efficacy was studied in mouse mammary carcinoma models (Her2/neu transgenic and 4T1-luc mammary cancers) treated with systemic recombinant protein with/without the depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells or intra-tumoral gene electrotransfer (GET). (frontiersin.org)

These cells can be differentiated into mature endothelial cells, which are involved in processes of angiogenesis and vessel regeneration. (intechopen.com)
This chapter provides an overview of the key role of hEPC in promoting angiogenesis and their potential use for cell therapy. (intechopen.com)

Studies with bortezomib (VELCADE, formerly known as PS-341) and other proteasome inhibitors indicate that cancer cells are especially dependent on the proteasome for survival, and several mechanisms used by prostate cancer cells require proteasome function. (aacrjournals.org)
Bortezomib has been studied extensively in vitro and in vivo , and anticancer activity has been seen in cell and animal models for several solid tumor types, including prostate cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
This Phase I trial and preclinical studies support additional testing of bortezomib in combination with radiation or chemotherapy for androgen-independent prostate cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
i.e ., radiation or chemotherapy) provide temporary palliation, but eventually prostate cancer cells become resistant to chemotherapy and radiation, with ensuing failure to control tumor growth. (aacrjournals.org)
Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for the development of androgen independence in prostate cancer cells (4) . (aacrjournals.org)
This review examines how LSD1 modulates different cell behavior in TME and emphasizes the potential use of LSD1 inhibitors in combination with ICB therapy for future cancer research studies. (biomedcentral.com)
However, cancer cells exploit these checkpoints to evade immune surveillance and suppress antitumor immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
Of the 30,000 or so genes that are currently thought to exist in the human genome , there is a small subset that seems to be particularly important in the prevention, development, and progression of cancer. (cancerquest.org)
The effects of BCRC-3 on cancer cells were explored by transfecting with plasmids in vitro and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
BCRC-3 was lowly expressed in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
The goal of this study was to examine the activity of IL-15/IL-15Rα complex (IL-15cx) to CD8 + T cells and evaluate its potential efficacy in murine breast cancer models. (frontiersin.org)
Intraperitoneal administration of IL-15cx results in a moderate inhibition of breast cancer growth that is associated with an increase in the frequency of cytotoxic CD8 T cells and the improvement of their function. (frontiersin.org)
The depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) has no impact on mouse breast cancer growth. (frontiersin.org)
PD-L1 is expressed mainly on tumor-infiltrating immune cells in roughly 41% of patients with triple negative breast cancer ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Resistance to chemotherapy is when the cancer cells do not respond to the drugs. (savedelicious.com)
However, cancer cells can become multidrug resistant, a phenomenon due to cells expressing mechanisms that cause simultaneous resistance to many different, structurally and functionally, unrelated drugs [6]. (savedelicious.com)
Increased drug efflux, via these transporters, lowers intracellular drug concentration, allowing cancer cells to escape the toxic effects of the drugs. (savedelicious.com)
In this study we compare the anti-proliferative effects of crude extract of Cannabis sativa and its main compound cannabidiol on different cervical cancer cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
In conclusion, these data suggest that cannabidiol rather than Cannabis sativa crude extracts prevent cell growth and induce cell death in cervical cancer cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
Cannabis sativa in particular cannabidiol, we propose it plays important role in helping the body fight cancer through inhibition of pain and cell growth. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative properties of Cannabis sativa and its isolate, cannabidiol in cervical cancer cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
Below are 18 phytochemicals, or compounds, produced by plants that scientists believe can protect cells from damage that could lead to cancer, as studied in the research article published in Anti-cancer Agents in Medical Chemistry . (cures.news)
In a study published in Gastroenterology Research and Practice , 6-gingerol inhibited the growth of colon cancer HCT116 cells. (cures.news)
A study published in Molecules indicated that kaempferol exerts its anti-cancer activity by preventing cell migration and invasion, inhibiting MMP-3 protein, downregulating AKT phosphorylation and increasing the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity. (cures.news)

This is in contrast with tumor suppressor genes which must BOTH be defective to lead to abnormal cell division. (cancerquest.org)
CiRS-7 has more than 70 miR-7 binding sites and thus acts as effective miR-7 suppressor to regulate the expression of miR-7 target mRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)

Molecular 'switch' reverses chronic inflammation and aging - Science Daily, 2/6/20 - 'By studying mice and immune cells called macrophages, the team found that a protein called SIRT2 is responsible for deacetylating the NLRP3 inflammasome. (qualitycounts.com)
recent studies have identified measures potentially available to everyone that can minimize the potency of chronic inflammation and stymie - and possibly even reverse - its progression. (qualitycounts.com)
Another consequence of aging is the accumulation of so-called senescent cells, normal cells that stop dividing, contribute to tissue aging and secrete substances like cytokines that induce inflammation. (qualitycounts.com)
Elimination of senescent cells can counter chronic inflammation, said Steven N. Austad, director of aging studies at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. (qualitycounts.com)
Furthermore, translocation of immune cells from one anatomical compartment to another, i.e., the gut-lung axis via the lymphatics or blood has been identified as an important factor in perpetrating systemic inflammation, tissue destruction, as well as modulating host-protective immune responses. (frontiersin.org)

The main mechanism of action of the cell cycle checkpoints is through the regulation of the activities of a family of protein kinases known as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which bind to different classes of regulator proteins known as cyclins, with specific cyclin-CDK complexes being formed and activated at different phases of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)

and the M (mitosis) phase, during which the duplicated chromosomes (known as the sister chromatids) separate into two daughter nuclei, and the cell divides into two daughter cells, each with a full copy of DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed forward to every new cell produced from an abnormal cell. (openstax.org)
a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). (mathisfunforum.com)
In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle, in which, replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. (mathisfunforum.com)
Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. (mathisfunforum.com)
Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
In meiosis, typically in Meiosis-I the homologous chromosomes are paired and then separated and distributed into daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
Each cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus that houses these chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. (lookformedical.com)
A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species. (lookformedical.com)

Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)
It may cause cell cycle arrest , cell differentiation processes and changes in redox status, which trigger the cytotoxic chemotherapeutic effects. (cures.news)

A lack of HGH can inhibit cell division, resulting in dwarfism, whereas too much HGH can result in gigantism. (openstax.org)
Crowding of cells can also inhibit cell division. (openstax.org)

The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. (lookformedical.com)

The TME consists of various cellular components, including immune cells, stromal cells, and extracellular matrix, along with soluble factors and signaling molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane of one cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. (mathisfunforum.com)
This receptor is found in moderate levels on some normal cells and as the gene's name implies, it is involved in cellular responses to growth factors. (cancerquest.org)
Integrin mediated cellular adhesion is dynamic process that is both indicative of and influenced by cell status. (thno.org)
Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)

Progression through these checkpoints is largely determined by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by regulatory protein subunits called cyclins, different forms of which are produced at each stage of the cell cycle to control the specific events that occur therein. (wikipedia.org)
These checkpoints act as molecular brakes on immune cells, preventing excessive activation and potential damage to healthy tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Figure 10.10 The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints. (openstax.org)

Thus, further exploration of genetic regulatory networks involved in BC progression and development of precise strategies are worthy and important. (biomedcentral.com)
In general, the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis may function as an extensive regulatory network in progression of some diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
It also delivers its function without activating regulatory T cells (Tregs) ( 9 ) and mediating activation-induced cell death of effector cytotoxic T cells ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
Thus, the local immunological milieu in tissue compartments forms the nature and magnitude of the host responses, i.e., frequencies of regulatory T cells (Tregs) vs. T-helper 17 (Th17) cells, amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines vs. anti-inflammatory cytokines, extent of neutrophilia and antigen-presenting-cell (APC) activation, among others. (frontiersin.org)

Interestingly, the first genome-wide CRISPR interference/activation screens to discover susceptibility genes of oxidative stress in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human neurons identified PSAP. (nature.com)
Single cells and organisms may adapt to harmful oxidative stress conditions, through stress-activated factors. (springer.com)

From this pool, 24 distinct heterodimer combinations have been observed in vivo that confer cell-to-cell and cell-to-ligand specificity relevant to the host cell and the environment in which it functions [ 2 ]. (thno.org)
IL-15cx shows superior in vivo bioactivity to expand CD8 T cells in comparison to an equimolar single chain IL-15. (frontiersin.org)
T-bet is partially involved in CD8 T cell expansion ex vivo and in vivo due to IL-15 or IL-15cx. (frontiersin.org)

To decipher the role of PSAP specifically in the dopaminergic system, we generated mice with inducible and cell specific PSAP deletion in DA neurons (cPSAP DAT ). (nature.com)
Therefore, we generated mice with PSAP deletion in serotonin neurons (cPSAP SERT ) to further examine the role of PSAP in a cell population distinct from DA neurons. (nature.com)

How to intervene in the occurrence and development of related diseases by regulating cell ferroptosis has become a hotspot and focus of etiological research and treatment, but the functional changes and specific molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis still need to be further explored. (nature.com)

Dysregulation of various cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) causes immunosuppressive functions and aggressive tumor growth. (biomedcentral.com)
These data suggest the energy of the KISS1R like a novel biomarker for multiple myeloma, capable of focusing on both tumor cells and sponsor cells of the tumor microenvironment. (onlycoloncancer.com)

This system acts like a timer, or a clock, which sets a fixed amount of time for the cell to spend in each phase of the cell cycle, while at the same time it also responds to information received from the processes it controls. (wikipedia.org)
By replicating natural physiological processes, MicroDose effectively reduces insulin resistance, which facilitates the absorption of blood sugar into cells, where it's converted into energy. (kidneyrenew.com)
On the contrary, melatonin is currently considered a universal cell protector with signaling actions in a myriad of biochemical processes essential for cell and tissue homeostasis [ 13 ] [ 14 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

The different stages of mitosis all together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle-the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
After growth, cell division by mitosis allows for continual construction and repair of the organism. (mathisfunforum.com)

This innovative approach enhances the patient's immune system to target and eliminate tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Melatonin is a systemic dealer that does not overlook any homeostasis disturbance, which consequently brings into play its cooperative triad, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulant backbone, to stop the infective cycle of SARS-CoV-2 or any other endogenous or exogenous threat. (encyclopedia.pub)
Our understanding of the immune system stems, in great part, from studying the host response to infection, which in most individuals leads to the absence of clinical disease and establishment of highly apt immunological memory. (frontiersin.org)
Chronic infections, particularly those which are primarily characterized by an asymptomatic intracellular life cycle, e.g., latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI), hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, present a unique premise to decipher the fine balance between protective host immune responses, immunopathology and full-fledged clinical disease. (frontiersin.org)
Although overt inflammatory responses play a major role in malignant transformation of host cells following an infection, it is a disbalanced immune responses, which contribute to drive malignant transformation. (frontiersin.org)

In both genetic and diet-induced models of insulin resistance, CHOP deficiency improved β cell ultrastructure and promoted cell survival. (jci.org)

As a result, its functional biology is one of the best-known, and we now realize that it goes far beyond the traditional role in controlling the circadian and seasonal cycles. (encyclopedia.pub)

HHVs replicate in the host cell nucleus. (medscape.com)

ARA55, ARA54, ARA70, BRCA1, and heat-shock proteins) may allow cells to become independent of androgens (intrinsic activation). (aacrjournals.org)
The mutant proteins often retain some of their capabilities but are no longer sensitive to the controls that regulate the normal form of the protein. (cancerquest.org)
Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
His early research includes seminal work done in 1989, demonstrating the importance of cell cycle proteins in the functioning of DNA tumor viruses. (newswise.com)

Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. (wikipedia.org)
The G 1 checkpoint determines whether all conditions are favorable for cell division to proceed. (openstax.org)

This review considers the genetic and epigenetic control of nephrogenesis, together with the epigenetic mechanisms that accompany kidney development and recent advances in induced reprogramming and kidney cell regeneration in the context of DN. (emjreviews.com)
Thus, it has been shown that early EPCs release cytokines that promote tissue regeneration and neovasculogenesis, whereas late EPC and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) contribute to the formation of blood vessels and stimulate tube formation. (intechopen.com)

The progression from insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes is caused by the failure of pancreatic β cells to produce sufficient levels of insulin to meet the metabolic demand. (jci.org)
We assessed the effect of Chop deletion in multiple mouse models of type 2 diabetes and found that Chop -/- mice had improved glycemic control and expanded β cell mass in all conditions analyzed. (jci.org)
Patients with conditions such as Kidney disease, High blood pressure, Type 2 Diabetes, Prediabetes, and Nondiabetic conditions usually begin their treatment with three-hour infusions during the Induction Phase. (kidneyrenew.com)

Divisome and elongasome complexes responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis during lateral cell-wall growth and division. (mathisfunforum.com)
The divisome is a protein complex in bacteria that is responsible for cell division, constriction of inner and outer membranes during division, and peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis at the division site. (mathisfunforum.com)
Recent studies indicate that nutrient fluctuations and insulin resistance increase proinsulin synthesis in β cells beyond the capacity for folding of nascent polypeptides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, thereby disrupting ER homeostasis and triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR). (jci.org)
These actions block DNA synthesis, causing a block at G2 phase and subsequently apoptotic cell death. (savedelicious.com)

In addition, the authors also review future strategies in DN treatment such as transcriptional reprogramming of mature adult kidney cells into uncommitted induced pluripotent stem cells for renal repair and therapeutics. (emjreviews.com)
Human endothelial progenitor cells (hEPCs) are adult stem cells, located in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. (intechopen.com)
It's been hard to find targets on leukemia cells that normal blood stem cells don't share, so immunotherapy runs the risk of harming normal cells. (drtvchannel.com)

The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)

All living organisms are the products of repeated rounds of cell growth and division. (wikipedia.org)

mTOR also reduces the cell growth factors (eg, vascular endothelial growth factor) involved in new blood vessel development. (medscape.com)

Variation in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell (MSC) function depending on their origin is problematic, as it may confound clinical outcomes of MSC therapy. (bvsalud.org)

During this process, known as the cell cycle, a cell duplicates its contents and then divides in two. (wikipedia.org)
It is essential that the daughter cells produced be exact duplicates of the parent cell. (openstax.org)

The G 2 checkpoint bars entry into the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met. (openstax.org)
On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. (mathisfunforum.com)
Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes. (mathisfunforum.com)
The amitotic or mitotic cell division is more atypical and diverse in the various groups of organisms such as protists (namely diatoms, dinoflagellates etc.) and fungi. (mathisfunforum.com)

In 2012, Dixon 1 first proposed the concept of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic mode of cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). (nature.com)

The decision to commit to a new round of cell division occurs when the cell activates cyclin-CDK-dependent transcription which promotes entry into S phase. (wikipedia.org)
Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. (mathisfunforum.com)
Ferroptosis is a new type of programmed cell death, which occurs with iron dependence. (nature.com)

This treatment option, developed in the USA specifically designed to restore the natural insulin cycle seen in healthy individuals, which can help improve kidney function, prevent proteinuria loss , and reduce further damage. (kidneyrenew.com)
This is followed by a 'Maintenance Phase' focused on finding the optimal balance between metabolism and insulin sensitivity, with a goal of extending the time between treatments for as long as possible. (kidneyrenew.com)
Type 1 diabetes results from organ-specific autoimmunity, which eliminates most of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. (springer.com)

Retinal degeneration is progressive deterioration of the retinal cells, eventually culminating in their death. (molvis.org)
An event may be as simple as the death of a nearby cell or as sweeping as the release of growth-promoting hormones, such as human growth hormone (HGH). (openstax.org)
What is the relationship between ferroptosis and other types of cell death? (nature.com)
Whether under physiological or pathological conditions, cell death is an unavoidable and important link in the process of life and marks the end of the life of a cell. (nature.com)
This first category also includes genes that contribute to tumor growth by inhibiting cell death. (cancerquest.org)
Genes whose protein products can directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death. (cancerquest.org)
Some proto-oncogenes work to regulate cell death. (cancerquest.org)
The body's first response is to highly activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system in an effort to compensate for functional losses due to tissue death. (ceufast.com)

Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors found in nearly all metazoan cell types, composed of non-covalently linked α and β subunits. (thno.org)
Androgen receptors are ubiquitous in muscle tissue and bone, thus making them highly receptive to activate or be inhibited my anabolic agents, creating undesirable systemic effects. (swolverine.com)

The expression levels of circRNAs, mRNAs and miRNAs in human tissues and cells were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). (biomedcentral.com)

hEPCs have been used for cell-based therapies due to their capacity to contribute in the re-endothelialization of injured blood vessels and neovascularization in ischemic tissues. (intechopen.com)

Scanning electron micrograph of two HeLa cells, an immortal human cell line derived from a cancerous tumour of the cervix. (issuu.com)
An aggressive HeLa, a metastatic ME-180 and a primary SiHa cell lines were purchased from ATCC (USA, MD). Camptothecin was supplied by Calbiochem® and cannabidiol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as a standard reference. (biomedcentral.com)

The G 1 checkpoint, also called the restriction point (in yeast), is a point at which the cell irreversibly commits to the cell division process. (openstax.org)
External influences, such as growth factors, play a large role in carrying the cell past the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
In addition to adequate reserves and cell size, there is a check for genomic DNA damage at the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
As at the G 1 checkpoint, cell size and protein reserves are assessed. (openstax.org)

In rapidly dividing human cells with a 24-hour cell cycle, the G 1 phase lasts approximately nine hours, the S phase lasts 10 hours, the G 2 phase lasts about four and one-half hours, and the M phase lasts approximately one-half hour. (openstax.org)
The human body experiences about 10 quadrillion cell divisions in a lifetime. (mathisfunforum.com)
The human body has nearly 1013 cells. (cdc.gov)
The life cycle of hookworms begins with the passing of hookworm eggs in human feces and their deposition into the soil. (medscape.com)
Collected from Henrietta Lacks in 1951, it was the first human cell line to survive and grow in the laboratory. (issuu.com)

The genes that have been identified to date have been categorized into two broad categories, depending on their normal functions in the cell. (cancerquest.org)
Genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells. (cancerquest.org)
Many of these genes are responsible for providing the positive signals that lead to cell division. (cancerquest.org)
As stated in the introduction to this section, the defective versions of these genes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. (cancerquest.org)
Despite the differences in their normal roles, these genes all contribute to unregulated cell division if they are present in a mutant (oncogenic) form. (cancerquest.org)
The discovery of the antioxidant response element (ARE) have led to the conclusion that the battery of genes, including glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) is regulated through Nrf2 binding to this consensus binding sequence [ 3 ]. (springer.com)

Chagas disease has two successive phases: acute and chronic. (scielo.br)
The acute phase lasts six-eight weeks. (scielo.br)

In the PC12 cells and MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease animal models, SDA was highly efficacious in α-synuclein clearance associated with the activation of PGC-1α/Nrf2 signal pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

Type 1 diabetes results from the poorly understood process of islet autoimmunity, which ultimately leads to the loss of functional pancreatic beta cells. (springer.com)

Anatomy22

Organisms10

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs114

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes82

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Binding immunog1

Pathways7

Apoptosis10

Proliferation9

Androgen receptor2

Alleviate3

Disease progression3

Prevent progression1

Known as binary fission2

Epithelial cells4

Eukaryotic4

Initiation5

Mammalian3

Replication6

Therapeutic1

Gene7

Angiogenesis2

Cancer24

Suppressor2

Inflammation5

Regulation1

Chromosomes10

Differentiation2

Inhibit cell2

Somatic cells1

Cellular5

Checkpoints3

Regulatory4

Oxidative stress2

Vivo3

Neurons2

Molecular1

Tumor microenvironment2

Processes3

Mitosis2

Immune5

Survival1

Biology1

Nucleus1

Proteins5

Favorable2

Regeneration2

Type 2 diabet3

Synthesis4

Stem Cells3

Chromosomal1

Living organisms1

Vascular1

Clinical1

Duplicates2

Mitotic4

Apoptotic1

Occurs3

Insulin3

Death8

Receptors2

Quantitative1

Tissues1

HeLa2

Checkpoint4

Human5

Genes6

Acute2

Pathway1

Pancreatic1