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Recombination, GeneticGene FrequencyHomologous RecombinationCrossing Over, GeneticModels, GeneticAllelesChromosome MappingGenetic LinkageRad51 RecombinaseMutationDNA RepairMeiosisGene ConversionBase SequenceSelection, GeneticGenetic MarkersCrosses, GeneticMolecular Sequence DataHeterozygotePolymorphism, GeneticDNA Breaks, Double-StrandedGenetic VariationRecombinational DNA RepairRad52 DNA Repair and Recombination ProteinGenotypePlasmidsPhenotypeDNA DamageGene TargetingGenetics, PopulationChromosomes, FungalDNA-Binding ProteinsDNAGenes, DominantEscherichia coliChromosome PairingIndians, South AmericanChromosomesGene DeletionGenesPolymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDNA ReplicationMethyl MethanesulfonatePedigreeHomozygoteDNA HelicasesRec A RecombinasesChromosomes, PlantRestriction MappingDNA, BacterialRepetitive Sequences, Nucleic AcidSequence Analysis, DNAEvolution, MolecularRecombinasesHaplotypesCell LinePolymerase Chain ReactionGenes, RecessiveBlood Group AntigensPaternityUltraviolet RaysExodeoxyribonucleasesDNA End-Joining RepairCloning, MolecularIntegrasesGenetic Complementation TestHeterozygote DetectionJewsCentromereGenomic InstabilityV(D)J RecombinationConsanguinityDNA, CruciformDNA, FungalDNA, Single-StrandedSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsSister Chromatid ExchangeMutagensRecQ HelicasesElectrophoresis, Starch GelBlotting, SouthernDNA, ViralBiological EvolutionModels, BiologicalPhosphoglucomutaseMicrosatellite RepeatsGenetic VectorsTransformation, GeneticGenome, PlantEndodeoxyribonucleasesProbabilityX ChromosomeSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidExodeoxyribonuclease VMathematicsHybridization, GeneticEsterasesDNA Repair EnzymesBRCA2 Protein
ProteinMutationsChromosomesGenomeLocusLociGenomesMeioticAltered selective constraintsGenomicChromatinReductionClustersSpeciesReliesPathwayStructuralInsertionsGeneticLengthsEvolutionaryTranscriptionBacteriaExpressionHighRegionLabeled basedCopiesResistancePlantsMajorFoundSamplesResultTimeFormationRepresentPopulationRepair
Protein13
  • Ku is a dimeric protein complex that binds to DNA double-strand break ends and is required for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA repair. (wikipedia.org)
  • In rice, suppression of either protein has been shown to promote homologous recombination (HR) This effect was exploited to improve gene targeting (GT) efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we report positional cloning of Pairing homoeologous 2 (Ph2) and functional validation of the wheat DNA mismatch repair protein MSH7-3D as a key inhibitor of homoeologous recombination, thus solving a half-century-old question. (nature.com)
  • ZIP4 is a ZMM protein involved in homologous recombination and may act as a hub through physical interactions with components of the chromosome axis and other ZMMs 19 . (nature.com)
  • The genome contains the fewest genes of any angiosperm mitochondrial genome sequenced to date, with intact copies of only 25 of the 41 protein genes inferred to be present in the common ancestor of angiosperms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plant mitochondrial genomes contain genes for their own rRNA subunits as well as for some of the ribosomal proteins and tRNAs required for translation (Figure 1 ), but many necessary ribosomal protein and tRNA genes are located in the nuclear genome, so their gene products must be imported into the mitochondrion [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a DNA-binding protein involved in gene transcription. (medscape.com)
  • NP1 is also nonstructural and is a highly conserved protein of unknown function. (medscape.com)
  • One of the few antigens against which mammals develop protective immunity is the highly polymorphic OspC protein, encoded by the ospC gene on the cp26 plasmid. (cdc.gov)
  • By means of DNA sequencing of a large sample collection of the pathogen from across the United States, we studied the gene for the bacterium's highly diverse OspC protein, protective immunity against which develops in animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Subsequently, we demonstrate that a single Cas9n-induced single-strand break can stimulate the insertion of the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-1 ( NRAMP1 ) gene with reduced, but still considerable, off-target effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After a systematic selection of target sites and transgenic colonies, we successfully obtained nine exogenous natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-1 ( NRAMP1 ) gene-inserted cows through the Cas9n strategy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More recently, nine roo insertions were also described in the promoter region of another stress response gene, CG18446 that encodes a nucleic acid binding protein [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutations6
  • used genome editing to make mutations in a stretch of DNA that regulates the gene involved in wing vein formation. (elifesciences.org)
  • The effects of these mutations unexpectedly suggested that pairs of chromosomes might be interacting to control the activity of this gene. (elifesciences.org)
  • The 11 genes with a high frequency of mutation differed between cancers, and mutations in many DNA DSB repair E3 ligase genes were related to a higher total mutation burden. (bmbreports.org)
  • In the 1970s, somatic cell genetic techniques were developed to allow the quantification and characterization of specific gene mutations arising in irradiated cultures of somatic cells. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Although most of our variety comes from reshuffling of genes from our parents, new mutations are the ultimate source from which new variation is drawn. (uncommondescent.com)
  • Despite considerable ongoing effort toward the identification of chromosome regions affected in autism and the characterization of many potential gene candidates, only a few genes have been reproducibly shown to display specific mutations that segregate with autism, likely because of the complex polygenic nature of this syndrome. (neurotransmitter.net)
Chromosomes3
  • In wheat, a complex allohexaploid that has a diploid-like behaviour, meiotic recombination between homoeologous or alien chromosomes is suppressed through the action of several loci. (nature.com)
  • Genetic and cytogenetic studies have revealed the presence of several pairing homoeologous ( Ph ) loci that ensure wheat behaves as a diploid during meiosis, with only homologous chromosomes of the same sub-genome (AA, BB or DD) pairing and recombining. (nature.com)
  • Prior to the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes pair, synapse, and recombine to ensure their proper disjunction at anaphase I. Additionally, telomeres tethered at the nuclear envelope cluster in the bouquet configuration where they are subjected to dramatic pulling forces acting from outside of the nucleus. (biorxiv.org)
Genome8
  • In the study, the frequency of HR-based GT using a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) was increased up to sixteen times in ku70 mutants This result has promising implications for genome editing across eukaryotes as DSB repair mechanisms are highly conserved. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genome has also experienced a major reduction in tRNA gene content, including loss of functional tRNAs of both native and chloroplast origin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • High frequency intra- and intermolecular recombination among large repeated sequences is the rule, generating a heterogeneous pool of genome configurations within a single individual [ 12 - 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genomes of plant mitochondria, like any organelle genome, depend on highly integrated functional coordination with the nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1) "native" tRNAs encoded in the mitochondrial genome and inherited from the α-proteobacterial progenitor of mitochondria, 2) chloroplast-like tRNAs, which are also encoded in the mitochondrial genome but which were acquired by functional gene transfer from the chloroplast genome during land plant evolution, and 3) nuclear-encoded tRNAs imported from the cytosol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2015, researchers reported that they had used components of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system to edit genes so that they could propagate in a "Super-Mendelian" fashion. (elifesciences.org)
  • including the two researchers involved in the 2015 work - have used a new active genetic element called a CopyCat element and more traditional genome editing to analyze the control of a gene that coordinates the formation of a simple structure in a fruit fly - a vein in the wing. (elifesciences.org)
  • 2016) [ 10 ] other similar clusters of roo insertions in gene promoter regions are present in the genome. (biomedcentral.com)
Locus4
  • Recent evidence now points to TaZIP4-B2 (the additional ZIP4 copy on 5BL) as being responsible for the effect of this locus on homoeologous recombination 20 , 21 . (nature.com)
  • Intragenic recombination among ospC genes is known, but the extent to which recombination extended beyond the ospC locus itself is undefined. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we report the first application of single Cas9 nickase (Cas9n) to induce gene insertion at a selected locus in cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Housekeeping genes in the FSCN1 - ACTB (F-A) locus (Fig. 1a ) have relatively steady expression levels across various tissues and thus exogenous gene silencing resulting from chromatin inactivation might be avoided. (biomedcentral.com)
Loci4
  • Lateral gene transfers resulted in different linkages between the ospC gene and loci of the chromosome or other plasmids. (cdc.gov)
  • Understanding the structure and variability of adaptive loci such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes is a primary research goal for evolutionary and conservation genetics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we assess the allelic diversity and patterns of selection for MHC class I and class II loci in a threatened shorebird with highly flexible mating and parental care behaviour, the Snowy Plover ( Charadrius nivosus ) across its broad geographic range. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The differences found in the patterns of selection between the class I and II loci are consistent with the hypothesis that different mechanisms shape the sequence evolution of MHC class I and class II genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Genomes4
  • Angiosperm mitochondrial genomes also contain numerous introns, some of which have been split such that the resulting gene fragments must be transcribed separately and then trans- spliced together [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our understanding of plastid transcriptomes is limited to a few model plants whose plastid genomes (plastomes) have a highly conserved gene order. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plastid genomes (plastomes) of land plants are highly conserved in their gene content and order. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MHC genes display the highest degree of polymorphism within vertebrate genomes [ 5 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Meiotic4
  • Meiotic recombination is a critical process for plant breeding, as it creates novel allele combinations that can be exploited for crop improvement. (nature.com)
  • These data reveal a role for MSH7-3D in meiotic stabilisation of allopolyploidy and provides an opportunity to improve wheat's genetic diversity through alien gene introgression, a major bottleneck facing crop improvement. (nature.com)
  • The genetics of chromosome pairing and meiotic recombination is complicated by the allopolyploid nature of many crops, a widespread feature in the plant kingdom 3 . (nature.com)
  • Research aiming to identify Ph2 has resulted in the isolation of a number of candidate meiotic genes from this region on 3DS. (nature.com)
Altered selective constraints1
  • These findings suggest a markedly expanded role for nuclear gene products in the translation of mitochondrial genes in S. latifolia and raise the possibility of altered selective constraints operating on the mitochondrial translational apparatus in this lineage. (biomedcentral.com)
Genomic6
  • Consequently, little is known about how gene expression changes in response to genomic rearrangements in plastids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This highly sensitive phenotypic readout of enhancer function in a native genomic context reveals novel features of CRM function undetected by traditional reporter gene analysis. (elifesciences.org)
  • DNA DSB repair E3 ligase genes are involved in tumor suppressive or oncogenic functions, such as RNF168 and FBXW7, by assisting the functionality of these genomic alterations. (bmbreports.org)
  • This study provides a broad list of candidate genes as potential biomarkers for genomic instability and novel therapeutic targets in cancer. (bmbreports.org)
  • At smaller genomic scales, promoter regions of hsp genes and the promoter region of CG18446 have been shown to accumulate TE insertions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In mammals, MHC genes are organized into a dense genomic region and are characterized by complex organization and many pseudogenes, leading to extraordinary genetic diversity. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromatin2
  • We found that, similar to hsp gene promoters, chromatin accessibility could be one of the factors explaining the recurrent insertions of roo elements in CG18446 promoter region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The accumulation of TEs in the promoter of hsp genes was explained by the chromatin conformation of this particular region, and by selection favoring the retention of TEs because of their effect on gene expression [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Reduction2
  • Similar to ph2 mutant phenotype, we show that mutating MSH7-3D induces a substantial increase in homoeologous recombination (up to 5.5 fold) in wheat-wild relative hybrids, which is also associated with a reduction in homologous recombination. (nature.com)
  • The visuoperceptual anomalies associated with weak central coherence may be attributed to a reduction in synchronization of high-frequency gamma activity between local networks processing local features. (neurotransmitter.net)
Clusters1
  • Functionally related genes are commonly found in clusters and are likely co-transcribed as operons [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Species3
  • Archaea usually also only have one Ku gene (for the ~4% of species that have one at all). (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitochondrial gene loss and functional transfer to the nucleus is an ongoing process in many lineages of plants, resulting in substantial variation across species in mitochondrial gene content. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We demonstrate that the expression of plastid coding genes is strongly functionally dependent among conifer species. (biomedcentral.com)
Relies1
  • Gene expression also relies on extensive C-to-U (and sometimes U-to-C) RNA editing, in which substitution of specific pyrimidines in the mRNA sequence restores phylogenetically conserved codons [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathway1
  • Thus, this repair pathway causes a major safety problem for gene targeting strategies, particularly for gene therapy and transgenic animal production [ 15 , 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Structural1
  • E3 ligases consist of a large family of more than 600 proteins ( 3 ), and a few E3 ligases have been classified based on their conserved structural domains (e.g. (bmbreports.org)
Insertions1
  • Based on these population analyses, some genes have also been reported to accumulate many TE insertions, such as the 106.5 kb klarsicht , and the 24 kb derailed-2 that were analyzed in 146 strains of the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic1
  • Finally, we review the classes of genes that have been linked to autism in recent genetic studies and discuss several candidate genes in the context of this neurodevelopmental hypothesis. (neurotransmitter.net)
Lengths1
  • Besides recombinations with traces limited to the ospC gene itself, there was evidence of lateral gene transfers that involved (i) part of the ospC gene and one of the two flanks or (ii) the entire ospC gene and different lengths of both flanks. (cdc.gov)
Evolutionary1
  • The evolutionary history is blurred by extensive horizontal gene transfer with bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Transcription1
  • We have long been puzzled by these findings because it is then unclear whether plastomic rearrangements affect plastid gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacteria3
  • Ku is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacteria usually have only one Ku gene (if they have one at all). (wikipedia.org)
  • The MHC genes are divided into two principal classes: class I, which is responsible for immune defence against intracellular pathogens such as viruses, and class II, which is responsible for dealing with extracellular pathogens such as bacteria and nematodes [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression2
  • This finding indicates that plastomic rearrangement influences gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutation and expression frequencies of these genes were analyzed in COSMIC and TCGA. (bmbreports.org)
High2
  • The Caryophyllaceae represents one lineage that has experienced a particularly high rate of mitochondrial gene loss relative to other angiosperms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Typically, classical MHC genes show high polymorphism and are under strong balancing selection, as their products trigger the adaptive immune response in vertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)
Region2
  • Divergence in one region of 18S rRNA appears to be the result of a gene conversion event, in which recombination with a homologous gene of chloroplast origin led to the complete replacement of a helix in this ribosomal RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pathogen-mediated selection results in positive selection and the substitution of amino acids in the codons of the peptide-binding region (PBR), as well as balancing selection including heterozygote advantage, frequency-dependent selection and fluctuating selection [ 2 , 4 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Labeled based1
  • The 4 genes are labeled based on their presumed function, according to homologous genes in other parvoviruses. (medscape.com)
Copies1
  • Though he was not aware of genes at the time, Mendel essentially worked out that pea plants had two copies of each gene, and that each copy had a 50% chance of being passed on to any one offspring. (elifesciences.org)
Resistance1
  • Crop wild relatives provide a valuable source of genes and allelic variants for abiotic stress tolerance, disease resistance and quality traits that are important for breeding, particularly in the context of human population growth and a changing climate. (nature.com)
Plants1
  • In addition, genes encoding 18S and, especially, 5S rRNA exhibit exceptional sequence divergence relative to other plants. (biomedcentral.com)
Major1
  • The genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are crucial for the immune response in vertebrates [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Found2
  • We found that the distributions and frequencies of types of OspC genes differed between populations of B. burgdorferi in the Northeast, the Midwest, and California. (cdc.gov)
  • According to a recent report , a potassium ion is found to swing back and forth inside a nanoscale tube at a terahertz frequency (a trillion times a second). (uiuc.edu)
Samples1
  • We determined the allelic and nucleotide diversity for MHC class I and class II genes using samples of 250 individuals from eight breeding population of Snowy Plovers. (biomedcentral.com)
Result1
  • The goal was to understand which sections of DNA controlled where and when genes are activated to result in this structure being reliably located in its correct position. (elifesciences.org)
Time1
  • Over time, OspC genes were transferred between strains through recombinations involving the whole or parts of the gene and one or both flanks. (cdc.gov)
Formation1
  • These include providing new ways to explore how genes control the formation and activity of different organisms. (elifesciences.org)
Represent1
Population1
  • If present, private alleles generally occurred at very low frequencies in each population, except for the private alleles of MHC class I in one island population (Puerto Rico, lineage tenuirostris ). (biomedcentral.com)
Repair2
  • We list the DNA repair genes and related E3 ligases. (bmbreports.org)
  • Consequently, we determined the feasibility of using Cas9n-induced SSB to stimulate homology-directed repair (HDR) and therefore provided a safe alternative for gene insertion and transgenic animal generation. (biomedcentral.com)