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ras ProteinsMonomeric GTP-Binding ProteinsGenes, rasras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factorsrho GTP-Binding ProteinsGTP Phosphohydrolasescdc42 GTP-Binding Proteinrac GTP-Binding ProteinsSignal Transductionrac1 GTP-Binding ProteinProto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)Molecular Sequence DataAmino Acid Sequencerab GTP-Binding ProteinsrhoA GTP-Binding ProteinGTPase-Activating ProteinsGuanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsOncogene Protein p21(ras)ras GTPase-Activating Proteinsral GTP-Binding ProteinsGTP-Binding Proteinsrab5 GTP-Binding ProteinsGuanosine Triphosphatep21-Activated KinasesADP-Ribosylation Factorsrap GTP-Binding ProteinsCytoskeletonProtein PrenylationActinsGuanine Nucleotide Dissociation InhibitorsGuanosine Diphosphaterap1 GTP-Binding ProteinsProtein Structure, TertiaryProtein BindingSequence Homology, Amino AcidEnzyme ActivationRho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsMutationrab4 GTP-Binding ProteinsProtein TransportCell MovementCell LineADP-Ribosylation Factor 1Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rafrhoB GTP-Binding ProteinCOS CellsPhylogenySequence Alignment3T3 CellsRecombinant Fusion Proteinsrho-Specific Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation InhibitorsPrenylationTransfectionProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesPseudopodiaCell PolarityBase Sequencerab1 GTP-Binding ProteinsCell MembraneModels, BiologicalCell Adhesion
GTPaseSuperfamily of smallExtracellular signalsEvolutionarilyMonomericHomologResiduesProteinGuanineProteins actOncogeneEffectorsRegulatePathwaysIntracellularMolecular switchesCytoskeletonEffectorSignalsEpithelial cellsPhagocytosisHydrolysisEukaryoticKinaseHomologyCdc42IsoformsDistinctReceptorsActinVesicleCloselyMoleculesMotilityMechanismsProgressionGeneRepresentsFamily of smallReceptorInactiveStructureDomainMembersImportant
GTPase15
  • The Rab11b monomer exhibits a typical Ras-like, small GTPase fold with a six stranded β-sheet core (β1-β6) surrounded by five major α-helices (α1-α5) and one minor α-helix (α6). (wikipedia.org)
  • Many, but not all, of these effectors contain a conserved 18 amino-acid binding motif that has been termed CRIB (Cdc42-Rac interactive binding), PBD (p21-binding domain) or GBD (GTPase-binding domain) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the GTPase switch of Rab proteins is highly conserved, functional mechanisms may be highly diversified among members of the Rab family. (embl.de)
  • Ras superfamily GTPase activation and inactivation occur by canonical nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis mechanisms. (elifesciences.org)
  • Despite conservation of active-site residues, the Ras-related Rab GTPase activation pathway differs from Ras and between different Rabs. (elifesciences.org)
  • GTPase activator proteins towards Rho/Rac/Cdc42-like small GTPases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The active conformation is promoted by guanine-nucleotide exchange factors, and the inactive state by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) which stimulate the intrinsic GTPase activity of small G proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • This gene is highly expressed in fetal brain and encodes a protein of relative molecular mass 91K, named oligophrenin-1, which contains a domain typical of a Rho-GTPase-activating protein (rhoGAP). (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • By enhancing their GTPase activity, GAP proteins inactivate small Rho and Ras proteins, so inactivation of rhoGAP proteins might cause constitutive activation of their GTPase targets. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Our results demonstrate an association between cognitive impairment and a defect in a signalling pathway that depends on a Ras-like GTPase. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Biochemical data have established the role of the conserved DH domain in Rho GTPase interaction and activation, and the role of the tandem PH domain in intracellular targeting and/or regulation of DH domain function. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • A common theme of these processes is a dynamic reorganization of actin cytoskeleton which has now emerged as a major switch control mainly carried out by Rho and Rac GTPase subfamilies, playing an acknowledged role in adaptation of cell motility to the microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A structural feature that distinguishes the Rho proteins from other small GTPases is the so-called Rho insert domain located between a β strand and an α helix within the small GTPase domain [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Within their GTPase domains, they share approximately 30% amino acid identity with the Ras proteins and 40-95% identity within the family. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two factors concur to determine specific Rho GTPase function: tissue specificity of GTPase effectors and distinct intracellular localizations of closely related Rho GTPases, due to different lipid modifications [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Superfamily of small1
  • Rab (Ras-related in brain) proteins form the largest section of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. (wikipedia.org)
Extracellular signals4
  • Cdc42 and Rac - ancient, highly conserved, small GTPases - mediate extracellular signals, triggering changes in transcription and in the actin cytoskeleton. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RAS family proteins mediate extracellular signals, transduced through their receptors, with multiple signaling pathways, and consequently regulate a wide array of cellular processes [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Rho GTPases are key integrating molecules from different extracellular signals, as they can be activated by different GEFs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Small GTPases function as binary molecular switches, transmitting extracellular signals to an intracellular environment [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Evolutionarily5
  • Although dozens of proteins act downstream of these GTPases, a comparison of effector proteins from evolutionarily diverse organisms suggests that six groups of proteins serve as the core machinery for signaling from Cdc42 and Rac. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation pathway involving the digestion of intracellular components via the lysosomal pathway. (mdpi.com)
  • It does not share significant sequence homology with other subtypes of small G-protein GEF motifs such as the Cdc25 domain and the Sec7 domain, which specifically interact with Ras and ARF family small GTPases, respectively, nor with other Rho protein interactive motifs, indicating that the Dbl family proteins are evolutionarily unique. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Collectively, this study provides the first evidence that transient levels of the evolutionarily conserved factor RACK1 are critical for adult SC activation and proper skeletal muscle regeneration, favoring the efficient progression of SC from a committed to a fully differentiated state. (sdbonline.org)
  • Although the basic process of reactive astrocytosis is evolutionarily conserved and accompanies all forms of neural injuries, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the reactive astrocytosis processes are presently far from clear. (jneurosci.org)
Monomeric4
  • In cellular signaling, the monomeric small GTPases (small G proteins) are known to play an important role in diverse molecular processes. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The Rasd1 protein is a dexamethasone induced monomeric Ras-like G protein that oscillates in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study tested this hypothesis by determining the effect of the PCAIs on the levels of RAS and related monomeric G-proteins. (oncotarget.com)
  • Small G-proteins, monomeric GTPases, or the RAS (Rat sarcoma) superfamily are a large family of small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins with molecular weights ranging from 20 to 30 kDa [ 1 , 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Homolog1
  • RAS family proteins include 23 genes coding for at least 25 proteins that are divided into eight paralog groups based on sequence identity, structure, and function: RAS, RAS-like (RAL), RAS-related protein (R-RAS), RAS-like protein in tissues (RIT), RAS-related protein Rap (RAP), RAS homolog enriched in brain (RHEB), Dexamethasone-induced RAS-related protein (RASD), and GTP-binding protein Di-RAS (DIRAS) [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Residues3
  • Conserved active-site residues in the Rab switch II region stabilising the nucleotide-free form differentiate these pathways. (elifesciences.org)
  • Residues conserved across the rhoGAP family are largely confined to one face of this bundle, which may be an interaction site for target G proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • These proteins share a core structure, the conserved G-box (GDP/GTP) binding domain, of approximately 170 residues [ 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Protein9
  • Ras-related protein Rab-11B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB11B gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ras-related ypt protein is an ubiquitous eukaryotic protein: isolation and sequence analysis of mouse cDNA clones highly homologous to the yeast YPT1 gene. (embl.de)
  • Amino acid sequences typical for guanine nucleotide-binding proteins and characteristic for ypt proteins are perfectly conserved in the mouse ypt1 protein. (embl.de)
  • Recently, we focused on the role of RAS protein in the ovarian corpus luteum. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • RAS protein plays a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by molecular pathway signaling. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Thus, we have reviewed the role of RAS protein related to the biological events of the corpus luteum in the ovary. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The small-G-protein family consists of numerous proteins with varying degrees of homology, one of which is a guanosine nucleotide-binding protein (RAS) [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
  • ELAC1 has been in the use and may as define as an RNase Z. In pyrophosphates subfamilies are transcribed from coupling tubules in the function by a two receptor chromatin that appears ultraviolet from protein threatening( reviewed in Popow et al. (evakoch.com)
Guanine4
  • Individual transport steps are regulated by Ras-like guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, termed Ypt in yeast or Rab in mammals. (embl.de)
  • Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho/Rac/Cdc42-like GTPases Also called Dbl-homologous (DH) domain. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Guanine nucleotide exchange factors ("GEFs") stimulate the dissociation of the GTP hydrolytic product, GDP, from small GTP-binding proteins, to promote the binding of a new GTP molecule. (justia.com)
  • The exchange of GDP to GTP and thus the activation of Rho GTPases is catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which act downstream of numerous growth factor receptors, integrins, cytokine receptors, and cadherins. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins act2
Oncogene2
  • Organisms amenable to easy genetic analysis should prove helpful in assessing the function of at least those proto-oncogene products which are highly conserved in different eukaryotic cells. (embl.de)
  • DRAM2 acts as an oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer and suppresses the expression of p53. (cancerindex.org)
Effectors4
  • In an effort to understand the fundamental signaling elements, or 'core machinery', required for the function of these GTPases, we describe here the conservation and functional similarities of Cdc42 and Rac effectors in five different species: plant, yeast, fruit fly, roundworm and human. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When GTP is bound, for instance, Ras proteins can interact with effectors and other molecules to affect cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. (justia.com)
  • Among other members, we will focus our attention on the Rac and Rho subfamilies, as they are the main effectors of cell motility. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In turn, GTP-bound active GTPases can interact with a plethora of different effectors which mediate the different cellular functions of this family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulate4
  • The Rho family GTPases Rho, Rac and CDC42 regulate a diverse array of cellular processes. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Additionally, reproductive hormones regulate RAS activity in the cellular physiological function of ovarian follicles during pre-ovulatory maturation and ovulation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The superfamily is classified into five subfamilies based on the cellular processes that they regulate [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • EMT is an embryologically conserved genetic program by which epithelial cells down regulate intercellular tight junctions, loose polarity, express mesenchymal markers, and manifest a migratory phenotype [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
Pathways3
  • The ovarian cycle is a highly orchestrated, and complex developmental process that depends on functional interactions and critical signaling pathways that communicate between the ovarian microenvironment elements, including the oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells, and surrounding stromal components, including vascular and immune cells [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • RAS family proteins play a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by signaling through a set of molecular pathways [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Many of these pathways are highly conserved, and 53 distinct kinase functions and subfamilies appear to have been conserved between yeasts, nematodes, insects and vertebrates, with a further 91 subfamilies of kinases being seen throughout metazoan genomes. (wormbook.org)
Intracellular1
  • Intracellular bacteria Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis that replicate in membrane bound compartments hijack the trafficking machinery recruiting Rab GTPases to promote their replication within the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular switches2
  • This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. (cancerindex.org)
  • Rho GTPases work as sensitive molecular switches existing either in an inactive, GDP-bound form or an active GTP-bound form. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytoskeleton3
Effector1
  • RipE1 is an effector conserved across the RSSC and triggers immune responses in the model solanaceous plant Nicotiana benthamiana. (bvsalud.org)
Signals2
  • RAS family proteins are membrane-associated, small GTPases that have the function of transmitting a multitude of cellular signals [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Therefore, FAs are highly dynamic, and their number, size, and distribution can rapidly change in response to internal or external signals. (life-science-alliance.org)
Epithelial cells1
  • This subfamily also acts in polarized transport in epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
Phagocytosis2
  • Members of the Rab11 subfamily act in recycling of proteins from the endosomes to the plasma membrane, in transport of molecules from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane and in phagocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phagocytosis is an ancient, highly conserved process in all multicellular organisms, through which the host can protect itself against invading microorganisms and environmental particles, as well as remove self-apoptotic cells/cell debris to maintain tissue homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
Hydrolysis2
  • According to the sequence similarity to other Rab GTPases can be assumed that they show closely resembling characteristics in nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, Rab11 isoforms could differ in hydrolysis kinetics owing to the differences in conformation, since Rab11a and Rab11b do not show an α-helical switch 2 region like other Rab GTPases. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic2
  • This broad distribution across widely divergent eukaryotic species suggests that Cdc42 and Rac GTPases have an ancient origin, perhaps even predating that of their cousin Ras. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vesicular transport: how many Ypt/Rab-GTPases make a eukaryotic cell? (embl.de)
Kinase4
  • A further 91 subfamilies were found in all three metazoan kinomes, including the tyrosine kinase (TK) group and the TKL group, which mediate much of the complexity of intercellular signal transduction. (wormbook.org)
  • The gain and loss of kinase functions and subfamilies in each evolutionary lineage is also seen. (wormbook.org)
  • Distribution of 212 kinase subfamilies throughout four kinomes: the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans , the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and human. (wormbook.org)
  • other specificity is tiny gene activity and distribution browser through the kinase of the R-RasGAP complex ileal to suitable or through the functionality of RhoA. (evakoch.com)
Homology1
  • They are small (21-25 kDa) molecules that share structural homology and become activated only when bound to GTP. (biomedcentral.com)
Cdc422
  • The basic signaling properties of two major subgroups of Rho GTPases - the Cdc42 and Rac subfamilies - are highly conserved amongst all eukaryotes, but the means by which they act are not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Rho subfamily is divided in three main subgroups - Cdc42, Rac, and Rho - examples of which are represented in all eukaryotes from plants to man. (biomedcentral.com)
Isoforms2
  • The isoforms Rab11a, Rab11b, and Rab11c/Rab25 constitute the Rab11 subfamily based on specific sequence motifs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The paralog group of RAS proteins is composed of four isoforms (H-RAS, N-RAS, K-RAS4A, and K-RAS4B) that are encoded by three genes, H-RAS , N-RAS , and K-RAS [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Distinct1
  • Since kinases perform such a variety of distinct basic cellular functions, it is not surprising to see that 53 subfamilies and functions are present in all four kinomes ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
Receptors1
  • Cell membranes are highly enriched in signaling receptors, transmembrane mechanosensors, pumps and channels, and, depending on their makeup, can recruit and retain a pool of mechanosensors important in the field of mechanobiology. (mechanobio.info)
Actin1
  • In all systems, these GTPases are best known for their effects on the polymerization and distribution of actin in the cell cortex [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Vesicle1
  • Rab GTPases are implicated in vesicle trafficking. (embl.de)
Closely1
  • These findings highlight plasticity in the activation mechanisms of closely related Rab GTPases. (elifesciences.org)
Molecules1
  • Lipocalin 2 (lcn2) is a member of the lipocalin family that binds to small hydrophobic molecules. (jneurosci.org)
Motility1
  • This review will focus on the role of Rac and Rho small GTPases in cell motility and in the complex relationship driving the reciprocal control between Rac and Rho granting for the opportunistic motile behaviour of aggressive cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanisms1
  • However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the autoregulatory apoptosis of glia and the termination of neuroinflammation. (jneurosci.org)
Progression1
  • In addition we analyse the role of these GTPases in cancer progression and metastatic dissemination. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene1
  • More recently, small interfering RNAs are effective in inducing endogenous RNase of the RNA-induced silencing complex in the RNA interference pathway to inhibit gene expression and growth of several human viruses (5,10,11). (azd1152.com)
Represents2
  • This activity is strongly conserved and probably represents a primordial function of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This EngA2 subfamily CD represents the second. (systemsbiology.net)
Family of small1
  • The Rab family of small GTP-binding proteins has long been implicated in the docking and fusion of transport vesicles with their target membranes. (embl.de)
Receptor1
  • However, despite growing biological and clinical significance, little is known about the structural arrangement of this receptor or any of its family members. (uci.edu)
Inactive1
  • Like all members of the Ras superfamily, the Rho proteins cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformational states. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Structure3
  • All Ras GTPases consist of a similar core structure and highly conserved P-loop, switch 1 and switch 2 regions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Rab subfamily of proteins is part of the large Ras superfamily, and all members of this superfamily are activated and inactivated in a similar way, with the binding and unbinding of GDP and GTP taking place at a structure called the G-domain. (elifesciences.org)
  • The fact that the detailed structure of this domain (at the level of individual amino acids) has been conserved over evolution is often taken as an indication that its mechanism has also been conserved. (elifesciences.org)
Domain2
  • The DH domain is composed of three structurally conserved regions separated by more variable regions. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The DH domain is composed of 11 alpha helices that are folded into a flattened, elongated alpha-helix bundle in which two of the three conserved regions, conserved region 1 (CR1) and conserved region 3 (CR3), are exposed near the centre of one surface. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Members1
  • The 70 or so members of the Rab subfamily of proteins perform a wide range of important tasks inside cells. (elifesciences.org)
Important1
  • Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. (mdpi.com)