• However, a HPAIV of the H5N1 subtype killed thousands of bar-headed geese ( Anser indicus ), great black-headed gulls ( Larus ichthyaetus ) and brown-headed gulls ( Larus brunnicephalus ) in Qinghai Lake, China during May 2005 9 , 12 . (nature.com)
  • Possible sources and spreading routes of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infections in poultry and wild birds in Central Europe in 2007 inferred through likelihood analyses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 virus infections are constantly monitored worldwide because of their devastating effects on poultry. (usda.gov)
  • For the new study, published Wednesday in the journal Cell Host and Microbe , researchers exposed ferrets to different strains of H10N7, the virus subtype responsible for the 2014 seal flu outbreak. (upi.com)
  • In addition, these same mutations were required to render highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype transmissible via the air between ferrets -- a model organism for mammal influenza research. (upi.com)
  • All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • A small number of sporadic human cases of A(H5N1) have been identified since 2022, despite the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses in wild birds and poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • Nearly all reported human cases since 2022 were associated with poultry exposures, and no cases of mammal-to-human or human-to-human transmission of HPAI A(H5N1) virus have been identified. (cdc.gov)
  • In a few cases, the source of exposure to HPAI A(H5N1) virus was unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • To date, HPAI A(H5N1) viruses currently circulating in birds and poultry, with spillover to mammals, and those that have caused human infections do not have the ability to easily bind to receptors that predominate in the human upper respiratory tract. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the current risk to the public from HPAI A(H5N1) viruses remains low. (cdc.gov)
  • However, because of the potential for influenza viruses to rapidly evolve and the wide global prevalence of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in wild birds and poultry outbreaks, continued sporadic human infections are anticipated. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC is actively working on the domestic situation with clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in wild birds and poultry outbreaks, including conducting surveillance among people with relevant exposures and preparing for the possibility that contemporary HPAI A(H5N1) viruses gain the ability for increased transmissibility to people. (cdc.gov)
  • H5 candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) produced by CDC are expected to provide good protection against current clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in birds and mammals. (cdc.gov)
  • Because influenza viruses are constantly changing, CDC performs ongoing analyses of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses to identify changes that might allow for spread more easily to and between people, cause serious illness in people, reduce susceptibility to antivirals, affect the sensitivity of diagnostic assays, or reduce neutralization of the virus by vaccine induced antibodies. (cdc.gov)
  • To date, few changes in HPAI A(H5N1) viruses of public health concern have been identified and such changes have differed between various HPAI A(H5N1) viruses circulating in wild birds and poultry worldwide or that have sporadically infected humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Comprehensive surveillance and readiness efforts are ongoing, and CDC continually takes preparedness measures to be ready in case the risk to people from HPAI A(H5N1) or other novel influenza A viruses changes. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 2005, HPAI A(H5N1) viruses have undergone extensive genetic diversification including the formation of hundreds of genotypes following reassortment with other avian influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) viruses emerged in 2020 and were introduced into North America in late 2021 [ 1,2 ] and have spread to Central and South America, resulting in wild bird infections (in terrestrial, seabird, shorebird, and migratory species) and poultry outbreaks in many countries [ 3-8 ]. (cdc.gov)
  • Globally, this 2.3.4.4b clade of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses has become widespread causing record numbers of bird outbreaks in wild, backyard, village, and farm birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Over 17,000 animal outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses were reported by 80 member countries to the World Organisation for Animal Health since January 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The scale of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats in Poland is worrying. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Starting in January, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) detected highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in wild birds in the United States followed by multiple detections in U.S. commercial poultry and backyard bird flocks [1,2]. (cdc.gov)
  • During January 13, 2022, through April 27, 2022, USDA APHIS reported more than 899 detections of wild birds infected with HPAI A(H5N1) virus in 33 states [1]. (cdc.gov)
  • On February 9, 2022, USDA APHIS confirmed the first outbreak of HPAI A(H5N1) virus in a commercial turkey flock in Indiana [2]. (cdc.gov)
  • Since then, APHIS has identified 247 HPAI A(H5N1) outbreaks among commercial poultry or backyard bird flocks in 29 states involving more than 35 million birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Ancestors of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses first emerged in southern China and led to large poultry outbreaks in Hong Kong in 1997, which resulted in 18 human infections. (cdc.gov)
  • These poultry outbreaks were controlled, but HPAI A(H5N1) viruses were not eradicated in birds, and the virus reassorted and reemerged in 2003 to spread widely in birds throughout Asia, and later in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East, causing sporadic human infections. (cdc.gov)
  • In October 2022, an outbreak in Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in intensively farmed minks occurred in northwest Spain . (bvsalud.org)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) is a strain of the avian influenza virus that primarily affects birds, particularly poultry. (news-medical.net)
  • In 2003, outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus had a major negative impact on the global poultry industry. (usda.gov)
  • In 2006, the world poultry industry was again under pressure due to HPAI H5N1 outbreaks, this time in Europe. (usda.gov)
  • Ducks have been implicated in the dissemination and evolution of H5N1 HPAI viruses. (usda.gov)
  • Additionally, differences were also observed in clinical disease after infection with a H5N1 HPAI virus, and the ducks innate immune responses also differed. (usda.gov)
  • These results should be taken into account when developing effective vaccination programs for controlling HPAI in different species of ducks, since we demonstrated that not all duck species respond equally to avian influenza vaccination. (usda.gov)
  • Domestic ducks are key intermediates in the transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, and therefore are included in vaccination programs to control H5N1 HPAI. (usda.gov)
  • In this study we compared the response to vaccination between two common domestic duck species, Pekin and Muscovy, which were vaccinated using one of three different schedules in order to obtain protection to H5N1 HPAI before one month of age. (usda.gov)
  • Clear differences in response to vaccination were observed, with the Muscovy ducks presenting lower viral antibody titers induced by vaccination and higher number of sick and dead ducks after challenge with a H5N1 HPAI virus. (usda.gov)
  • Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus is a threat to animal and public health worldwide. (ias.ac.in)
  • These findings suggest that PB2-2235 could efficiently inhibit HPAI H5N1 virus replication. (ias.ac.in)
  • The susceptibility of cats to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has been known since 2004, and had already been demonstrated in Thailand and Germany in 2006. (anses.fr)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has spread across Asia, Europe, and Africa. (greenmatters.com)
  • Here, we report a case of HPAI H5N1 infection in a domestic dog following ingestion of the carcass of an infected duck. (greenmatters.com)
  • The ongoing outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in South Africa, which began in April 2021, has led to the culling of nearly 3 million birds, primarily layers. (usda.gov)
  • Most cases tested in Poland (29 of 47) were positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) virus. (flu.org.cn)
  • HPAI H5N1 virus was detected in one poultry meat sample. (flu.org.cn)
  • In recent years, wildfowl have been suspected of contributing to the rapid geographic spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • We evaluate the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 viruses by wildfowl through an analysis of the movement range and movement rate of birds monitored by satellite telemetry in relation to the apparent asymptomatic infection duration (AID) measured in experimental studies. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • We analysed the first large-scale data set of wildfowl movements, including 228 birds from 19 species monitored by satellite telemetry in 2006-2009, over HPAI H5N1 affected regions of Asia, Europe and Africa. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Our results indicate that individual migratory wildfowl have the potential to disperse HPAI H5N1 over extensive distances, being able to perform movements of up to 2900 km within timeframes compatible with the duration of asymptomatic infection. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • However, the likelihood of such virus dispersal over long distances by individual wildfowl is low: we estimate that for an individual migratory bird there are, on average, only 5-15 days per year when infection could result in the dispersal of HPAI H5N1 virus over 500 km. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Our results provide a detailed quantitative assessment of the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 virus by selected migratory birds. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Since most infected animals either recover - or die unnoticed in the wilderness - we don't really have a good handle on how many birds and mammals have been infected, or killed, by HPAI H5Nx avian flu since it arrived in North America nearly two years ago. (flutrackers.com)
  • Once again, severe neurological symptoms were noted, which have been increasingly linked to HPAI H5 infections (see Cell: The Neuropathogenesis of HPAI H5Nx Viruses in Mammalian Species Including Humans ). (flutrackers.com)
  • We report and describe infections by HPAI H5N1 virus in 2 black bears (Ursus americanus) found in Quebec, Canada, during the summer of 2022. (flutrackers.com)
  • To provide guiding principles and minimum requirements for surveillance and diagnosis of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) that can be applied by countries and regional networks. (bvs.br)
  • The past decade has seen increasingly frequent and severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, as described in the Summary and Assessment. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Since the beginning of November 2014, nine outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) A(H5N8) in poultry have been detected in four European countries. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Romania and Bulgaria Report Bird Flu Romania and Bulgaria have reported outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza among poultry, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) said on Friday, as Europe faces a seasonal upturn in the deadly disease. (medscape.com)
  • Continued comprehensive surveillance of these viruses in wild birds, poultry, mammals, and people worldwide, and frequent reassessments are critical to determine the public health risk, along with ongoing preparedness efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • In the United States, USDA APHIS monitors for avian influenza viruses in wild, commercial, and backyard birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
  • Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
  • Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
  • In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • This observation indicates that this virus, which was first observed in migratory birds, is now well established in the nesting sites of colonial seabirds. (healthywildlife.ca)
  • Monitoring the mortalities associated with this virus in these populations of birds will allow us to better understand the potential effect of this virus on the dynamics of these populations. (healthywildlife.ca)
  • This virus caused the deaths of 20,000 domestic birds. (blogspot.com)
  • The isolated virus (clade 2.3.2.1c) was similar to that detected in wild and domestic birds in Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey during January−March 2015 ( 6 ). (blogspot.com)
  • AIV monitoring programmes in place for wild birds and poultry in these countries did not reveal presence of these viruses in either population. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Dr. King] We've all heard a lot in the news over the last few years about avian influenza in humans, poultry, and in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Infection in Red Foxes Fed Infected Bird Carcasses," the authors discuss that eating infected wild birds may put wild carnivores at risk for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza, caused by the H5N1 virus, remains primarily a disease of domestic birds. (who.int)
  • Although some countries severely affected by poultry outbreaks have controlled those outbreaks, the virus has become firmly entrenched in populations of domestic birds elsewhere. (who.int)
  • Bird flu, or avian flu, is a type of infection that occurs mainly in birds. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Influenza A H5N1 has killed millions of birds and raises serious public health concern because of its potential to spread to humans and cause a global pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) also known as bird flu is primarily a disease of birds that is caused by several types of influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • The highly pathogenic avian influenza is a highly contagious disease affecting wild birds and poultry with occasional infections in human. (who.int)
  • Transmission of H5N1 from infected birds to humans has been confirmed in Iraq, Egypt, Djibouti and Pakistan. (who.int)
  • As of April 26, 2022, about 33 million farmed birds have contracted the H5N1 bird flu virus, while almost 800 wild birds have been infected, as well. (greenmatters.com)
  • Researchers suspect the 2014 outbreak, which killed some 2,500 seals, began in western Sweden when one or more seals came into contact with infected birds or virus-laden bird droppings. (upi.com)
  • Staging at stopover sites during migration is typically longer than the period of infection and viral shedding, preventing birds from dispersing a virus over several consecutive but interrupted long-distance movements. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Intercontinental virus dispersion would therefore probably require relay transmission between a series of successively infected migratory birds. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Cross-neutralization test revealed that G2a H5N8 HPAIVs were antigenically distinct from a G2b H5N1 HPAIV, suggesting that antibody pressure in wild birds was involved in the transition of the HPAIV groups during the season. (flu.org.cn)
  • Tens of millions of birds died of influenza and hundreds of millions were culled to protect humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • These findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China played a central role in the generation and maintenance of H5N1 and that wild birds spread the virus across Asia, to the point where it is now endemic in the region-an ecological niche from which it now presents a long-term pandemic threat to humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • As concern has grown over the possible threat posed by the spread westwards of avian flu over recent weeks, bird nuisance control specialist, NBC Bird Solutions, reports that it has been contacted by a number of waste management personnel and concerned members of the public about the potential risk to them from birds - especially birds frequenting waste management sites. (edie.net)
  • DEFRA has a surveillance operation under way to monitor wild birds for any signs of the virus and, as Chief Vet Debby Reynolds stated on 8 November, "The risk to the UK can be described as an increased, but still low, likelihood of the imminent introduction of H5N1 to the UK. (edie.net)
  • This, in turn, increases the risk to the UK as it increases the opportunities for the introduction of the virus via various potential pathways (eg migrating birds, trade in live birds, movement of people). (edie.net)
  • The virus was detected mainly in areas that potentially provide for some contact between domestic and wild birds. (edie.net)
  • In poultry and wild birds, A(H5N1) and A(H5N6) subtypes were the most widely distributed, with outbreaks reported from 10 and eight countries and areas, respectively. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds and cause occasional outbreaks in domestic poultry and other animal species. (who.int)
  • As of September 2017, outbreaks associated with A(H5N1) viruses in domestic poultry and wild birds have occurred in more than 60 countries, and sporadic human infections with A(H5N1) viruses have been reported in 16 countries. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
  • A person has tested positive for avian influenza A(H5) virus (H5 bird flu) in the U.S., as confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and reported by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment on April 28, 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • This case occurred in a person who had direct exposure to poultry and who was involved in the culling (depopulating) of poultry with presumptive H5N1 bird flu. (cdc.gov)
  • Bird flu is a highly contagious and deadly viral disease that naturally spreads through wild aquatic. (yahoo.com)
  • Most bird flu viruses don't infect humans, but some strains - particularly H5N1 and H7N9 - can, in rare cases, spread to humans and cause serious illnesses. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Bird flu is transmitted to humans when these viruses, which are part of a group called avian influenza A viruses, travel from the saliva, mucus , or droppings of an infected bird into a person's eyes, nose, or mouth. (everydayhealth.com)
  • The symptoms of bird flu typically begin within two to five days after catching the virus. (everydayhealth.com)
  • There have been a few cases of H5N1 in humans who've eaten food made with raw, contaminated poultry blood, but there's no evidence that people have been infected with bird flu from eating properly cooked poultry. (everydayhealth.com)
  • To diagnose bird flu, a healthcare professional will take a swab from a person's nose or throat and send the sample to a lab, which can use a molecular test to detect the virus. (everydayhealth.com)
  • The average incubation period of bird flu H5N1 is two to five days, though it can last up to 17 days. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Bird flu in humans can be treated with antiviral drugs, which can hamper the viruses' ability to replicate and help people recover from the illness. (everydayhealth.com)
  • This does not mean, however, that a human version of H5N1 would have the same highly pathogenic characteristics of the strain which is essentially Avian or Bird Flu. (pravda.ru)
  • In 29 U.S. states, poultry farmers are dealing with incessant outbreaks of the avian bird flu. (greenmatters.com)
  • There have been human cases of the bird flu , and if the virus were to mutate, it could start to regularly affect human populations just like COVID-19 has. (greenmatters.com)
  • Poland, Major EU Poultry Producer, Reports Bird Flu Outbreak Poland, the European Union's largest poultry producer, has reported an outbreak of the highly contagious H5N1 bird flu virus among poultry in the northern part of the country. (medscape.com)
  • Norway Reports Bird Flu Outbreak in Backyard Poultry Norway has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, among poultry in the northern part of the country, the World Organisation for Animal Health said. (medscape.com)
  • Bird Flu Infects Commercial US Poultry Flock The US has detected its first case of avian flu on a commercial poultry farm since April, in a flock of 47,300 turkeys in Jerauld County, South Dakota, the US Department of Agriculture said. (medscape.com)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • This study aimed to characterise the identified virus and investigate possible sources of infection. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Viruses from cats were very similar to each other, indicating one common source of infection. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The purpose of this HAN Health Advisory is to notify public health workers, clinicians, and the public of the potential for human infection with this virus and to describe the CDC's recommendations for patient investigation and testing, infection control including the use of personal protective equipment, and antiviral treatment and prophylaxis. (cdc.gov)
  • Whether the detection of H5 virus in the original respiratory specimen is a result of transient surface contamination of the individual's nasal passages or represents infection, cannot be determined at this point. (cdc.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022. (bvsalud.org)
  • A preparedness plan for avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection was activated in Lebanon in 2016 after reported cases in poultry. (blogspot.com)
  • In 2015, outbreaks of infection with this virus were reported in the regions of the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Turkey, and Iran ( 6 ). (blogspot.com)
  • In addition, 6 outbreaks of infection with this virus were reported in Iraq during December 2015−February 2016 ( 6 ). (blogspot.com)
  • In Lebanon, no cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus were reported in poultry or humans before 2016. (blogspot.com)
  • So to determine whether foxes were susceptible to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, the investigators infected three foxes intratracheally. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. King] Another article, "Influenza Infection in Wild Raccoons," discusses this very issue. (cdc.gov)
  • Experimental infection studies show that raccoons infected with avian and human influenza A viruses could shed and transmit the virus to virus-free animals and then they would seroconvert. (cdc.gov)
  • The gold standard for confirming influenza virus infection is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture of nasopharyngeal or throat secretions. (medscape.com)
  • The cat, which lived near a duck farm affected by the virus, suffered severe neurological symptoms due to the viral infection and had to be euthanised. (anses.fr)
  • This is because simultaneous infection with an avian influenza virus and a human influenza virus could lead to the emergence of a new influenza virus that is potentially highly contagious to humans. (anses.fr)
  • Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and seasonal occurrence of influenza viruses in the Iraqi population presented with influenza-like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI)within2015-2017. (flu.org.cn)
  • In the present study, we presented the cases of infection by influenza A or B viruses. (flu.org.cn)
  • Cat viral sequences were highly similar (n = 21), suggesting a potential common infection source. (flu.org.cn)
  • Experimental infection studies reveal that some wild ducks, geese and swans shed this virus asymptomatically and hence have the potential to spread it as they move. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Several clinical observations point to an intricate crosstalk between iron (Fe) metabolism and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
  • RSV More Common in IBD All patients with IBD, regardless of age, may be at increased risk for contracting a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and, as such, may benefit from receiving an RSV vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • COVID Coronary Plaque Infection Confirms CV Risk Evidence showing the SARS-CoV-2 virus directly infects coronary atherosclerotic plaques, causing a persistent inflammatory response, may lead to new approaches for managing patients after infection. (medscape.com)
  • Since the first confirmed human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China) in 1997, sporadic zoonotic avian influenza viruses causing human illness have been identified globally with the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region as a hotspot. (who.int)
  • The pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses gained larger recognition in 1997 when the first known human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China). (who.int)
  • Oseltamivir and zanamivir are antiviral neuraminidase inhibitors that are used for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza A and B infection. (medscape.com)
  • Because of this, zanamivir was recommended as the initial choice for antiviral prophylaxis or treatment when influenza A infection or exposure was suspected. (medscape.com)
  • Marine mammals can also become infected with avian influenza strains (eg, H10N7 in harbor seals), with subsequent human infection reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • The purpose of the plan was early detection and containment of any influenza outbreak caused by this virus and to ensure good coordination between public health sectors and ministries (agriculture, health, interior, and environment), the national influenza center, and laboratories ( 7 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Belgium has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza , commonly called bird. (yahoo.com)
  • Nipah virus (NiV) was first isolated after an outbreak in Malaysia in 1999. (news-medical.net)
  • Oct. 7 (UPI) -- Scientists have identified the genetic mutations that allowed an avian flu strain to adapt to mammalian transmission, triggering an outbreak among European seals. (upi.com)
  • Because the strains isolated for the study were collected late in the 2014 outbreak, scientists suggest the mutations may have occurred after the virus was already spreading among seals. (upi.com)
  • The information available suggests that there is negligible direct risk to the UK from the suspected outbreak of avian influenza in Romania. (edie.net)
  • There also appears to be a negligible direct risk to the UK from the suspected outbreak of avian influenza in Turkey. (edie.net)
  • In early 2013, an extensive outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza in humans occurred in several provinces of southeastern China. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • The present WHO level of pandemic influenza alert, set in place in January 2004, remains at phase 3: a novel influenza virus is causing sporadic human cases, but is poorly adapted to humans. (who.int)
  • These findings further confirm that the H5N1 virus is at present poorly adapted to humans. (who.int)
  • Humans can become infected by breathing in the virus, which can survive in air droplets or dust, or touching a surface that's harboring the virus and transferring it to eyes, nose, or mouth. (everydayhealth.com)
  • So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
  • H5N1 has an average mortality rate of 58% in humans, making it a highly pathogenic disease. (pravda.ru)
  • However, Mr. Lubroth stated recently on UN Radio that "There is no indication that the new virus strain will behave differently than the previous one or that it is more dangerous to humans. (pravda.ru)
  • The reported signs and symptoms of avian influenza in humans have ranged from eye infections (conjunctivitis) to influenza-like illness symptoms (e.g., fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches) to severe respiratory illness (e.g. pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, viral pneumonia) sometimes accompanied by nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and neurologic changes. (pravda.ru)
  • Contamination of pets such as cats could make it easier for the virus to cross into humans. (anses.fr)
  • Not limited to poultry, the virus has also been shown to cross the species barrier infecting humans and felines, including domestic cats and tigers," a 2006 NLM report reads. (greenmatters.com)
  • Usually, these occasional introductions of avian influenza viruses in seals, like in humans, are 'dead ends' because the virus is not transmissible from one individual to another," first study author Sander Herfst said in a news release. (upi.com)
  • It is important to monitor and predict which of the various zoonotic viruses have the potential to emerge in humans and start outbreaks or even pandemics," said Herfst. (upi.com)
  • On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The chapter begins with a reconstruction of the descent of the virus that infected and killed humans in Thailand and Vietnam during the winter of 2003-2004 from the H5N1 virus first known to have infected humans (in Hong Kong in 1997). (nationalacademies.org)
  • A resurgence of A(H5N1) occurred in humans and animals in November 2003. (who.int)
  • 1 They do not normally infect humans, though certain subtypes, such as avian influenza A(H5), A(H7) and A(H9) have caused sporadic human infections. (who.int)
  • 7 In addition to A(H5N1), other novel zoonotic influenza viruses infecting humans have emerged, including A(H5N6), A(H7N9), A(H10N8), A(H6N1) and a novel A(H1N2) variant. (who.int)
  • Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, in 2003 and 2004, H5N1 infections in humans reappeared, and occasional cases continue to be reported, primarily in Asia and the Middle East. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
  • Regional and international tools and frameworks have been implemented to address the threat of pandemic influenza and other emerging diseases. (who.int)
  • EMRO) organized the first regional consultation of a team of experts on avian and pandemic influenza in Cairo, Egypt, from 3 to 7 June 2007. (who.int)
  • The specimen was forwarded to the Influenza Division of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for further testing, was received at CDC on April 27, 2022, and confirmed as influenza A(H5) virus using RT-PCR the same day. (cdc.gov)
  • The FDA has approved an influenza RT-PCR test developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that can provide results within 4 hours. (medscape.com)
  • Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the 2005-2006 influenza season, amantadine and rimantadine are no longer recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) because circulating strains of influenza virus have proved resistant. (medscape.com)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus has caused ≈1,000 human infections since the first case was reported in 1997 (overall case-fatality rate 54%) ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
  • 3) Eating undercooked poultry has also been associated with infections other than influenza, including salmonella (1). (everydayhealth.com)
  • Without this knowledge we can only apply a reactive rather than a pre-emptive approach to limit the impact of emerging virus infections, as is currently done for the COVID pandemic. (upi.com)
  • The importance of influenza viruses in respiratory infections in the Middle East, including Iraq, has been historically overlooked. (flu.org.cn)
  • Between November 2003 and September 2017, WHO received reports of 1838 human infections with avian influenza viruses A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H6N1), A(H7N9), A(H9N2) and A(H10N8) in the Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
  • Most of the infections were with A(H7N9) ( n = 1562, 85%) and A(H5N1) ( n = 238, 13%) viruses, and most ( n = 1583, 86%) were reported from December through April. (who.int)
  • Regional analyses of human infections with avian influenza subtypes revealed distinct epidemiologic patterns that varied across countries, age and time. (who.int)
  • 6 Thereafter, the number of countries reporting human infections with A(H5N1) virus increased, especially between 2003 and 2008. (who.int)
  • Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • But the H7N9 and H5N1 viruses have become resistant to the antiviral drugs amantadine (Gocovri) and rimantadine (Flumadine) . (everydayhealth.com)
  • By understanding how viruses like COVID-19 , as well as the H5N1 and H7N9 influenza strains, move from species to species, researchers and health officials can develop more informed strategies for preventing future zoonotic disease outbreaks. (upi.com)
  • Recurrent outbreaks of H5N1 HPAIV occurred in several Central European countries in 2007. (ox.ac.uk)
  • All viruses belonged to a separate subgroup (termed "EMA-3") within clade 2.2, and, thus, were distinct from two lineages of HPAIV H5N1 viruses (termed "EMA-1" and "EMA-2") present in the same geographic area in 2006. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Environmental water-derived G2a HPAIV, A/water/Tottori/NK1201-2/2021 (H5N8), has unique polymerase basic protein 1 and nucleoprotein genes, similar to those of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). (flu.org.cn)
  • In this report, similarities and differences between the modes of introduction of HPAIV A(H5N1) and A(H5N8) into Europe are described. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Experiences from outbreaks of A(H5N1) in Europe demonstrated that early detection to control HPAIV in poultry has proven pivotal to minimise the risk of zoonotic transmission and prevention of human cases. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Here, we performed a time-resolved phylogenetic analysis of 129 HA sequences representing all 1891 available H5N8 viruses collected from 2010 to 2020. (mdpi.com)
  • In the winter of 2021-2022, multiple subtypes (H5N8 and H5N1) of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were confirmed to be circulating simultaneously in Japan. (flu.org.cn)
  • Avian influenza overview March - April 2023. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • IDWeek 2023 Wastewater Signals Upswing in Flu, RSV Wastewater monitoring is an established tool for tracking COVID, and now new evidence shows it can be used alongside clinical testing to assess the burden of influenza and RSV in communities. (medscape.com)
  • This divergence underscores the difficulty of developing a predictably protective vaccine before the emergence of the actual pandemic virus. (who.int)
  • These data indicate that the pseudotype baculovirus-mediated vaccine could be utilized as an alternative strategy against the pandemic spread of H5N1 influenza virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Flu-COVID Shot Generates Strong Immune Response: Pfizer, BioNtech The companies said on Thursday that their vaccine to prevent flu and COVID-19 generated a strong immune response against strains of the viruses in an early- to mid-stage trial. (medscape.com)
  • Moderna Combo COVID-19/Flu Vaccine Effective in Early Trial Moderna on Wednesday said its combination vaccine to protect against both COVID-19 and influenza generated a strong immune response compared to individual shots for the viruses in an early-stage study. (medscape.com)
  • [ 74 ] The vaccine viruses recommended by the World Health Organization and the CDC for the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season are the same as those for the northern hemisphere 2013-2014 influenza season and 2014 southern hemisphere season. (medscape.com)
  • To test influenza virus types A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B, 1,359 throat and nasal swabs were collected from patients with ILI or SARI. (flu.org.cn)
  • I am applying these landscape genetics methods to the study of H5N1 influenza in Vietnam, H1N1 in China, malaria drug resistance in the Congo and HIV drug resistance in North Carolina. (uiowa.edu)
  • Similarly, during the 2009-2010 novel influenza A H1N1 pandemic, preliminary data from a limited number of states indicated a high prevalence of virus strains resistant to oseltamivir. (medscape.com)
  • In all such instances, the virus had multiple opportunities to spread into the general community or to infect unprotected health-care workers, but did not do so. (who.int)
  • As noted previously, the avian influenza virus can occasionally infect mammals due to genomic mutations. (anses.fr)
  • Scientists found most avian flu strains failed to infect the ferrets, but that seal-adapted strains were successfully transmitted via the air from ferret to ferret. (upi.com)
  • Domestic ducks that are in contact with wild waterfowl and poultry function as key intermediates in the transmission of avian influenza and therefore are included in vaccination programs. (usda.gov)
  • 2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
  • Kaoud, H. A., 'Effect of Disinfectants on the Recovery, Titer and Viral RNA of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1)', International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT), vol. 3, issue 3, pp. 307-311, 2013. (cu.edu.eg)
  • As influenza A viruses lack a "proof-reading" mechanism for DNA repair and fail to correct small errors that occur in viral replication, constant genetic mutation is a characteristic feature of all influenza A viruses, including H5N1. (who.int)
  • Among these siRNAs, PB2-2235 offered the highest inhibition of virus replication with 16-fold reduction in virus HA titer, 80% reduction in viral plaque counts and 94% inhibition in expression of specific RNA at 24 h. (ias.ac.in)
  • Using attenuated, live viruses as vaccines is a promising strategy to reduce the impact of viral infectious diseases, such as influenza. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Oseltamivir is an inhibitor of neuraminidase, which is a glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus that destroys the infected cell's receptor for viral hemagglutinin. (medscape.com)
  • By inhibiting viral neuraminidase, release of viruses from infected cells and viral spread are decreased. (medscape.com)
  • The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype CH (H5N1 A/Eurasian wigeon/Netherlands/3/2022-like). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, which is responsible of the ongoing epizootic in Europe . (bvsalud.org)
  • Avian influenza overview June - September 2022. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • On April 20, 2022, an adult in Colorado developed fatigue following exposure to presumptive H5N1 virus-infected poultry while participating in poultry depopulation activities during April 18-22, 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • A second respiratory specimen from the same patient was collected on April 26, 2022, and tested negative for influenza viruses on April 27, 2022, by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Laboratory Services. (cdc.gov)
  • Specimens from close contacts of the A(H5)-positive individual and persons who participated in depopulation activities at the same facility were collected on April 20, 2022, and tested negative for influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • ANSES, the national reference laboratory, confirmed the contamination of a cat by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in late 2022. (anses.fr)
  • According to 11alive , no dogs in the U.S. have been reported to contract the virus as of 2022. (greenmatters.com)
  • Although G2b viruses were widespread throughout the season, G2d viruses endemically circulated in Northeast Japan after January 2022. (flu.org.cn)
  • On April 20, 2016, the Lebanonese Ministry of Agriculture confirmed the presence of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus on 2 poultry farms in Nabi Chit village located in the Bekaa region, adjacent to the border of Lebanon with Syria. (blogspot.com)
  • It is back and the worse news is that a mutant strain has been detected of the H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus. (pravda.ru)
  • Also worrying is the mutant strain of the virus found in the People's Republic of China and parts of northern and central Vietnam. (pravda.ru)
  • This strain is known as H5N1 - 2.3.2.1. (pravda.ru)
  • I'm doing research on H5N1, which is a highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza. (u-tokyo.ac.jp)
  • The avian flu strain that killed roughly one-tenth of the seal population -- harbor seals, like the one pictured, and gray seals -- in northern Europe in 2014 has been identified by researchers, according to a new study. (upi.com)
  • In 2014, an avian flu strain spread rapidly among harbor and gray seals in northern Europe, killing roughly a tenth of the population. (upi.com)
  • Comparisons of avian flu strain genomes and mammal-adapted strains revealed changes to the genes responsible for the regulation of hemagglutinin, a protein on the surface of influenza viruses. (upi.com)
  • London (DEFRA) - Chief Veterinary Officer Nigel Gibbens has today confirmed that the strain of Avian Influenza found on the premises near Banbury in Oxfordshire is highly pathogenic H7N7. (animal-health-online.de)
  • London (aho) - Following further laboratory results, the Chief Veterinary Officer has confirmed that the strain of H7 Avian Influenza present in laying hens at the farm in Banbury (Oxfordshire) is highly pathogenic. (animal-health-online.de)
  • Springdale (aho) - Tyson Foods Inc., the second largest U.S. chicken producer, on Tuesday said that a flock of breeder hens (15,000 animals) at the farm of one of its contract poultry producers in northwest Arkansas has been exposed to a low pathogenic strain of avian influenza (AI). (animal-health-online.de)
  • London (DEFRA) - The Chief Veterinary Officer, Nigel Gibbens, has today confirmed Avian Influenza in chickens on premises near Banbury in Oxfordshire after preliminary tests were positive for the H7 strain. (animal-health-online.de)
  • The quadrivalent vaccines contain an additional influenza B strain. (medscape.com)
  • These individuals are being monitored for symptoms and additional respiratory specimens are being obtained and re-tested for influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Analysis of cellular receptors shows that raccoons have avian and human type receptors with a similar distribution as found in human respiratory tracts. (cdc.gov)
  • These tests may be offered as respiratory panels that provide information on the presence of other viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus. (medscape.com)
  • It is the only in vitro diagnostic test for influenza that is cleared by the FDA for use with lower respiratory tract specimens. (medscape.com)
  • Measles virus (MV) is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets. (news-medical.net)
  • Researchers found the mutations caused the virus to prefer to attach to mammal virus receptors in the respiratory tract, rather than to avian receptors. (upi.com)
  • Nowadays, with the pandemic of corona virus disease 2019, the importance of prevention from other respiratory diseases, such as seasonal influenza, can be a critical step in the health management system. (flu.org.cn)
  • Most wet markets do not trade in wild or exotic animals, [32] but some that do have been linked to outbreaks of zoonotic diseases including COVID-19 , H5N1 avian flu , severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and monkeypox . (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, further investigation and monitoring is required to prevent this novel reassortant virus from becoming a new threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Adlhoch C , Baldinelli F , Fusaro A , Terregino C . Avian influenza, a new threat to public health in Europe? (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The threat that a pandemic virus may emerge is serious and expected to persist. (who.int)
  • This could pose a serious threat to avian species of all kinds, including endangered ones. (greenmatters.com)
  • reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicated it was positive for influenza A virus but negative for contemporary seasonal human H1pdm09 and H3 influenza A virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)
  • 3) Both viruses have a longer incubation time than that of seasonal influenza. (everydayhealth.com)
  • In addition, professionals exposed to swine and avian influenza viruses are advised to get themselves vaccinated against seasonal flu. (anses.fr)
  • Aufi IM, Khudhair AM, Ghaeb Al-Saadi L, Almoneem A. Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of Seasonal Influenza Viruses in Iraq . (flu.org.cn)
  • Two for one: Repeated seasonal influenza vaccines also provide kids better protection against future flu pandemics, researchers find. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Vaccines against seasonal influenza are reformulated annually in order to contain the most recently circulating strains. (medscape.com)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • The potential exists for coinfection of multiple subtypes of influenza virus and with genetic reassortment and the creation of possible new strains of influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • In terms of implications for human health, one of the most significant evolutions has been the divergence of viruses into distinct genetic groups, sometimes called clades. (who.int)
  • The virus detected in this cat had genetic characteristics of adaptation to mammals. (anses.fr)
  • Genetic investigations carried out by ANSES confirmed that only the cat was a carrier of this mutant virus and that this mutation was not present, at this stage, in the ducks on the farm where contamination occurred. (anses.fr)
  • That's why I'm trying to isolate the genetic changes necessary for the virus to become more transmissible between people. (u-tokyo.ac.jp)
  • 2 Co-circulation of influenza A viruses in human and animal reservoirs in shared habitats provides opportunities for these viruses to reassort and acquire a genetic composition that could facilitate sustained human-to-human transmission with potential pandemic consequences. (who.int)
  • Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hong Kong (aho) - In light of the presence of H5N1 avian influenza virus in environmental samples taken from Po On Road Market in Sham Shui Po during regular surveillance earlier, the Government has adopted special measures promptly to protect public health, a spokesman for the Food and Health Bureau said today (June 9). (animal-health-online.de)
  • and T.M. Ellis, K. Dyrting, W. Wong, P. Li, and C. Li of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation of Hong Kong for their support of field work, and W. Lim, for virus isolates. (nationalacademies.org)
  • These foxes excreted virus pharyngeally for three to seven days, and they became ill with severe pneumonia, myocarditis, and even encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
  • avian influenza virus (H5N1) can excrete virus while remaining free of severe disease, thereby potentially playing a role in virus dispersal. (cdc.gov)
  • An early-onset, severe form of influenza A (H3N2) made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003. (nationalacademies.org)
  • A 53% case fatality has been reported among human cases of A(H5N1), which has been associated with severe pneumonia. (who.int)
  • Phylogeography models of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) suggest Ash Sharqiyah as the origin of virus spread, however the support is weak based on Kullback-Leibler values of 0.09 for HA and 0.01 for NA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Zanamivir and oseltamivir are members of a class of drugs termed neuraminidase inhibitors and are active against both influenza virus type A and type B. They are approved for both prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Almost all countries have now formulated preparedness plans for an influenza pandemic, many of which have been tested in national or regional exercises. (who.int)
  • Detection of A(H5) virus in one person who was involved in culling of poultry does not change the human health risk assessment, which remains low for the general public. (cdc.gov)
  • The effect of ESwab medium on influenza virus detection by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or virus propagation in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell culture was investigated. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Overall, at this stage, risk assessment indicates that the likelihood of further geographical spread or detection of the H5N1 virus is high. (edie.net)
  • This highlights uncertainty whether the virus may have already been present in many areas of the world at a very low level, either in non-commercial poultry or wild bird populations and escaped detection in the past. (edie.net)
  • Includes information on laboratory procedures for virus detection. (bvs.br)
  • The virus detected in the white stork presented one of those mutations (627K), which suggests that the virus that had spilled over to cats was already partially adapted to mammalian species. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The high mortalities documented so far suggest that these species have a high susceptibility to this virus. (healthywildlife.ca)
  • H5N1 viruses over long distances, thus further complicating efforts to eliminate the virus from avian species. (who.int)
  • Although vaccination has proven effective in protecting ducks against disease, different species of domestic ducks appear to respond differently to vaccination, and shedding of the virus may still occur in clinically healthy vaccinated populations. (usda.gov)
  • The fear among the scientific community is that it is a case of if and not when, the virus makes the species jump from bird to human or from bird to pig to human and then cause a worldwide pandemic. (pravda.ru)
  • Phylogeography is a field that focuses on the geographical lineages of species such as vertebrates or viruses [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Systematic studies are therefore required at international and national level to understand these routes, the species susceptibility, pathogenesis and ecology of the virus. (edie.net)
  • This science has been used to explore the evolutionary history of virus spread, including different subtypes of influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sampling influenza viruses with ESwab challenges influenza surveillance by strongly limiting the possibility of antigenic characterisation. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPol A from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Structures of human H3N2 and avian H5N1 FluPol A . (nature.com)
  • Atomic coordinates have been deposited in the PDB with accession codes 6QNW (H3N2 FluPol A ), 6QPF (H5N1 FluPol A ) and 6QPG (H3N2 FluPol A + Nb8205). (nature.com)
  • For Egypt, future work should focus on using data about vaccination and live bird markets in phylogeography models to study their impact on H5N1 diffusion within the country. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, this study was conducted to identify the periods with increased influenza transmission for vaccination recommendations in Iraq. (flu.org.cn)
  • This year, for the first time, healthcare professionals in France are invited to offer influenza vaccination to all children. (medscape.com)
  • Use of influenza-specific antiviral drugs for chemoprophylaxis or treatment of influenza is an important adjunct to vaccination, particularly for controlling outbreaks in closed populations. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, influenza surveillance systems in China have identified no sign of increased community transmission of this virus. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC, along with state and local health departments, is continuing epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance for influenza in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Local influenza surveillance data and laboratory testing can assist the physician regarding antiviral agent choice. (medscape.com)
  • It presents information on highly pathogenic avian influenza diagnosis and surveillance in Asia. (bvs.br)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • Phylogeography can highlight the drivers of H5N1 emergence and spread. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study suggests avian flu can regularly and repeatedly acquire mutations that make them more transmissible among mammals. (upi.com)
  • These findings suggest that the mutations the avian virus underwent once it took hold within the seal population have allowed it to become transmissible via the air between mammals. (upi.com)
  • The findings suggests influenza strains may regularly adopt mutations that enable spread among mammals, the researchers said. (upi.com)
  • In this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein was used as a vector to express the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, A/Chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (HB/327). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In-depth phylogenetic analyses which included full-length genomic sequences of the viruses involved were performed to elucidate possible origins of incursions and transmission pathways. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Regional and country-specific analyses are important as case fatality, demographic characteristics, seasonality and the clade or subclade of viruses have been observed to vary across regions. (who.int)
  • This conclusion takes into account the existing uncertainty, and the latest epidemiological developments which suggest that the H5N1 virus has been detected over broad geographic areas within a few months. (edie.net)
  • Nevertheless, the fact is that the emerging epidemiological evidence, although circumstantial so far, points to the virus continuing to be detected in dead migratory waterfowl and non-commercial domestic poultry in wider geographic regions since May 2005. (edie.net)
  • 10.1Global and regional epidemiological situation of avian influenza. (who.int)
  • The authors found antibodies to a variety of influenza subtypes, like H10N7, H4N6, H4N2, H3, and H1 viruses, these with wide geographic variation in seroprevalence. (cdc.gov)
  • Till date, the H5N1 virus has claimed 402 human lives, with a mortality rate of 58% and has caused the death or culling of millions of poultry since 2003. (ias.ac.in)
  • A laboratory diagnosis of influenza is established once specific cytopathic effect is observed or hemadsorption testing findings are positive. (medscape.com)
  • Experimental and field data indicate that raccoons may play an important role in influenza disease ecology and pose a risk to agriculture and human health. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the original human cases of H5N1 originated in Asia [ 1 ], much of the attention concerning the virus has been in Asian countries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a research emphasis, human-environment drivers of pathogenic evolution is situated in the emergent field of landscape genetics, which combines the spatial analytic techniques of landscape ecology and geography with the computational methods of population genetics. (uiowa.edu)
  • Then, even more alarmingly, 34 human cases of H5N1 avian influenza-a highly pathogenic flu that has ravaged poultry stocks in several Asian countries-were confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The diversity of these responses, and their resulting outcomes, offer important lessons for the control of future avian flu outbreaks-a key protection against a human pandemic. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed, and the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses remains low. (who.int)
  • Information from these notifications is critical to inform risk assessments for influenza at the human-animal interface. (who.int)
  • Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
  • Since the viruses continue to be detected in animals and environments, further human cases can be expected. (who.int)
  • The chapter continues with descriptions of the approach taken by two countries most severely affected by the H5N1 epidemic: Thailand and Vietnam. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Findings of standard laboratory studies, such as a complete blood count (CBC) and electrolyte levels, are nonspecific but helpful in the workup of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Further laboratory tests are in progress to identify the N type and possible relationships with previously identified viruses. (animal-health-online.de)
  • Ambiguities remained concerning the origin of the EMA-3 viruses from a region covering Southeast Germany and the Czech Republic as well as routes of spread to other European countries. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Nina Marano] Dr. King, can other mammals play a role in the maintenance and spread of influenza viruses in the environment? (cdc.gov)
  • Rarely, the virus also can spread from person to person. (everydayhealth.com)
  • More rarely, the virus has spread from person-to-person, but this type of transmission has been limited, and does not seem to happen easily. (everydayhealth.com)
  • and the FAO fears that the virus circulation in Vietnam could spread the virus to neighbouring countries - the two Koreas, Japan, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Malaysia while wild bird migration could spread the virus further afield. (pravda.ru)
  • At the moment, this virus doesn't spread from person to person easily. (u-tokyo.ac.jp)
  • The virus has spread worldwide due to the ecology of its vectors ( Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus ). (news-medical.net)
  • The highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has spread rapidly through the Eastern Mediterranean Region in 2006, with large epizootics reported in Iraq, Egypt, Jordan, occupied Palestine territories, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Djibouti and Sudan. (who.int)
  • Recent Avian Flu Outbreaks Worrying Pet Parents - Can It Spread to Dogs? (greenmatters.com)
  • While the greatest impact to date has been in the Western Cape, the virus is now continuing to spread primarily in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal. (usda.gov)
  • Potential spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wildfowl: dispersal ranges and rates determined from large-scale satellite telemetry. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Our approach of combining experimental exposure data and telemetry information provides an analytical framework for quantifying the risk of spread of avian-borne diseases. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • If these strains acquire the ability to spread efficiently from person to person, an influenza pandemic could result. (msdmanuals.com)
  • While the impact this emerging virus will have on northern gannet and common eider populations remains uncertain, this new cause of mortalities adds to the problems seen in recent years in several colonial bird populations. (healthywildlife.ca)
  • Although no cases have been reported in Syria, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is concerned about circulation of this virus because of extensive poultry production in Syria and the low biosecurity along its border with Iraq ( 6 ). (blogspot.com)
  • From 2010 to 2011, there have been some 800 registered cases, reaching countries which had been free of the virus for years. (pravda.ru)
  • Since 2005, Egypt has also reported thousands of avian cases [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It was clear that the influenza A virus was predominant over type B. In Iraq, influenza A and B viruses were found in a large percentage of ILI and SARI cases. (flu.org.cn)
  • At present, there have not been any suspected or confirmed cases of H5N1 avian flu reported in the UK or any EU member state. (edie.net)
  • 1,8 The Western Pacific Region has reported more than one quarter (238/860) of global A(H5N1) cases and is the second most affected region. (who.int)