Highly immunogenic antigens to immunogenic carrier proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

Antigens are recognized by antigen receptors, including antibodies and T-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
in some instances, however, antibodies may cross-react to bind more than one antigen. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies usually do not react with self-antigens due to negative selection of T cells in the thymus and B cells in the bone marrow. (wikipedia.org)
The diseases in which antibodies react with self antigens and damage the body's own cells are called autoimmune diseases. (wikipedia.org)
In 1899, Ladislas Deutsch (László Detre) named the hypothetical substances halfway between bacterial constituents and antibodies "antigenic or immunogenic substances" (French: substances immunogènes ou antigènes). (wikipedia.org)
But, by 1903, he understood that an antigen induces the production of immune bodies (antibodies) and wrote that the word antigen is a contraction of antisomatogen (Immunkörperbildner). (wikipedia.org)
Most antigens have the potential to be bound by multiple antibodies, each of which is specific to one of the antigen's epitopes. (wikipedia.org)
Immunoglobulin-binding protein - Proteins such as protein A, protein G, and protein L that are capable of binding to antibodies at positions outside of the antigen-binding site. (wikipedia.org)
While antigens are the "target" of antibodies, immunoglobulin-binding proteins "attack" antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
T-dependent antigen - Antigens that require the assistance of T cells to induce the formation of specific antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
The most promising approaches are based on antibodies specific for the relatively conserved ectodomain of matrix protein 2 and the intersubunit region of hemagglutinin. (cdc.gov)
While antibodies to the immunodominant, but highly variable, regions of HA and NA can provide potent virus strain-specific protection, the existence of weaker and more broadly protective immune activities directed to less variable regions of viral proteins has long been known ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
VLPs are highly immunogenic and can induce elevated titers of neutralizing antibodies, even without adjuvants, thanks to the maintenance of the native conformation of viral proteins presenting repetitive epitopes to the host immune system cells. (nature.com)
Current pneumococcal vaccines use the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides as antigens to generate serotype-specific antibodies, which facilitate serotype-specific clearance of pneumococci through opsonophagocytosis ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Cross-reaction was found between S. equina antigens and antibodies in the sera of Wuchereria bancrofti-infected patients, with the highest levels observed between sera of chronic infected patients and Setaria spp. (who.int)
Current, antibody-based diagnostical methods utilize antibodies against histamine raised by conjugating histamine to a large immunogenic protein carrier, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) or ovalbumin (OVA) via its primary amine group. (justia.com)
Consequently, only the imidazole will be exposed to lymphocytes, which commonly results in generation of antibodies that recognize protein-bound histamine with only limited affinity and sensitivity for free histamine. (justia.com)
For this purpose, we synthesized carcinogen-protein conjugates and prepared mono- and polyclonal antibodies to benzo[a]pyrene. (actanaturae.ru)
Relative titers of antibodies to individual polypeptide antigens of herpes simplex virus type 1 in human sera. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Samples are mixed with a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies (Step 1) and then incubated with the array membrane which is spotted in duplicate with capture antibodies to specific target proteins (Step 2) . (rndsystems.com)

Vaccines are examples of antigens in an immunogenic form, which are intentionally administered to a recipient to induce the memory function of the adaptive immune system towards antigens of the pathogen invading that recipient. (wikipedia.org)
Little is known about the antigens expressed in nascent tumour cells, whether they are sufficient to induce protective antitumour immune responses or whether their expression is modulated by the immune system. (nih.gov)
The compounds used to induce contact hypersensitivity are not immunogenic by them-selves. (brainkart.com)
Strategies, which have been designed to overcome this lack of immunogenicity in infants, include the linking of the polysaccharide to large immunogenic proteins, which provide bystander T-cell help and which induce immunological memory against the polysaccharide antigen to which it is conjugated. (allindianpatents.com)
Multimodal immunogenic cell death (ICD) together with autophagy often induced by OVs not only presents potent danger signals to dendritic cells but also efficiently cross-present tumor-associated antigens from cancer cells to dendritic cells to T cells to induce adaptive antitumor immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
Adjuvants are generally used with soluble protein antigens to increase antibody titers and induce a prolonged response with accompanying memory. (wikidoc.org)
Most complex protein antigens induce multiple B-cell clones during the immune response, thus, the response is polyclonal. (wikidoc.org)
Apx toxins are highly immunogenic and induce a strong antibody response following infection (12). (biosemiotics2013.org)
The inactivated vaccines consist of purified viral particle without or with only minor contaminants of NSP and thus induce antibody mainly against structural proteins of virus. (ncl.edu.tw)
In addition to mutated proteins, NSCLC can over-express a number of non-mutated proteins that can induce both humoral and cytotoxic T cell responses [ 10 ], and also have the potential to serve as tumor rejection antigens [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, because they induce a T cell independent B cell response, they are poorly immunogenic in young children, and in adults only induce relatively short term protection. (bmj.com)

Whole genome sequencing provides the ability to predict and derive novel antigens for use as vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
Specific characteristics of the four conjugate vaccines available for infants and children vary (e.g., the type of protein carrier, the size of the polysaccharide, and the chemical linkage between the polysaccharide and carrier) ( Table 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Although the assembled VLPs do not have S protein spikes, they could be developed as formulations that can improve the immunogenicity of vaccines including S antigens, and further could be used as platforms that can carry S antigens of concern for various mutations. (nature.com)
Over one hundred vaccines using varied approaches including protein subunit, viral vector, RNA, DNA, inactivated virus, attenuated virus, and virus like particles (VLPs) platforms are in clinical trials. (nature.com)
These protein subunits can assemble into virus particles without viral RNA genome in mammalian cells to study virus-cell entry 2 and to develop vaccines 3 . (nature.com)
This comprises of inactivated viruses, messenger RNA (mRNA), DNA vaccines, protein subunits, nonreplicating and replicating vector viral-like particles (VLP), and live attenuated vaccines. (springeropen.com)
The rapid emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus necessitated the development of vaccines targeting the spike protein in an unprecedented timeframe [ 20 ]. (springeropen.com)
Nowadays, growing scientific interest to DT is associated with possibility of its use in medicine as a carrier protein in conjugate vaccines, a component of immunotoxin drugs, and in anticancer therapy. (org.ua)
Conjugate vaccines in which polysaccharide antigens are covalently linked to carrier proteins belong to the most effective and safest vaccines against bacterial pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
After induction glycoconjugates generally appeared later than unglycosylated carrier protein, suggesting that glycosylation was the rate-limiting step for synthesis of conjugate vaccines in E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
These anti-viral vaccines are highly effective in curbing virus infections and onset of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
The mRNA vaccines can encode multiple antigens, strengthening the immune response against pathogens and enabling the targeting of multiple microbial variants [19] . (researchgate.net)
Selection of particles and proteins for use as human cytomegalovirus subunit vaccines. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Tumor-derived autophagosome vaccines (DRibbles) have the potential to broaden immune response to poorly immunogenic tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
This article reviews recent studies on mucosal immune responses induced by polysaccharide based vaccines and some protein vaccine antigens against several pathogenic nasopharyngeal bacteria, and discusses the mechanisms and functions of these immune responses that may help our understanding of mucosal immune responses to both immunisation and infection. (bmj.com)

Although the efficacy of adoptive transfer of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was examined over several decades, genetically engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) rapidly replaced the application of TILs due to their high specificity, non-MHC-restricted recognition of tumor antigen, superior potency, and improved in vivo persistency [ 9 , 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) endow T cells with antigen-specific recognition, activation, and proliferation independent of major histocompatibility complex ( 1 - 3 ). (snmjournals.org)
Genetic engineering of T cells greatly increases the scope and potency of T-cell therapy: T-cell receptor (TCR) transfer allows targeting of intracellular cancer antigens, whereas chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) allow targeting of surface cancer or lineage-specific antigens. (ashpublications.org)

Polysaccharides are T-independent antigens, and can not be processed or presented on MHC molecules to interact with T-cells. (allindianpatents.com)
a: oligosaccharyltransferase PglB, b: carrier protein with signal sequence for secretion to the periplasm, c: undecaprenyl-pyrophosphate-linked polysaccharides. (biomedcentral.com)

Diverse antigen receptors are made by cells of the immune system so that each cell has a specificity for a single antigen. (wikipedia.org)
We have previously shown that hemocyanins are internalized by APCs through receptor-mediated endocytosis with proteins that contain C-type lectin domains, such as mannose receptor (MR). However, the contribution of other innate immune receptors to the proinflammatory signaling pathway triggered by hemocyanins is unknown. (exeter.ac.uk)

A series of studies have revealed that exosomes-mediated intercellular transfer of proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of HCC, hypoxia and angiogenesis, chemotherapy sensitivity, and cell death mode and regulates the immune microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
Regardless of the type or the physiological or pathological state of the originating cell, exosomes share common features as enriched with nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
A film detection method for tritium-labeled proteins and nucleic acids in polyacrylamide gels. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Antigen-presenting cells present antigens in the form of peptides on histocompatibility molecules. (wikipedia.org)

These findings provide six novel immunogenic Shigella proteins that could serve as candidate vaccine antigens, species-specific carrier proteins, or targeted adjuvants. (biomedcentral.com)

Using the "lock and key" metaphor, the antigen can be seen as a string of keys (epitopes) each of which matches a different lock (antibody). (wikipedia.org)
Numerous antigen molecules can be conjugated to each KLH molecule to make them highly immunogenic and increase the likelihood of eliciting immunized animals to produce high-titer antisera to the epitopes of interest. (fishersci.com)
We have created a highly compact marker/suicide gene for T cells combining target epitopes from both CD34 and CD20 antigens (RQR8). (ashpublications.org)

Peptide synthesis: Antigen design and conjugate to an immunogenic carrier protein for immunization. (biologicscorp.com)
MASPpep-KLH is composed of a 20-mer peptide (DAENPGGEVFNDNKKGLSRV) found in some members of the mucin-associated surface protein (MASP) of T. cruzi trypomastigotes, coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin as carrier protein. (utep.edu)
By a pathway that has not been defined, the Langerhans cells of the epidermis take up the hapten carrier conjugates, and a sensitizing peptide is presented in association with MHC-II molecules. (brainkart.com)
Since the carrier protein is autologous, it would be expected that the sensitizing peptide contained the covalently associated sensitizing compound. (brainkart.com)
The obtained benzo[a]pyrene immunomimetic peptide could only simulate chemical carcinogens in the frame of the pIII protein. (actanaturae.ru)
As a result, we prepared a recombinant protein composed of the benzo[a]pyrene immunomimetic peptide and pIII-encoding sequences. (actanaturae.ru)

There are 90 known serotypes of pneumococci, and the capsule is the principle virulence determinant for pneumococci, as the capsule not only protects the iimer surface of the bacteria from complement, but is itself poorly immunogenic. (allindianpatents.com)
Immune responses to non-protein antigens are generally poorly or enhanced by adjuvants and there is no system memory. (wikidoc.org)

crude female worm surface antigen (CFSWA). (who.int)
These components are the Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide [polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP)] that is covalently bound to an outer membrane protein complex (OMPC) of Neisseria meningitidis and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from recombinant yeast cultures. (theodora.com)

it is dispersed over a relatively large number of parasite antigens. (wikipedia.org)
The parasite surface is heavily coated by glycoproteins such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored mucins (tGPI-mucins), which display highly immunogenic terminal nonreducing α-galactopyranosyl (α-Gal)-containing glycotopes that are entirely absent or cryptic in humans. (utep.edu)
Although glycoconjugates are the major parasite glycocalyx antigens, they remain completely unexplored as potential ChD biomarkers, and vaccine candidates. (utep.edu)
An antibody-protein array of putative immunogenic proteins was developed from a combined bioinformatic, experimental, and literature-based prioritization of homologous parasite proteins. (frontiersin.org)

Thermo Scientific™ Imject Maleimide-Activated mcKLH is sulfhydryl-reactive immunogenic mariculture keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) for hapten-carrier conjugation with cysteine-containing peptides and other thiolated antigens. (fishersci.com)

The presence of antigens in the body may trigger an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Immunodominant antigens - Antigens that dominate (over all others from a pathogen) in their ability to produce an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Adjuvants are used to improve or enhance an immune response to antigens. (wikidoc.org)
Conjugate vaccine technology, where a polysaccharide antigen is coupled chemically to a protein carrier, either by direct linkage or by indirect coupling via diamino spacer molecules, can render the PS specific immune response T cell dependent. (bmj.com)

A core genome analysis of Shigella species, pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli , led to the selection of 234 predicted immunogenic Shigella antigens. (biomedcentral.com)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease, which features a highly complex pathogenic cascade and involves the infiltration of mononuclear cells into the brain and spinal cord. (listlabs.com)
Due to the appearance of the highly virulent strain of E. coli of serotype O157:H7 in the US and Canada in the 1980's, and subsequently in other Latin American countries, there is an increase need for accurate testing for this and other pathogenic E. coli strains, substantially enhancing detection of virulent strains and, therefore, facilitating identification of sporadic E. coli infections and outbreaks. (eurekaselect.com)

This induces the B- lymphocytes to produce IgG immunoglobulins specific for the antigen. (wikidoc.org)
A 64,000 dalton matrix protein of human cytomegalovirus induces in vitro immune responses similar to those of whole viral antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Mollusk hemocyanins have biomedical uses as carriers/adjuvants and nonspecific immunostimulants with beneficial clinical outcomes by triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and driving immune responses toward type 1 T helper (Th1) polarization. (exeter.ac.uk)
We measured the levels of these cytokines in relation to eotaxin and eosinophil production of the Eosinophil Cationic Protein in nasal secretion (N-ECP). (laeknabladid.is)
Simultaneously detect the levels of these cytokines, chemokines, and acute phase proteins in a single sample. (rndsystems.com)

Perform hapten-carrier conjugation with cysteine-containing peptides and other thiolated antigens with this sulfhydryl-reactive mariculture KLH. (fishersci.com)
With DepoVax, the innovation is in the delivery formulation to present extended stimulation to the immune system to fight disease by mitigation degradation of antigens or synthetic peptides. (equities.com)

codon optimization and soluble protein expression available for antigen production. (biologicscorp.com)

Study therapy included two cycles of docetaxel 75 mg/m 2 on days 1 and 29 to treat the tumor, release hidden antigens and produce lymphopenia. (biomedcentral.com)
All 4 patients had evidence of specific antibody responses against potential tumor antigens. (biomedcentral.com)
This study was designed to test a novel immunotherapy strategy using a vaccine enriched for short-lived proteins (SLiPs) and defective ribosomal products (DRiPs) derived from autologous tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor cells were cultured in vitro with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, which stabilizes SLiPs and DRiPs, shunting proteins into the autophagy pathway [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Antigen affinity purification: obtain polyclonal antibody with high titer and specificity. (biologicscorp.com)
It has also been demonstrated that ELISAs utilizing different antigens or that are performed under different assay conditions may have conflicting results 17 alpha-propionate and cross-reactions between serovars and other bacterial species and this may be problematic (2 3 The test specificity greatly varies depending on the serologic assay performed. (biosemiotics2013.org)
The sensitivity and specificity of the indirect ELISA using baculovirus expressed 3AB protein as the antigen were 62.4% and 86.8-91.7%, respectively. (ncl.edu.tw)
The sensitivity and specificity of the double-sandwich blocking ELISA using E. coli expressed 3AB protein as the antigen were 94% and 98-100%, respectively. (ncl.edu.tw)

In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor. (wikipedia.org)

Subsequently, we show the efficacy of the T. cruzi immunodominant glycotope Galα3LN, covalently linked to a carrier protein (human serum albumin, HSA), as a prophylactic vaccine candidate in the acute model of ChD. (utep.edu)
The former encompasses the trisaccharide Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcα (Galα3LNα), an immunodominant glycotope found on the trypomastigote mucins, coupled to a maleimide-modified human serum albumin as carrier protein. (utep.edu)

Epitope - the distinct surface features of an antigen, its antigenic determinant. (wikipedia.org)
We also demonstrate that cancer immunoediting of d42m1 occurs via a T-cell-dependent immunoselection process that promotes outgrowth of pre-existing tumour cell clones lacking highly antigenic mutant spectrin-β2 and other potential strong antigens. (nih.gov)
These results demonstrate that the strong immunogenicity of an unedited tumour can be ascribed to expression of highly antigenic mutant proteins and show that outgrowth of tumour cells that lack these strong antigens via a T-cell-dependent immunoselection process represents one mechanism of cancer immunoediting. (nih.gov)
Prediction of protein antigenic determinants from amino acid sequences. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The transmission of these bacteria primarily between asymptomatic carriers is through droplet spread or contact with respiratory secretions. (bmj.com)

Most adjuvants provide for an injection site, antigen depot which allows for a slow release of antigen into draining lymph nodes. (wikidoc.org)

A common denominator of the sensitiz-ing compounds is the expression of reactive groups, such as Cl, F, Br, and SO 3 H, which en-able them to bind covalently to the carrier protein. (brainkart.com)

depending on the antigen and the type of the histocompatibility molecule, different types of T cells will be activated. (wikipedia.org)
It is believed that these compounds couple spontaneously to an endogenous carrier protein, and as a result of this coupling the small molecule will act as a hapten, while the endogenous protein will play the role of a carrier. (brainkart.com)

A central tenet of cancer immunoediting is that T-cell recognition of tumour antigens drives the immunological destruction or sculpting of a developing cancer. (nih.gov)
On the other hand, NFAT sensor can reliably detect T cell activation induced by antigen recognition in vivo. (listlabs.com)
This T cell reaction was most pronounced in the prodromal phase, and followed a 'first come - first served' rule for antigen recognition. (listlabs.com)

Upon exposure to an antigen, only the lymphocytes that recognize that antigen are activated and expanded, a process known as clonal selection. (wikipedia.org)
Polyclonal antibody (pAb) is obtained from different B-lymphocytes after reaction with corresponding antigens. (biologicscorp.com)
A unique feature of delayed hypersensitivity is that T lymphocytes are mostly involved in the antihapten response, while in most experimentally induced hapten-carrier responses the hapten is recognized by B lymphocytes. (brainkart.com)

Here, using massively parallel sequencing, we characterize expressed mutations in highly immunogenic methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas derived from immunodeficient Rag2(-/-) mice that phenotypically resemble nascent primary tumour cells. (nih.gov)
However, the appearance of an Omicron variant with 32 mutations in its spike protein raises questions about the vaccine's efficacy. (springeropen.com)
The problem is made even worse by the Omicron variant, which has 32 mutations in its spike protein. (springeropen.com)

The reaction between an antigen and an antibody is called the antigen-antibody reaction. (wikipedia.org)
In other words, this type of hypersensitivity reaction is due to the activation of specifically sensitized T lym-phocytes rather than to an antigen-antibody reaction. (brainkart.com)
Intradermal injection of tuberculin or purified protein derivative (PPD) into an individual that has been previously sensitized (by exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or by BCG vaccination) is followed, 24 hours after the injection, by a skin reaction at the site of injec-tion characterized by redness and induration. (brainkart.com)
The ini-tial application leads to sensitization, a second application will elicit a delayed hypersensi-tivity reaction in the area where the antigen is applied. (brainkart.com)
In the presence of active S. equina infection, antigens from the adult and microfilaraemic stages showed the highest degree of cross-reaction with human sera. (who.int)

Researchers now understand how to leverage the strong safety profile of RNA as an easily metabolized transient carrier of genetic information instructing the body's immune system to produce proteins to deal with pathogens or damaged cells. (equities.com)
Nanovaccines can improve antigen presentation, targeted delivery, stimulation of the body's innate immune system, and a strong T-cell response without putting people at risk. (researchgate.net)

The potential role of outer membrane proteins as virulence factors remains to be elucidated (6). (biosemiotics2013.org)
Several protein carriers have been used including tetanus toxoid (TT), diphtheria toxoid, mutant diphtheria toxin (CRM197), and the outer membrane protein of N meningitidis . (bmj.com)

It is well documented that oxidative damage of protein and DNA presents unique neoepitopes, which is one of the factors in antigen-driven autoimmune response in various diseases (Scofield et al . (scialert.net)

They are a mixture of immunoglobulin molecules secreted against a specific antigen , each recognising a different epitope . (wikidoc.org)

This single-chain 535 amino acid long protein causes the symptoms of acute diphtheria infection. (org.ua)

These antigens were expressed and probed with acute and convalescent serum from microbiologically confirmed Shigella infections. (biomedcentral.com)
HLA- em DRB1 /em genotypes, high disease activity, high disability scores, and high levels of acute phase proteins [2]. (exposed-skin-care.net)

The hepatitis viruses include a range of unrelated and often highly unusual human pathogens. (medmuv.com)

Using a reverse vaccinology approach, where genomic analysis informed the Shigella immunome via an antigen microarray, we aimed to identify novel immunogenic Shigella antigens. (biomedcentral.com)
Plasma samples were probed on protein microarray to obtain antibody response profiles from the same individuals. (biomedcentral.com)

Proteins that activated immunity are potential antigens for immunization and the multi-omics phylum-spanning prioritization database that was created is a valuable resource for identifying target proteins in a wide array of different parasitic nematodes. (frontiersin.org)

Here, we demonstrate that non-infectious SARS-CoV-2 VLPs can be successfully assembled by co-expressing three important viral proteins membrane (M), envelop (E) and nucleocapsid (N) in plants. (nature.com)

A bivalent meningococcal polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccine that provides protection against meningococcal serogroups C and Y along with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (Hib-MenCY-TT [MenHibrix, manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium]) is licensed for use in children aged 6 weeks through 18 months. (cdc.gov)

Such antigens by themselves are generally poor immunogens. (wikidoc.org)

Superantigen - A class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells, resulting in polyclonal T-cell activation and massive cytokine release. (wikipedia.org)
T-independent antigen - Antigens that stimulate B cells directly. (wikipedia.org)
The virus uses the spike protein to target epithelial cells by binding to the ACE2 receptor on the host cells. (springeropen.com)
Glycoconjugate synthesis, in particular expression of oligosaccharyltransferase PglB, strongly inhibited growth of E. coli cells after induction, making it necessary to separate biomass growth and recombinant protein expression phases. (biomedcentral.com)
TLR4, but Neither Dectin-1 nor Dectin-2, Participates in the Mollusk Hemocyanin-Induced Proinflammatory Effects in Antigen-Presenting Cells from Mammals. (exeter.ac.uk)
During T cell maturation in the spleen, both myelin basic protein (MBP) specific encephalitogenic and OVA specific control T cells displayed similarly low frequent and short-lasting calcium signaling. (listlabs.com)
T cells presented longer-lasting elevated calcium levels (>2 min) after contacting local antigen presenting (APC) cells, whereas OVA specific T cells presented only short calcium spikes. (listlabs.com)
Each APC displayed different potential to stimulate T cells likely due to the limited availability of immunogenic myelin proteins. (listlabs.com)
Research endeavors over the past several decades have identified various types of cells as suitable living drugs and versatile drug carriers. (biomedcentral.com)
The HBsAg protein is released from the yeast cells by mechanical cell disruption and detergent extraction, and purified by a series of physical and chemical methods, which includes ion and hydrophobic chromatography, and diafiltration. (theodora.com)
There remains an urgent need for the noninvasive tracking of transfused chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells to determine their biodistribution, viability, expansion, and antitumor functionality. (snmjournals.org)
DAbR1 was subcloned together with green fluorescent protein into an SFG-retroviral vector and used to transduce CD3/CD28-activated primary human T cells and second-generation 1928z (CAR) T cells. (snmjournals.org)
Expression of neoantigens alone is insufficient without cross-presentation by antigen presenting cells in the appropriate cytokine milieu. (biomedcentral.com)
Other vaccinations include instructions for your cells to produce a germ protein. (verifiedmarketresearch.com)
With the help of T cell derived factors, the antigen specific B cells produce a much enhanced antibody response. (bmj.com)

It was found that efficiency of glycosylation but not carrier protein expression was highly susceptible to the physiological state at induction. (biomedcentral.com)
Significant structural features of hemocyanins as a model antigen are their glycosylation patterns. (exeter.ac.uk)

Using class I prediction algorithms, we identify mutant spectrin-β2 as a potential rejection antigen of the d42m1 sarcoma and validate this prediction by conventional antigen expression cloning and detection. (nih.gov)

Here, we used a genomics/proteomics approach (including immunoblot experiments from pigs infected with T. suis ) to prioritize putative immunogenic excretory/secretory (E/S) proteins conserved across and specific to several gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic nematode species. (frontiersin.org)
On the other hand, DT represents a very interesting molecular machine which allows using this protein in different bioengineering applications, such as ablation of certain cell types in transgenic mice, development of immunotoxins targeted for specific cell markers and also for delivery of certain proteins into the cytosol. (org.ua)
What results from the preceding steps is extended uptake and protracted exposure to the antigen or adjuvant combination to the immune system, eliciting a rapid, robust and sustained response to attack specific targets. (equities.com)

In 1937, Creech and Franks first synthesized conjugates of carcinogens with high-molecular carriers - blood serum proteins. (actanaturae.ru)

Des préparations d'antigènes bruts de Setaria equina ont été utilisées dans le cadre des méthodes ELISA et transfert Western afin d'étudier la réaction croisée avec des sérums humains en provenance de zones endémiques pour la filariose de Bancroft. (who.int)
Using ELISA, we demonstrated that the recombinant protein specifically interacts with the anti-benzo[a]pyrene monoclonal antibody (mAB B2). (actanaturae.ru)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were then established using the purified 3A and 3AB antigens. (ncl.edu.tw)

INTRODUCTION is the causative agent of pleuropneumonia a Rabbit Polyclonal to Epo-R. highly contagious disease in pigs that is responsible for substantial economic losses in global swine production systems (1). (biosemiotics2013.org)

SARS-CoV-2 is composed of four essential structural proteins: the spike (S) glycoprotein, membrane (M) protein, envelope (E) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, as well as multiple accessory and non-structural proteins 1 . (nature.com)
RdRp is involved in viral genome replication and structural protein translation [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
Non-structural proteins (NSP) are produced during viral replication. (ncl.edu.tw)

Six antigens (FepA, EmrK, FhuA, MdtA, NlpB, and CjrA) were identified in in vivo testing as capable of producing binding IgG and complement-mediated bactericidal antibody. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy3

Organisms4

Chemicals and Drugs87

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes19

Information Science3

Health Care2

Antibodies20

Induce11

Vaccines15

Chimeric antigen receptors3

Polysaccharides2

Receptors2

Nucleic acids3

Present antigens1

Vaccine antigens1

Epitopes3

Peptide6

Poorly2

Surface antigen2

Parasite4

Keyhole limpet hem1

Immune response4

Pathogenic3

Induces2

Cytokines3

Peptides2

Soluble protein1

Tumor4

Specificity4

Immunology1

Immunodominant2

Antigenic4

Bacteria1

Adjuvants1

Covalently1

Molecule2

Recognition3

Lymphocytes3

Mutations3

Reaction5

Body's2

Outer membrane2

Autoimmune1

Epitope1

Amino1

Acute2

Hepatitis1

Microarray2

Immunization1

Viral proteins1

Polysaccharide-protein conjugate1

Immunogens1

Cells15

Glycosylation2

Rejection1

Specific3

Conjugates1

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Polyclonal1

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Vivo1